scholarly journals Phenolic Compounds from Water-Ethanol Extracts ofTetrapleura tetrapteraProduced in Cameroon, as Potential Protectors againstIn VivoCCl4-Induced Liver Injuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter William Kemewele Saague ◽  
Bruno Moukette Moukette ◽  
Jacques Romain Njimou ◽  
Prosper Cabral Nya Biapa ◽  
Francine Nzufo Tankeu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Polyphenolic Extract ◽  
Tetrapleura Tetraptera ◽  
Dose Dependent

Background. Liver diseases are a global health problem. Medicinal plants are being increasingly used to manage a wide variety of diseases including liver disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant properties and hepatoprotective activity of polyphenolic extract from the fruits ofTetrapleura tetraptera (T. tetraptera).Results. The extract ofT. tetrapterawas administered at doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg for 07per osto rats before the induction of hepatotoxicity with of 2 ml/kg of 1:1 (v/v) carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and olive oil through intraperitoneal route. Thein vitroantioxidant and radical scavenging properties ofT. tetrapterawere conducted by the FRAP method, the phosphomolybdate method, and the inhibition potential of DPPH, ABTS, OH, and NO radicals. The extraction yield ofT. tetrapterawas 19.35%. This extract contains polyphenols (273.48 mg CAE/g DM), flavonoids (5.2549 mg SE/g DM), and flavonols (1.615 mg SE/g DM). This extract showedin vitroantioxidant activity, an inhibitor power of various free radicals, and radical scavenging potential dose-dependent. The fifty-percent inhibitory concentration of the extract (IC50) for the studied radical varied from 28.16 to 136μg/L. In rats treated with the extract ofT. tetraptera, in a dose-dependent manner, the levels of hepatotoxicity markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) significantly increased while the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and the level of reduced glutathione (GHS) significantly increased compared to the control group.Conclusions. The extracts from the fruit ofT. tetrapterademonstrate antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effects.

scholarly journals Canthium parviflorum Leaves: Antioxidant Activity in Food and Biological Systems, pH, and Temperature Stability

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanitha Reddy Palvai ◽  
Sowmya Mahalingu ◽  
Asna Urooj
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Dose Dependent

Canthium parviflorum leaves were analyzed for their proximate and phytochemical composition. The leaves were extracted with methanol (ME) and analyzed for antioxidant activity by radical scavenging method, reducing power, ferric reducing capacity, and in vitro inhibition of Fenton’s reagent induced oxidation in oil emulsion and microsomes. In addition, the effect of high temperature (100°C, 15 and 30 min) and pH (4.5, 7, and 9) on the antioxidant activity of ME was investigated. The leaves were rich in polyphenols, flavonoids β-carotene, glutathione, α-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid. The ME exhibited varying degree of antioxidant activity in a dose dependent manner. The RSA was 68%–500 μg. Reducing potency was 0.34 and FRAP was 1.377. Canthium exhibited greater inhibition of oxidation in microsomes (73%) than in the oil emulsion (21%). Heat treatment resulted in reduction of radical scavenging activity of extract from 68% to 40%. At pH 4.5 and 7 methanol extract exhibited some percent of antioxidant activity which ranged between 18 and 32%. Data indicates Canthium as a good source of antioxidants and methanol extract exhibited good antioxidant activity.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Fe2+ Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Rats Brain by Extract of Euphorbia heterophylla in vitro

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Leye Jonathan Babatola ◽  
Oluwakemisola B. Oshanimi ◽  
Olanrewaju M. Oluba ◽  
Lawrence Okoror ◽  
Adewale Agboola Odutuga
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Total Phenol ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Significant Difference

