scholarly journals Modulation of MicroRNAs by Phytochemicals in Cancer: Underlying Mechanisms and Translational Significance

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Srivastava ◽  
Sumit Arora ◽  
Courey Averett ◽  
Seema Singh ◽  
Ajay P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Prevention And Therapy

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous noncoding RNAs that regulate a variety of biological processes such as differentiation, development, and survival. Recent studies suggest that miRNAs are dysregulated in cancer and play critical roles in cancer initiation, progression, and chemoresistance. Therefore, exploitation of miRNAs as targets for cancer prevention and therapy could be a promising approach. Extensive evidence suggests that many naturally occurring phytochemicals regulate the expression of numerous miRNAs involved in the pathobiology of cancer. Therefore, an understanding of the regulation of miRNAs by phytochemicals in cancer, their underlying molecular mechanisms, and functional consequences on tumor pathophysiology may be useful in formulating novel strategies to combat this devastating disease. These aspects are discussed in this review paper with an objective of highlighting the significance of these observations from the translational standpoint.

scholarly journals The Effects of Resveratrol on Prostate Cancer through Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-32
Author(s):  
Natalie Silk ◽  
Jeremy Reich ◽  
Rahul Sinha ◽  
Shivansh Chawla ◽  
Kyla Geary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
The United States ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Proliferation And Metastasis

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in men in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Since over 60% of prostate cancer cases occur in men over 65 years of age, and this population will increase steadily in the coming years, prostate cancer will be a major cancer-related burden in the foreseeable future. Accumulating data from more recent research suggest that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a previously unrecognized role in every stage of cancer development, including initiation, proliferation, and metastasis. Prostate cancer is not only diagnosed in the late stages of life, but also progresses relatively slowly. This makes prostate cancer an ideal model system for exploring the potential of natural products as cancer prevention and/or treatment reagents because they usually act relatively slowly compared to most synthetic drugs. Resveratrol (RSV) is a naturally occurring stilbenoid and possesses strong anti-cancer properties with few adverse effects. Accumulating data from both in vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that RSV can interfere with prostate cancer initiation and progression by targeting the TME. Therefore, this review is aimed to summarize the recent advancement in RSV-inhibited prostate cancer initiation, proliferation, and metastasis as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, with particular emphasis on the effect of RSV on TME. This will not only better our understanding of prostate cancer TMEs, but also pave the way for the development of RSV as a potential reagent for prostate cancer prevention and/or therapy.

scholarly journals BIOFORTIFICATION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS WITH SELENIUM

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
Fariha Syed
Keyword(s):  
Hair Growth ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Low Selenium ◽  
Hormone Formation

Selenium (Se) is a naturally occurring element, structurally resembling with Sulphur, lying in group 6 of the periodic table. It is an essential micronutrient, required for proper functioning of many biological processes like hormone formation, immune system, hair growth, muscular movements and reproduction and helps in defense against many diseases like viral infections, Keshan’s diseases and arthritis, as it is important component of selenoproteins and enzymes like glutathione peroxidase. Low selenium level in human body can lead to various diseases and disorders. To fulfill selenium dietary intake, selenium enriched diet is necessary. Plants are the main source of human diet. Plants are fortified with selenium by adding different forms of selenium through different methods. They uptake or absorb selenium through Sulphur assimilation pathway and store it into the tissues in either organic or inorganic form. Till now much research has been carried out in production of se-fortified crops. This review paper is aimed at reviewing recent studies which have been done on biofortification of horticultural plants with selenium, like fruits and vegetables, which contribute a major portion of human diet.

scholarly journals Proteomics and Epidemiological Models of Human Aging

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ceereena Ubaida-Mohien ◽  
Ruin Moaddel ◽  
Ann Zenobia Moore ◽  
Pei-Lun Kuo ◽  
Faraz Faghri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Multiple Chronic Conditions ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Human Aging ◽  
Epidemiological Models ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Aging Mechanisms ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Key Aspects

Human aging is associated with a decline of physical and cognitive function and high susceptibility to chronic diseases, which is influenced by genetics, epigenetics, environmental, and socio-economic status. In order to identify the factors that modulate the aging process, established measures of aging mechanisms are required, that are both robust and feasible in humans. It is also necessary to connect these measures to the phenotypes of aging and their functional consequences. In this review, we focus on how this has been addressed from an epidemiologic perspective using proteomics. The key aspects of epidemiological models of aging can be incorporated into proteomics and other omics which can provide critical detailed information on the molecular and biological processes that change with age, thus unveiling underlying mechanisms that drive multiple chronic conditions and frailty, and ideally facilitating the identification of new effective approaches for prevention and treatment.

