scholarly journals Adult Neuroplasticity: More Than 40 Years of Research

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eberhard Fuchs ◽  
Gabriele Flügge
Keyword(s):  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Neuron Morphology ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Environmental Stimulation ◽  
Aging Change ◽  
As Stress

Within the last four decades, our view of the mature vertebrate brain has changed significantly. Today it is generally accepted that the adult brain is far from being fixed. A number of factors such as stress, adrenal and gonadal hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, certain drugs, environmental stimulation, learning, and aging change neuronal structures and functions. The processes that these factors may induce are morphological alterations in brain areas, changes in neuron morphology, network alterations including changes in neuronal connectivity, the generation of new neurons (neurogenesis), and neurobiochemical changes. Here we review several aspects of neuroplasticity and discuss the functional implications of the neuroplastic capacities of the adult and differentiated brain with reference to the history of their discovery.

scholarly journals Early Consumption of Cannabinoids: From Adult Neurogenesis to Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7450
Author(s):  
Citlalli Netzahualcoyotzi ◽  
Luis Miguel Rodríguez-Serrano ◽  
María Elena Chávez-Hernández ◽  
Mario Humberto Buenrostro-Jáuregui
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
As Stress

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a crucial modulatory system in which interest has been increasing, particularly regarding the regulation of behavior and neuroplasticity. The adolescent–young adulthood phase of development comprises a critical period in the maturation of the nervous system and the ECS. Neurogenesis occurs in discrete regions of the adult brain, and this process is linked to the modulation of some behaviors. Since marijuana (cannabis) is the most consumed illegal drug globally and the highest consumption rate is observed during adolescence, it is of particular importance to understand the effects of ECS modulation in these early stages of adulthood. Thus, in this article, we sought to summarize recent evidence demonstrating the role of the ECS and exogenous cannabinoid consumption in the adolescent–young adulthood period; elucidate the effects of exogenous cannabinoid consumption on adult neurogenesis; and describe some essential and adaptive behaviors, such as stress, anxiety, learning, and memory. The data summarized in this work highlight the relevance of maintaining balance in the endocannabinoid modulatory system in the early and adult stages of life. Any ECS disturbance may induce significant modifications in the genesis of new neurons and may consequently modify behavioral outcomes.

PERTURBATION OF SCIENTIFIC SPECIALTIES IN LAW AND THE PLACE OF BUSINESS LAW IN THE NEW SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-213
Author(s):  
I.V. Ershova
Keyword(s):  
Business Law ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Scientific Organizations ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Scientific Specialty ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
New System

Introduction: attention to the problems of scientific specialties is explained by a number of factors of a substantive and formal-institutional nature. The predicted change in the nomenclature of scientific specialties, including law, makes the research topical. Purpose: to identify the consequences and evaluate the results of future changes with extrapolation of conclusions to the science of business law. Methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison, historicism, description, interpretation, forecasting, as well as sociological and historical methods. Results: an excursion into the history of the issue is made: the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet periods are covered. Based on the actual data, it is shown that permanent changes in the system of scientific specialties in law are a tradition of Russian science. At the same time, the previously mentioned changes were of an evolutionary nature. The current situation with dissertation research within the current nomenclature is highlighted. Factors of popularity of the scientific specialty 12.00.03 are revealed, among which-stability, successful arrangement of branches, demand for scientists. The conclusion about the correctness of preserving business law within the same specialty with civil law is confirmed. Essential and bureaucratic problems of the scientific specialty 12.00.07 are shown. The article presents the data of a sociological study, the results of which indicate divergence and progressive autarky in the field of social Sciences. The characteristics of the main expected changes in the nomenclature of scientific specialties in law, including such as consolidation, rejection of the industry criterion in the formation are given. A forecast is made about the consequences of the introduction of these innovations. The author’s opinion is expressed regarding the place of business law in the new system of scientific specialties. Attention is drawn to possible problems and a way to overcome them is suggested. Conclusions: the new paradigm of scientific specialties in law should be evaluated positively. Its application allows us to approach the interdisciplinarity, complexity of scientific research, and the creation of dissertations as integral projects. In addition to the content side, the new nomenclature is designed to minimize problems in the formation of dissertation councils, selection of candidates for official opponents, and scientific organizations.

scholarly journals Life History of the Golden Puddle Frog, Phrynobatrachus auritus Boulenger 1900 (Anura: Phrynobatrachidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Geraud Canis Tasse Taboue ◽  
Eric Bertrand Fokam
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Advertisement Call ◽  
Calling Behaviour ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sub Saharan

Frogs of the genus <em>Phrynobatrachus </em>Günther, 1862 are endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. These are increasingly threatened by a number of factors and are believed to be declining. We report on captive breeding experiments involving <em>Phrynobatrachus auritus</em> Boulenger, 1900. We provide a comprehensive life history for this frog with emphasize on tadpole development time, as well as a description of both the advertisement call and calling behaviour of the adult.