This study is sought to determine the antioxidant activity and protective ability of aqueous and methanol extractible phytochemicals from Euphorbia heterophylla leaves on lipid peroxidation induced in rat brain by pro-oxidant, in vitro. The extracts of the leaves were prepared, and the ability of the extracts is to inhibit 25 µM FeSO4 induced lipid peroxidation in isolated rats’ brain, were determined. Thereafter, total phenol content, reducing power (FRAP), Fe (II) chelating, and DPPH* free radical scavenging ability of the extracts was determined and considered as an index of antioxidant activity. The results revealed that the extracts inhibit malondialdehyde (MDA) production in the basal and pro-oxidant induced lipid peroxidised rats in a dose-dependent manner, [methanol 80.11%, aqueous 70.3%] with the methanol extract (MEE) significantly (P< 0.05) than that of aqueous extract (AEE). The methanol extract (0.74 ± 0.6 mg/g) had higher total phenol contents than the aqueous (0.57 ± 1.2 mg/g); likewise the methanol extract had higher reducing power (0.08 ± 0.2, 0.03 ± 0.1 mg/g), but had no significant difference in Fe (II) chelating ability (EC50= 0.34, 0.36) with DPPH* scavenging ability (EC50=0.075, 0.075). This antioxidant properties and the protective effect of this leaf could be harnessed in the management and prevention of degenerative diseases in association with oxidative stress.

scholarly journals R. vesicarius L. exerts nephroprotective effect against cisplatin-induced oxidative stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Mahmudul Hasan ◽  
Most. Sayla Tasmin ◽  
Ahmed M. El-Shehawi ◽  
Mona M. Elseehy ◽  
Md. Abu Reza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Nephroprotective Effect ◽  
In Vitro Antioxidant Activity

Abstract Background Cisplatin is an outstanding anticancer drug, but its use has been decreased remarkably due to sever nephrotoxicity. R. vesicarius L. is a leafy vegetable that is evident with anti-angeogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective potential. Therefore, this study was designed to inspect its methanol extract (RVE) for possible nephroprotective effect. Methods Primarily, in vitro antioxidant activity of RVE was confirmed based on 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging aptitude. Thereafter, Swiss Albino male mice were treated with cisplatin (2.5 mg/kg) for 5 successive days to induce nephrotoxicity. Recovery from nephrotoxicity was scrutinized by treating the animals with RVE (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.) for the next 5 consecutive days. After completion of treatment, mice were sacrificed and kidneys were collected. Part of it was homogenized in sodium phosphate buffer for evaluating malondialdehyde (MDA) level, another part was used to evaluate gene (NQO1, p53, and Bcl-2) expression. Moreover, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) neutralizing capacity of RVE was evaluated in HK-2 cells in vitro. Finally, bioactive phytochemicals in RVE were determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results RVE showed in vitro antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent fashion with 37.39 ± 1.89 μg/mL IC50 value. Treatment with RVE remarkably (p < 0.05) decreased MDA content in kidney tissue. Besides, the expression of NQO, p53, and Bcl-2 genes was significantly (p < 0.05) mitigated in a dose-dependent manner due to the administration of RVE. RVE significantly (p < 0.05) reversed the H2O2 level in HK-2 cells to almost normal. From GC-MS, ten compounds including three known antioxidants “4H-Pyran-4-one, 2, 3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-”, “Hexadecanoic acid”, and “Squalene” were detected. The extract was rich with an alkaloid “13-Docosenamide”. Conclusion Overall, RVE possesses a protective effect against cisplatin-induced kidney damage.

scholarly journals Identification of phenolic secondary metabolites fromSchotia brachypetalaSond. (Fabaceae) and demonstration of their antioxidant activities inCaenorhabditis elegans

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansour Sobeh ◽  
Esraa ElHawary ◽  
Herbenya Peixoto ◽  
Rola M. Labib ◽  
Heba Handoussa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Flavonoid Glycosides ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Alcohol Extract ◽  
Dose Dependent

