scholarly journals Associations between Caries among Children and Household Sugar Procurement, Exposure to Fluoridated Water and Socioeconomic Indicators in the Brazilian Capital Cities

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Martins Gonçalves ◽  
Cláudio Rodrigues Leles ◽  
Maria do Carmo Matias Freire
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Per Capita

The objective of this ecological study was to investigate the association between caries experience in 5- and 12-year-old Brazilian children in 2010 and household sugar procurement in 2003 and the effects of exposure to water fluoridation and socioeconomic indicators. Sample units were all 27 Brazilian capital cities. Data were obtained from the National Surveys of Oral Health; the National Household Food Budget Survey; and the United Nations Program for Development. Data analysis included correlation coefficients, exploratory factor analysis, and linear regression. There were significant negative associations between caries experience and procurement of confectionery, fluoridated water, HDI, and per capita income. Procurement of confectionery and soft drinks was positively associated with HDI and per capita income. Exploratory factor analysis grouped the independent variables by reducing highly correlated variables into two uncorrelated component variables that explained 86.1% of total variance. The first component included income, HDI, water fluoridation, and procurement of confectionery, while the second included free sugar and procurement of soft drinks. Multiple regression analysis showed that caries is associated with the first component. Caries experience was associated with better socioeconomic indicators of a city and exposure to fluoridated water, which may affect the impact of sugars on the disease.

scholarly journals Um Estudo Comparado: Indicadores de Sustentabilidade, Análise do Perfil Socioeconômico de Dourados MS 2012-2013

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (41) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
Daniel Massen Frainer ◽  
Marcos Roberto Costa ◽  
Wesley Osvaldo Pradella Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Reflective Process ◽  
Specific Objective ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Data Collection Technique

ResumoO processo de sustentabilidade é visto neste artigo por meio dos indicadores socioeconômicos realizados no munícipio de Dourados MS, nos anos de 2012 versus os indicadores do ano de 2013. O perfil socioeconômico realizado no munícipio de Dourados MS visou a elaboração deste artigo, com o intuito de levantar a principal correlação do processo evolutivo de sustentabilidade (saneamento básico, renda per capita e IDH) ocorrida entre 2012 e 2013. O objetivo geral deste artigo é de comparar os indicadores de sustentabilidade no município de Dourados MS, nos anos de 2012 versus 2013. Como objetivo específico haviam sido analisados os indicadores de saneamento básico, no município de Dourados MS, mais precisamente a extensão de esgoto implantado e renda per capita evolutiva no município. Este artigo se utilizou de uma metodologia comparativa e descritiva, através de métodos exploratórios. As técnicas de coleta de dados envolveram o uso de dados primários, com a análise dos indicadores construídos nos anos de 2012 e 2013. Em suas considerações finais se obteve um resultado evolutivo aos índices comparativos de renda per capita versus tratamento de água e esgoto e o processo reflexivo nos ganhos de qualidade de vida, com relação ao Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH). Palavras-chave: Econômico. Indicadores. Renda. Saneamento. AbstractThe sustainability process is seen in this article through the socioeconomic indicators carried out in the Municipality of Dourados MS, in the years of 2012 versus the 2013 year indicators. The socio-economic profile carried out in the Municipality of Dourados MS, aimed at the elaboration of this article in order to raise the main correlation of the sustainability evolutive process (basic sanitation, per capita income and HDI) that occurred between 2012 and 2013. The general objective of this article is to compare sustainability indicators in the municipality of Dourados MS in the years of 2012 versus 2013. In its specific objective, the indicators of basic sanitation in the municipality of Dourados MS were analyzed, more precisely, extension of implanted sewage and per capita evolutionary income in the municipality. This article used a comparative and descriptive methodology, through exploratory methods. Their data collection technique prevailed through primary data, with the analysis of indicators constructed in the years of 2012 and 2013. In their final considerations, an evolutionary result was obtained for the comparative indices of per capita income versus water and sewage treatment and the reflective process in the quality of life gains, in relation to the Human Development Index (HDI). Keywords: Economic. Indicators. Income. Sanitation.

scholarly journals Relationship between income inequality, socioeconomic development, vulnerability index, and maternal mortality in Brazil, 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria do Socorro Candeira Costa ◽  
Francisco Winter dos Santos Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Maternal Mortality Ratio ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Socioeconomic Determinants ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Background Public health recognizes that health conditions depend on factors related to the development patterns income distribution, degree of poverty, working conditions, among other social determinants. The objective of this study was to analyze the association of maternal mortality with the Human Development Index (HDI), Gini Index, Income per capita, and the Social Vulnerability. Method The study analyzed the relationship between MMR and socioeconomic indicators in the 26 federative units and the Federal District of Brazil, in 2017. The socioeconomic indicators used in the study were: HDI, Gini Index, Income per capita, and SVI. Crude and adjusted linear regression were performed between maternal mortality and socioeconomic indicators. Results When analyzing which socioeconomic determinants that are related to maternal mortality ratio rates, a higher per capita income positive effect was observed for lower MMR (β = − 150.8; CI 95% -289.9 to − 11.7; r2 = 0.17; p = 0.035), as well as a trend of higher MMR in relation to the SVI (β = 97.7; CI 95% -12.2 to 207.6; r2 = 0.12; p = 0.079). In model found by the stepwise forward selections, only the per capita income was um index related to less RMM (β = − 0.02; CI 95% -0.05 to − 0.002; r2 = 0.15; p = 0.028). Conclusion The findings showed that the per capita income has a negative association MMR in the different states of Brazil, but seems canceled because of the other socioeconomic determinants related to the poor live conditions.