scholarly journals Cancer Preventive and Therapeutic Potential of Banana and Its Bioactive Constituents: A Systematic, Comprehensive, and Mechanistic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arijit Mondal ◽  
Sabyasachi Banerjee ◽  
Sankhadip Bose ◽  
Partha Pratim Das ◽  
Elise N. Sandberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inner Core ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Anticancer Activities ◽  
Oncogenic Signaling ◽  
Banana Plant ◽  
Prevention And Therapy

BackgroundThe banana (Musa spp.) plant produces elongated and edible fruit. The two main parthenocarpic species of banana are Musa accuminata Colla and Musa balbisiana Colla. There are several health-promoting and disease-preventing effects of Musa accuminata Colla, which are attributed to its important bioactive compounds, including phenolics, carotenoids, biogenic amines, phytosterols, and volatile oils, found in the stem, fruit, pseudostem, leaf, flower, sap, inner trunk, root, and inner core. Banana possesses numerous pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antiulcerogenic, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, leishmanicidal, anthelmintic, and anticancer properties. Various individual studies have reported anticancer effects of different components of the banana plant. However, according to our understanding, an up-to-date, systematic, and critical analysis of existing scientific results has not yet been carried out.ObjectivesThis review aims to include a thorough assessment of banana and its phytochemicals for cancer prevention and therapy with a focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms of action.MethodsThe available research studies on anticancer activities of banana extracts, fractions and pure compounds were collected using various scholarly databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, based on predetermined selection criteria.ResultsVarious banana extracts, fractions, and phytoconstituents, including ferulic acid, protocatechualdehyde, 2-pentanone, 4-epicyclomusalenone, cycloeucalenol acetate, and chlorogenic acid, have been shown to exhibit cancer preventative and anticancer activities in breast, cervical, colorectal, esophageal, hepatic, oral, prostate, and skin cancers. Bioactive components present in bananas have exhibited antiproliferative, cell cycle arrest-inducing, apoptotic, anti-adhesive, anti-invasive, and antiangiogenic effects through modulation of diverse, dysregulated oncogenic signaling pathways.ConclusionBased on the critical analysis of available literature, banana products and phytoconstituents show enormous potential for future development of drugs for cancer prevention and therapy. However, more mechanistic studies and well-designed clinical trials should be performed to establish its efficacy.

Regulation of Breast Cancer Progression by Noncoding RNAs

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 757-767
Author(s):  
Ravishkumar L. Akshaya ◽  
Muthukumar Rohini ◽  
Nagarajan Selvamurugan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Tumor Suppressors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Breast Carcinogenesis ◽  
Small Ncrnas ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Cycle Regulation ◽  
Crucial Part

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the cardinal cause of cancer-related deaths among women across the globe. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying BC invasion and metastasis remains insufficient. Recent studies provide compelling evidence on the prospective contribution of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and the association of different interactive mechanisms between these ncRNAs with breast carcinogenesis. MicroRNAs (small ncRNAs) and lncRNAs (long ncRNAs) have been explored extensively as classes of ncRNAs in the pathogenesis of several malignancies, including BC. Objective: In this review, we aim to provide a better understanding of the involvement of miRNAs and lncRNAs and their underlying mechanisms in BC development and progression that may assist the development of monitoring biomarkers and therapeutic strategies to effectively combat BC. Conclusion: These ncRNAs play critical roles in cell growth, cell cycle regulation, epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, migration, and apoptosis among others, and were observed to be highly dysregulated in several cancers. The miRNAs and lncRNAs were observed to interact with each other through several mechanisms that governed the expression of their respective targets and could act either as tumor suppressors or as oncogenes, playing a crucial part in breast carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Long noncoding RNAs are involved in multiple immunological pathways in response to vaccination

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (34) ◽  
pp. 17121-17126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diógenes S. de Lima ◽  
Lucas E. Cardozo ◽  
Vinicius Maracaja-Coutinho ◽  
Andreas Suhrbier ◽  
Karim Mane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Induced Immunity ◽  
Blood Transcriptome