BackgroundSchotia brachypetalaSond. (Fabaceae) is an endemic tree of Southern Africa whose phytochemistry and pharmacology were slightly studied. The present work aimed at profiling the major phenolics compounds present in the hydro-alcohol extract fromS. brachypetalaleaves (SBE) using LC/HRESI/MS/MS and NMR and prove their antioxidant capabilities using novel methods.MethodsIn vitroassays; DPPH, TEAC persulfate decolorizing kinetic and FRAP assays, andin vivoassays:Caenorhabditis elegansstrains maintenance, Intracellular ROS inC. elegans, Survival assay, GFP expression and Subcellular DAF-16 localization were employed to evaluate the antioxidant activity.ResultsMore than forty polyphenols, including flavonoid glycosides, galloylated flavonoid glycosides, isoflavones, dihydrochalcones, procyanidins, anthocyanins, hydroxy benzoic acid derivatives, hydrolysable tannins, and traces of methylated and acetylated flavonoid derivatives were identified. Three compounds were isolated and identified from the genusSchotiafor the first time, namely gallic acid, myricetin-3-O-α-L-1C4-rhamnoside and quercetin-3-O-L-1C4-rhamnoside. The total phenolics content of SBE was (376 mg CAE/g), followed by flavonoids (67.87 QE/g).In vitroantioxidant activity of SBE was evidenced by DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50of 9 µg/mL), FRAP ferric reducing activity (5,000 mol Fe2+E/mg) and ABTS peroxide inhibiting activity (1,054 mM Trolox E/mg). The tested extract was able to protect the worms against juglone induced oxidative stress, an increased survival rate (up to 41%) was recorded, when compared with the control group (11%) and attenuate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in dose-dependent and reached up to 72% for the highest tested concentration. SBE was also able to attenuate the levels of heat shock protein (HSP) expression in dose-dependent up to 60% in the 150 µg SBE/mL group. In DAF-16 Subcellular localization SBE treated worms showed nuclear localization pattern up to 78%, while it was only 5% in the untreated control group.DiscussionA pronounced antioxidant activityin vivo, which can be attributed to its ability to promote the nuclear translocation of DAF-16/FOXO, the main transcription factor regulating the expression of stress response genes. The remarkable antioxidant activityin vitroandin vivocorrelates to SBE rich phenolic profile.

scholarly journals IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENTS AND PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION FROM CRUDE EXTRACTS OF AN ENDANGERED PLANT CORDIA MACLEODII HOOK. F. THOMSON

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagriti Chandrakar ◽  
Satish Dubey ◽  
Kundan Ojha ◽  
Rashmi Dehariya ◽  
Ashwini Kumar Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Successive Extraction

Cordia macleodii, an important medicinal plant traditionally used for the treatment of various disorders, including wound healing, jaundice, gastric ulcer, hepatoprotective activity and antivenom potential, thus the plant showed the high antioxidant properties. Successive extraction of leaf and barks powder with methanol and water was tested for quantitative determination of total phenolics, total flavonoids and various in vitro antioxidant activities. Phytochemical screening of crude plant extracts revealed the presence of sterols, alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolic, Reducing sugar, glycosides, tannins and saponins. All extracts showed the significant total phenolic and flavonoid contents and as well as radical scavenging and iron-chelating activities. Among all, methanol leaf extract was observed to be higher antioxidant activity than that of other extract. The methanol extracts showed greater antioxidant activity by DPPH scavenging the free radical with IC50 values of 7.63 ± 0.38 μg gm-1 along with scavenged free radical in a concentration depended manner, which is compare to the standard ascorbic acid.  Our results revealed that the presence of grater antioxidant activity of C. macleodii extract may be due to the high level of flavonoid and phenolic content in the plant. These results clearly indicated that C. macleodii is an effective natural antioxidant. Key words: Cordia macleodii, antioxidant, radical scavenging, phenolics, flavonoid, phytochemical.