scholarly journals Prevalence of chromosome anomalies in a deer farm with fertility decline in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. FSO580
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sanusi Yahaya ◽  
Mohd Shahrom Salisi ◽  
Nur Mahiza Md Isa ◽  
Goh Yong Meng ◽  
Abdwahid Haron
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Aberrations ◽  
Chromosome Aberrations ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Structural Rearrangements ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Chromosome Anomalies ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Axis Axis ◽  
History Of

Background: A number of factors are known to reduce fertility rate in animals and one of the important categories of such factors is chromosome anomalies. They can occur with or without causing phenotypic abnormalities on animals; in some cases, they may directly affect meiosis, gametogenesis and the viability of conceptus. In many instances, balanced structural rearrangements can be transmitted to offspring, affecting fertility in subsequent generations. Aim: This work investigated the occurrence of chromosome aberrations in Rusa timorensis, Rusa unicolor and Axis axis raised in a nucleus deer farm in Malaysia with a history of declining fertility of unknown origin. Materials & methods: Blood samples were collected from 60 animals through venipuncture, cultured for 72 h and arrested at metaphase. SmartType® and Ideokar® software were used to karyotype the chromosomes. Results: We found 15 out of the 60 animals screened from both sexes harbor some form of chromosome aberration. Chromosomal aberrations exist at the rate of 25% and may not be unconnected with the observed reduced fertility on the farm. Further investigations should be carried out, especially on the offspring of the studied animals to transmission of these aberrations. The animals that are confirmed to transmit the chromosomal aberrations should be culled to arrest the propagation of their abnormalities.

scholarly journals Abnormalities of striatal morphology in gambling disorder and at-risk gambling

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 609-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon E. Grant ◽  
Masanori Isobe ◽  
Samuel R. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Trait Impulsivity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Risk Gambling

ObjectiveThe clinical phenotype of gambling disorder (GD) is suggestive of changes in brain regions involved in reward and impulse suppression, notably the striatum. Studies have yet to characterize striatal morphology (shape) in GD and whether this may be a vulnerability marker.AimsTo characterize the morphology of the striatum in those with disordered gambling (at-risk gambling and GD) versus controls.MethodIndividuals aged 18–29 years were classified a priori into those with some degree of GD symptoms (at-risk gambling and GD) or controls. Exclusion criteria were a current mental disorder (apart from GD), history of brain injury, or taking psychoactive medication within 6 weeks of enrollment. History of any substance use disorder was exclusionary. Participants completed an impulsivity questionnaire and structural brain scan. Group differences in volumes and morphology were characterized in subcortical regions of interest, focusing on the striatum.ResultsThirty-two people with GD symptoms (14 at-risk and 18 GD participants) and 22 controls completed the study. GD symptoms were significantly associated with higher impulsivity and morphological alterations in the bilateral pallidum and left putamen. Localized contraction in the right pallidum strongly correlated with trait impulsivity in those with GD symptoms.ConclusionsMorphologic abnormalities of the striatum appear to exist early in the disease trajectory from subsyndromal gambling to GD and thus constitute candidate biological vulnerability markers, which may reflect differences in brain development associated with trait impulsivity. Striatal morphology and associated impulsivity might predispose to a range of problematic repetitive behaviors.

Sectarianism in Iraq – a critique by Ali Al-Wardi

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fouad Jabir Kadhem al-Zurfi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sociological Thought ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Impact

The Arab world today is encountering a destructive resurgence of sectarianism, which, up to a few years ago, had been confined to books and rhetorical debates. In the first half of the 20th century, Iraqi sociologist Ali Al-Wardi pioneered the critique of sectarianism in the Arab world. Unlike others, he approached the issue from a specific and unique perspective. His observations of Iraqi history were made from a sociological standpoint that aimed at revealing the impact of sectarianism on Iraqi politics. Al-Wardi's writings were carried out to two phases: the first extends from the early 1950s to the early 1960s; and the second covers the period between the publication of his two books, Study on the Nature of Iraqi Society (the year of publication is unknown) and Social Briefs from the Modern History of Iraq (1971). The first phase focused on Islam's heritage and a number of social phenomena; the second focused exclusively on the study of Iraqi society. A number of factors influenced Al-Wardi's personality and thinking, a fact especially evident in the kind of methodology he used, which was new when addressing the sectarian issue. Based on Al-Wardi's research, this paper traces the historical factors and process that affected the historical development of the divisions separating two main sects of Islam – Shi'a and Sunni – resulting in a duel between them, which led to the configuration of Iraqi society along sectarian lines. It elaborates on the methodology used by Al-Wardi in his studies of Iraqi society, as well as his attitude with regard to sectarianism in modern Iraq. It also explores the intellectual and political influences that helped shape his thinking in this domain and its legacy on sociological thought in the Arab world.

scholarly journals IGF-1 Restores Visual Cortex Plasticity in Adult Life by Reducing Local GABA Levels