Comparison of Socio Economic Development of Tarai and Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Dipak Duvey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita

The comparison of socio economic development of Tarai and Nepal is the comparison of development of total Nepal with its southern part Tarai. Socio economically southern belt of Nepal, Tarai is leading whole Nepal in development. There are not any significant impacts of conflicts of Tarai in one and half decade, in socio economic development of rural development of Tarai. The comparative study has selected timeline of 2004, 2011 and 2019 to collect and analyze the socioeconomic indicators based on data of Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS Data). It is the study of literacy rate, access to electricity, GDP Growth rate and Per capita income of Nepal and Tarai region in different point of time of conflicts and resiliencies. The literacy rate was 55%, 65%, and72% in Tarai and 49%, 60% and 69% in Nepal; access to electricity were 40%, 78% and 95% in Tarai and 37%, 65% and 96% in Nepal. Similarly, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth rate was 5%, 5% and 7.2% in Tarai and 4.7 %, 3.4%, and 7.1% in Nepal; Per capita income in USD was 300, 629 and 1100 in Tarai and 286, 610, and 1034 in Nepal from 2004, 2011, and 2019respectively. Therefore, Tarai is leading Nepal in socio economic development.

scholarly journals The influence of weather-climatic and social factors on population mortality from circulatory diseases in Russia

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
A N Zolotokrylin ◽  
T B Titkova ◽  
D D Bokuchava
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Absolute

Aim. To study the links between the standard mortality rate of the population from circulatory system diseases (CSD) with factors: weather-climatic (inter-day jumps in air temperature and atmospheric pressure by seasons and for the year) and social (average annual income per person and the number of doctors of all specialties) in Russia for the period 1995-2015. Materials and methods. According to station data and data of reanalysis, seasonal and annual amounts of day-to-day jumps in air temperature were calculated more than the absolute value of 4° and 6°C and the atmospheric pressure more than the absolute value of 8 GPa. The links between climate variables and the mortality rate of the population, taking into account social factors, were investigated using factor analysis, including regression and variance analyses. Results. Annual amounts of temperature (pressure) jumps of different signs vary greatly on the territory: the maximum amounts are 3-4 times higher than the minimum ones. The geographical distribution of air temperature fluctuations differs from the distribution of atmospheric pressure fluctuations. The sum of temperature jumps in the absolute value of more than 6°C is about twice less than the sum of jumps more than 4°C, but they are characterized by similarity of geographical distribution. The sum of the jumps of temperature (pressure) is reduced during the summer is approximately two times compared to the winter. The maximum jumps are observed mainly in the Northern regions with low population density, but with high per capita income, while the minimum is observed in the South-Western parts of the European part of the country with high population density, as well as middle and low income. Global warming does not significantly affect the reduction of annual amounts of temperature (pressure) jumps. Factor analysis of social and climatic variables in the territory for each year indicates the dominance of the influence of the social factor (per capita income) on the mortality rate from CSD. Conclusion. Factor analysis is integrated in the annual scale climatic and social variables showed a dominant effect on the coefficient of mortality from CSD, the factor of standard of living (per capita income of the population). Then the significance of the impact factors is consistently reduced: negative atmospheric pressure jumps, average seasonal pressure, health care level, positive pressure jumps. The significance of temperature variables is the smallest.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Hans-Rimbert Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)

Income-Based Poverty among Non-Farm Households in Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-210
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Service Category ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Per Capita

This paper focuses upon the magnitude of income-based poverty among non-farm households in rural Punjab. Based on the primary survey, a sample of 440 rural non-farm households were taken from 44 sampled villages located in all 22 districts of Punjab.The poverty was estimated on the basis of income level. For measuring poverty, various methods/criteria (Expert Group Criteria, World Bank Method and State Per Capita Income Criterion) were used. On the basis of Expert Group Income criterion, overall, less than one-third of the persons of rural non-farm household categories are observed to be poor. On the basis, 40 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, around three-fourth of the persons of all rural non-farm household categories are falling underneath poverty line. Similarly, the occurrence of the poverty, on the basis of 50 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, showed that nearly four-fifths of the persons are considered to be poor. As per World Bank’s $ 1.90 per day, overall, less than one-fifth of rural non-farm household persons are poor. Slightly, less than one-fourth of the persons are belonging to self-employment category, while, slightly, less than one-tenth falling in-service category. On the basis of $ 3.10 per day criteria, overall, less than two-fifth persons of all rural non-farm household categories were living below the poverty line.

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