Evaluation of diuretic and antioxidant properties in aqueous bark and fruit extracts of pine

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Shariati ◽  
Mohammad Hassanpour ◽  
Gholamreza Sharifzadeh ◽  
Asghar Zarban ◽  
Saeed Samarghandian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Dose Dependent

Objective: The present study has been carried out to evaluate the diuretic and antioxidant properties of pine herb in an animal model. Materials and Methods: 45 adult male rats were randomly divided into nine groups including: groups I (the negative control), groups II (positive control, furosemide 10 mg/kg), groups III to VIII (treatment groups received 100, 200, 400 mg/kg of the aqueous extracts of bark and fruit) and group IX received the combination of aqueous extract of bark (100 mg/kg) and the fruit (100 mg/kg). The urine output, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), electrolytes, urea, and creatinine levels were evaluated . Furthermore, the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of both extracts were also assessed using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Folin–Ciocalteu methods. Results: The aqueous extracts of the pine bark and fruit increased the urinary output in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of the two extracts compared to the other extracts alone significantly increased the serum potassium level. This study also showed each extract increase creatinine clearance in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.01 and p<0.05). The increase of GFR in the combination group was not significant. The current data showed a significant increase in the total phenolic content in pine bark extract in compared with the fruit extract. Conclusion: The pine bark and fruit can be useful in the prevention and treatment of kidney stones due to the high antioxidant activity.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Silico Antioxidant Potential of Melissa officinalis subsp. officinalis Essential Oil

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1081
Author(s):  
Matilda Rădulescu ◽  
Călin Jianu ◽  
Alexandra Teodora Lukinich-Gruia ◽  
Marius Mioc ◽  
Alexandra Mioc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Melissa Officinalis ◽  
Β Carotene

The investigation aimed to study the in vitro and in silico antioxidant properties of Melissa officinalis subsp. officinalis essential oil (MOEO). The chemical composition of MOEO was determined using GC–MS analysis. Among 36 compounds identified in MOEO, the main were beta-cubebene (27.66%), beta-caryophyllene (27.41%), alpha-cadinene (4.72%), caryophyllene oxide (4.09%), and alpha-cadinol (4.07%), respectively. In vitro antioxidant properties of MOEO have been studied in 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging, and inhibition of β-carotene bleaching assays. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for the radical scavenging abilities of ABTS and DPPH were 1.225 ± 0.011 μg/mL and 14.015 ± 0.027 μg/mL, respectively, demonstrating good antioxidant activity. Moreover, MOEO exhibited a strong inhibitory effect (94.031 ± 0.082%) in the β-carotene bleaching assay by neutralizing hydroperoxides, responsible for the oxidation of highly unsaturated β-carotene. Furthermore, molecular docking showed that the MOEO components could exert an in vitro antioxidant activity through xanthine oxidoreductase inhibition. The most active structures are minor MOEO components (approximately 6%), among which the highest affinity for the target protein belongs to carvacrol.

scholarly journals Hepatoprotective studies on methanolic extract fractions of Lindernia ciliata and development of qualitative analytical profile for the bioactive extract

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Praneetha Pallerla ◽  
Narsimha Reddy Yellu ◽  
Ravi Kumar Bobbala
Keyword(s):  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Liver Homogenate ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Effective Fraction

Abstract Background The objective of the study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract fractions of Lindernia ciliata (LC) and development of qualitative analytical profile of the bioactive fraction using HPLC fingerprinting analysis. All the fractions of methanolic extract of Lindernia ciliata (LCME) are assessed for their total phenolic, flavonoid contents and in vitro antioxidant properties by using DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging activities and reducing power assay. Acute toxicity study was conducted for all the fractions and the two test doses 50 and 100 mg/kg were selected for the hepatoprotective study. Liver damage was induced in different groups of rats by administering 3 g/kg.b.w.p.o. paracetamol and the effect of fractions were tested for hepatoprotective potential by evaluating serum biochemical parameters and histology of liver of rats. The effective fraction was evaluated for its antihepatotoxic activity against D-Galactosamine (400 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) and in vivo antioxidant parameters viz., Glutathione (GSH), Melondialdehyde (MDA) and Catalase (CAT) levels are estimated using liver homogenate. Results Among all the fractions, butanone fraction of LCME, (BNF-LCME) has shown better hepatoprotective activity and hence it is selected to evaluate the antihepatotoxicity against D-GaIN. The activity of BNF-LCME is well supported in in vitro and in vivo antioxidant studies and may be attributed to flavonoidal, phenolic compounds present in the fraction. Hence, BNF-LCME was subjected to the development of qualitative analytical profile using HPLC finger printing analysis. Conclusions All the fractions of LCME exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity and BNF-LCME (50 mg/kg) was identified as the most effective fraction.