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Fernando Maya-Vetencourt ◽  
Laura Baroncelli ◽  
Alessandro Viegi ◽  
Ettore Tiraboschi ◽  
Eero Castren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Monocular Deprivation ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Environmental Stimulation ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The central nervous system architecture is markedly modified by sensory experience during early life, but a decline of plasticity occurs with age. Recent studies have challenged this dogma providing evidence that both pharmacological treatments and paradigms based on the manipulation of environmental stimulation levels can be successfully employed as strategies for enhancing plasticity in the adult nervous system. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a peptide implicated in prenatal and postnatal phases of brain development such as neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis, and experience-dependent plasticity. Here, using the visual system as a paradigmatic model, we report that IGF-1 reactivates neural plasticity in the adult brain. Exogenous administration of IGF-1 in the adult visual cortex, indeed, restores the susceptibility of cortical neurons to monocular deprivation and promotes the recovery of normal visual functions in adult amblyopic animals. These effects were accompanied by a marked reduction of intracortical GABA levels. Moreover, we show that a transitory increase of IGF-1 expression is associated to the plasticity reinstatement induced by environmental enrichment (EE) and that blocking IGF-1 action by means of the IGF-1 receptor antagonist JB1 prevents EE effects on plasticity processes.

scholarly journals The evolutionary genetics of adaptation: a simulation study

1999 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. ALLEN ORR
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Model ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Evolutionary Genetics ◽  
Exponential Distributions ◽  
Phenotypic Effect ◽  
Gene Effects ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genetics Of Adaptation

It is now clear that the genetic basis of adaptation does not resemble that assumed by the infinitesimal model. Instead, adaptation often involves a modest number of factors of large effect and a greater number of factors of smaller effect. After reviewing relevant experimental studies, I consider recent theoretical attempts to predict the genetic architecture of adaptation from first principles. In particular, I review the history of work on Fisher's geometric model of adaptation, including recent studies which suggest that adaptation should be characterized by exponential distributions of gene effects. I also present the results of new simulation studies that test the robustness of this finding. I explore the effects of changes in the distribution of mutational effects (absolute versus relative) as well as in the nature of the character studied (total phenotypic effect versus single characters). The results show that adaptation towards a fixed optimum is generally characterized by an exponential effects trend.The situation to which these studies point is not one of a large number of genes all with more or less equal effect. It seems, rather, that a small number of genes with large effects are responsible for most of the response, the remainder of the response being due to a larger number of loci with small effects.D. S. Falconer (1981)

14. SOCIAL CHANGE AND LANGUAGE SHIFT: SOUTH AFRICA

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 225-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nkonko M. Kamwangamalu
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Language Policy ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
African Languages ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Language Maintenance And Shift ◽  
History Of

Studies of social change and language maintenance and shift have tended to focus on minority immigrant languages (e.g., Fishman, 1991; Gal, 1979; Milroy, 2001; Stoessel, 2002). Very little is known about language shift from a demographically dominant language to a minority but economically dominant one (e.g., Bowerman, 2000; de Klerk, 2000; Kamwangamalu, 2001, 2002a,b, & in press; Reagan, 2001). This chapter contributes to such research by looking at the current language shift from majority African languages such as Sotho, Xhosa, and Zulu to English in South Africa. In particular, it examines to what extent the sociopolitical changes that have taken place in South Africa (i.e., the demise of apartheid and its attendant structures) have impacted everyday linguistic interaction and have contributed to language shift from the indigenous African languages to English, especially in urban Black communities. It argues that a number of factors, among them the economic value and international status of English, the perceived lower status of the indigenous African languages, the legacy of apartheid-based Bantu education, the new multilingual language policy, the linguistic behaviors of language policy makers, etc., interact in complex ways to accelerate language shift in urban Black communities. In conclusion, the chapter explores ways in which the observed language shift can be curbed to prevent what Skutnabb-Kangas (2000) has termed “linguistic genocide,” particularly in a country that has a well-documented history of this phenomenon (Lanham, 1978; Prabhakaran, 1998).

Use of Non-Destructive Tests for the Assessment of Integrity and Service Life of Hydro-Mechanical Equipment

2018 ◽  
Vol 1146 ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Miodrag Arsić ◽  
Srđan Bošnjak ◽  
Vencislav Grabulov ◽  
Mladen Mladenović ◽  
Zoran Savić
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Technical Diagnostics ◽  
Mechanical Equipment ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Degradation Of Properties

Technical diagnostics of hydromechanical equipment, is based on testing procedures including the history of the exploitation with expert knowledge of structures and operating conditions, as well as, on the analysis of results performed by experts with appropriate experience and knowledge in design, exploitation, maintenance, reliability, fracture mechanics etc. Degradation of properties of the material and/or welded joints of hydro-mechanical equipment is being caused by the simultaneous influence of a large number of factors. First of all, it is thought of technological, metallurgical, structural and conditions of exploitation. In this paper, the selection of methodology for the rehabilitation of hydro-mechanical equipment is presented based on the previously conducted assessment of state of equipment using the nondestructive testing methods. Repair welding, repair of damaged surfaces by cold metallization, corrections of existing structural solutions of metallic components in order to improve their technical characteristics and extend the service life are presented.

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