Understanding the mechanisms of vaccine-elicited protection contributes to the development of new vaccines. The emerging field of systems vaccinology provides detailed information on host responses to vaccination and has been successfully applied to study the molecular mechanisms of several vaccines. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucially involved in multiple biological processes, but their role in vaccine-induced immunity has not been explored. We performed an analysis of over 2,000 blood transcriptome samples from 17 vaccine cohorts to identify lncRNAs potentially involved with antibody responses to influenza and yellow fever vaccines. We have created an online database where all results from this analysis can be accessed easily. We found that lncRNAs participate in distinct immunological pathways related to vaccine-elicited responses. Among them, we showed that the expression of lncRNA FAM30A was high in B cells and correlates with the expression of immunoglobulin genes located in its genomic vicinity. We also identified altered expression of these lncRNAs in RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data from a cohort of children following immunization with intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine, suggesting a common role across several diverse vaccines. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that lncRNAs have a significant impact on immune responses induced by vaccination.

scholarly journals The Role of EGCG in Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Romano ◽  
Fátima Martelb
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Breast Cancer Prevention ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Prevention And Therapy

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women. Green tea has been studied for breast cancer chemopreventive and possibly chemotherapeutic effects due to its high content in polyphenolic compounds, including epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Method: This review is based on a literature research that included papers registered on the Medline database. The research was conducted through PubMed, with the application of the following query: “EGCG”AND "breast cancer”. The result was a total of 88 articles in which this review stands on. Results: In vitro, EGCG shows antioxidant or pro-oxidant properties, depending on the concentration and exposure time. EGCG blocks cell cycle progression and modulates signaling pathways that affects cell proliferation and differentiation. EGCG also induces apoptosis, negatively modulates different steps involved in metastasis and targets angiogenesis by inhibiting VEGF transcription. In vivo, investigations have shown that oral administration of EGCG results in reduction of tumor growth and in antimetastatic and antiangiogenic effects in animal xenograft and allograft models. Discussion: Much remains unknown about the molecular mechanisms involved in the protective effects of EGCG on mammary carcinogenesis. In addition, more studies in vivo are necessary to determine the potential toxicity of EGCG at higher doses and to elucidate its interactions with other drugs. Conclusion: A protective effect of EGCG has been shown in different experimental models and under different experimental conditions, suggesting clinical implications of EGCG for breast cancer prevention and therapy. The data presented in this review support the importance of further investigations.

scholarly journals The Role of Epac in Cancer Progression

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Wehbe ◽  
Hasan Slika ◽  
Joelle Mesmar ◽  
Suzanne A. Nasser ◽  
Gianfranco Pintus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Effector Protein ◽  
Cancer Cell Proliferation ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Malignant Phenotype ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Cancer continues to be a prime contributor to global mortality. Despite tremendous research efforts and major advances in cancer therapy, much remains to be learned about the underlying molecular mechanisms of this debilitating disease. A better understanding of the key signaling events driving the malignant phenotype of cancer cells may help identify new pharmaco-targets. Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) modulates a plethora of biological processes, including those that are characteristic of malignant cells. Over the years, most cAMP-mediated actions were attributed to the activity of its effector protein kinase A (PKA). However, studies have revealed an important role for the exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) as another effector mediating the actions of cAMP. In cancer, Epac appears to have a dual role in regulating cellular processes that are essential for carcinogenesis. In addition, the development of Epac modulators offered new routes to further explore the role of this cAMP effector and its downstream pathways in cancer. In this review, the potentials of Epac as an attractive target in the fight against cancer are depicted. Additionally, the role of Epac in cancer progression, namely its effect on cancer cell proliferation, migration/metastasis, and apoptosis, with the possible interaction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these phenomena, is discussed with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms and pathways.

scholarly journals Selenium Species: Current Status and Potentials in Cancer Prevention and Therapy

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Tan ◽  
Hai-Ying Mo ◽  
Andy Lau ◽  
Yan-Ming Xu
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Essential Trace Element ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Anticancer Properties ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
The Status ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Prevention And Therapy

Selenium (Se) acts as an essential trace element in the human body due to its unique biological functions, particularly in the oxidation-reduction system. Although several clinical trials indicated no significant benefit of Se in preventing cancer, researchers reported that some Se species exhibit superior anticancer properties. Therefore, a reassessment of the status of Se and Se compounds is necessary in order to provide clearer insights into the potentiality of Se in cancer prevention and therapy. In this review, we organize relevant forms of Se species based on the three main categories of Se—inorganic, organic, and Se-containing nanoparticles (SeNPs)—and overview their potential functions and applications in oncology. Here, we specifically focus on the SeNPs as they have tremendous potential in oncology and other fields. In general, to make better use of Se compounds in cancer prevention and therapy, extensive further study is still required to understand the underlying mechanisms of the Se compounds.

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