scholarly journals Effect of Synchronous Versus Sequential Regimens on the Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of Regorafenib with Irradiation

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 386
Author(s):  
Tung-Hu Tsai ◽  
Yu-Jen Chen ◽  
Li-Ying Wang ◽  
Chen-Hsi Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hep G2 ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Dose Dependent

This study was performed to evaluate the interaction between conventional or high-dose radiotherapy (RT) and the pharmacokinetics (PK) of regorafenib in concurrent or sequential regimens for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Concurrent and sequential in vitro and in vivo studies of irradiation and regorafenib were designed. The interactions of RT and regorafenib in vitro were examined in the human hepatoma Huh-7, HA22T and Hep G2 cell lines. The RT–PK phenomenon and biodistribution of regorafenib under RT were confirmed in a free-moving rat model. Regorafenib inhibited the viability of Huh-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Apoptosis in Huh-7 cells was enhanced by RT followed by regorafenib treatment. In the concurrent regimen, RT decreased the area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC)regorafenib by 74% (p = 0.001) in the RT2 Gy × 3 fraction (f’x) group and by 69% (p = 0.001) in the RT9 Gy × 3 f’x group. The AUCregorafenib was increased by 182.8% (p = 0.011) in the sequential RT2Gy × 1 f’x group and by 213.2% (p = 0.016) in the sequential RT9Gy × 1 f’x group. Both concurrent regimens, RT2Gy × 3 f’x and RT9Gy × 3 f’x, clearly decreased the biodistribution of regorafenib in the heart, liver, lung, spleen and kidneys, compared to the control (regorafenib × 3 d) group. The concurrent regimens, both RT2Gy × 3 f’x and RT9Gy × 3 f’x, significantly decreased the biodistribution of regorafenib, compared with the control group. The PK of regorafenib can be modulated both by off-target irradiation and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT).

Strong antihemolytic and antioxidant properties of aqueous extract from Algerian Hammada elegans (Bge.) Botsch (Chenopodiaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brahim Asseli ◽  
Reguia Mahfoudi ◽  
Amar Djeridane ◽  
Mohamed Yousfi
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Vitro Assay

Background: Research on medicinal plant antioxidants has emerged as a potential therapeutic to prevent free radical generated damage in the human body. Hammada elegans Botsch (popularly known as “Ajram”) is a xerophytic plant widely found in Laghouat region, but there are only a few reports about the biological or chemical properties of these species. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the antioxidant and the antihemolytic activities of hexanic, acetonic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Algerian Hammada elegans Botsch by employing different in vitro assay systems. Methods: The total phenolic content, the flavonoid content and the condensed tannin amount were analyzed using Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride and vanillin assays, respectively. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of extracts was assessed by CUPRAC, iron chelating, ABTS•+and antihemolytic assays, and was expressed as EC50 values. Results: Among the analyzed extracts, the aqueous extract had the highest phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents. Also, this extract displayed the highest antioxidant capacities compared to the other extracts and standards. Its EC50 value for ABTS radical-scavenging activity was 0.265 ± 0.003 mg/L. Moreover, this extract showed high iron (II) chelating ability (EC50 = 0.958 ± 0.001 mg/L), and good antioxidant activity in the cupric ion reducing activity (CUPRAC) in a concentration dependent manner (EC50 were 0.709 ± 0.002 mg/L). Additionally, this extract had the best antihemolytic activity against AAPH-induced hemolysis (EC50=0.090 ± 0.004 mg/L). Conclusion: Our study revealed that the aqueous extract of Hammada elegans Botsch, is a potential source of antioxidants which possess a high protective effect of membrane against free radical.

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