scholarly journals Effect of Different Catalysts on Properties of Coal Tar Pitch Modified by Cinnamaldehyde

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Wenjuan Zhang ◽  
Wenhong Tian ◽  
Shihua Song ◽  
Xianren Zeng ◽  
Peng Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Carbon Yield ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphitization Degree ◽  
Toluene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Derivative Thermogravimetry

Cinnamaldehyde- (CMA-) modified coal tar pitches (CTPs) are prepared in the presence of acids. In this paper, the effect of boric acid and p-toluene sulfonic acid on the pyrolysis and graphitization process of CMA-modified CTP was studied. The pyrolysis process was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and derivative thermogravimetry, and polarized-light microscopy. In addition, the graphitization process was studied by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate the carbon yield of CMA-modified CTP with boric acid as catalyst (B7C10) is higher than that of CMA-modified CTP with p-toluene sulfonic acid as a catalyst (P7C10). In addition, under the same experimental condition (heated at 400°C and held for 1 h), the mesophase spheres of B7C10 are more regular than those of P7C10 and the largest diameter of the mesophase spheres can reach to 40 um. Further, after the graphitization process, the graphitization degree of B7C10 is higher than that of P7C10. So, it is more effective to modify CTP with boric acid as a catalyst.

scholarly journals Construction and Mechanism of Bacterial Cellulose With High Carbon Yield By a Stretching Orientation Method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjing Jiang ◽  
Zhenlin Jiang ◽  
Xin Fan ◽  
Min Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Carbon Yield ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphitization Degree ◽  
Low Field ◽  
Orientation Method ◽  
Environmentally Friendly Method

Abstract Bacterial cellulose (BC)decomposes easily and the carbon residue rate is low. These factors critically restrict its application in fabricating cellulosic carbon materials. Therefore, in this paper, a simple and facile method to improve the BC carbon yield is proposed based on the stretching orientation of BC. By controlling the degree of BC deformation, the orientation and crystallinity of the BC can be adjusted, thereby sensitively affecting the graphitization degree and carbon yield of carbonized BC. Samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering, and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LNMR). The results indicated that when the pre-stretched strain was 40%, the crystallinity and graphitization degree of BC improved, and the carbon yield increased significantly in comparison to that of untreated BC. Thus, a low-cost, facile, and environmentally friendly method of increasing the carbon yield of BC was developed in this study.

Study on the Variety of Rheological Properties and Thermal Analysis of Modified Coal Tar Pitch with 1,4-Benzenedimethanol

2014 ◽  
Vol 602-603 ◽  
pp. 304-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu Chao Shi ◽  
Li Min Dong ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
Tong Xiang Liang
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Apparent Viscosity ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Coaxial Cylinder ◽  
Coal Tar Pitch ◽  
Carbon Yield ◽  
Toluene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Cylinder Viscometer

Coal tar pitch (CTP) as carbon material was studied using 1,4-Benzenedimethanol (PXG) as modifier by p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTS) catalyst and the variety of rheological properties of modified coal tar pitch (MTP) was discussed. The apparent viscosity of CTP and MTP were measured using rotating coaxial-cylinder viscometer, and the relations between the apparent viscosity and temperature were studied. Thermal behaviors of CTP and MTP were analyzed with TG-DSC. The results showed that the viscosity of the MTP gradually decreased with the temperature rising and the viscous activation energy of the MTP is 72.92 kJ·mol-1, which was beneficial to the process for producing carbon materials and the carbon yield was greatly improved. Therefore, coal tar pitch modified with PXG was qualified to be an excellent carbon precursor.

Identification of calcium oxalate crystals in dried or fixed tobacco leaf

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 288-289
Author(s):  
Vicki L. Baliga ◽  
Mary Ellen Counts
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Calcium is an important element in the growth and development of plants and one form of calcium is calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate has been found in leaf seed, stem material plant tissue culture, fungi and lichen using one or more of the following methods—polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction.Two methods are presented here for qualitatively estimating calcium oxalate in dried or fixed tobacco (Nicotiana) leaf from different stalk positions using PLM. SEM, coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS), and powder x-ray diffraction were used to verify that the crystals observed in the dried leaf with PLM were calcium oxalate.

scholarly journals Struvite Grown in Gel, Its Crystal Structure at 90 K and Thermoanalytical Study

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Prywer ◽  
Lesław Sieroń ◽  
Agnieszka Czylkowska
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Sodium Metasilicate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Gel Growth ◽  
Growth Technique ◽  
Thermoanalytical Study ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Thermal Analysis Techniques ◽  
Derivative Thermogravimetry

In this article, we report the crystallization of struvite in sodium metasilicate gel by single diffusion gel growth technique. The obtained crystals have a very rich morphology displaying 18 faces. In this study, the habit and morphology of the obtained struvite crystals are analyzed. The crystals were examined and identified as pure struvite by single X-ray diffraction (XRD). The orthorhombic polar noncentrosymmetric space group Pmn21 was identified. The structure of the crystal was determined at a temperature of 90 K. Our research indicates a lack of polymorphism, resulting from the temperature lowering to 90 K, which has not been previously reported. The determined unit cell parameters are as follows a = 6.9650(2) Å, b = 6.1165(2) Å, c = 11.2056(3) Å. The structure of struvite is presented here with a residual factor R1 = 1.2% at 0.80 Å resolution. We also present thermoanalytical study of struvite using thermal analysis techniques such as thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA).

Dalnegroite, Tl5–xPb2x(As,Sb)2l–xS34, a new thallium sulphosalt from Lengenbach quarry, Binntal, Switzerland

2009 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1027-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Nestola ◽  
A. Guastoni ◽  
L. Bindi ◽  
L. Secco
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
New Mineral ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Mohs Hardness ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The University ◽  
Probable Space

AbstractDalnegroite, ideally Tl4Pb2(As12Sb8)Σ20S34, is a new mineral from Lengenbach, Binntal, Switzerland. It occurs as anhedral to subhedral grains up to 200 μm across, closely associated with realgar, pyrite, Sb-rich seligmanite in a gangue of dolomite. Dalnegroite is opaque with a submetallic lustre and shows a brownish-red streak. It is brittle; the Vickers hardness (VHN25) is 87 kg mm-2(range: 69—101) (Mohs hardness ∼3—3½). In reflected light, dalnegroite is highly bireflectant and weakly pleochroic, from white to a slightly greenish-grey. In cross-polarized light, it is highly anisotropic with bluish to green rotation tints and red internal reflections.According to chemical and X-ray diffraction data, dalnegroite appears to be isotypic with chabournéite, Tl5-xPb2x(Sb,As)21-xS34. It is triclinic, probable space groupP1, witha= 16.217(7) Å,b= 42.544(9) Å,c= 8.557(4) Å, α = 95.72(4)°, β = 90.25(4)°, γ = 96.78(4)°,V= 5832(4) Å3,Z= 4.The nine strongest powder-diffraction lines [d(Å) (I/I0) (hkl)] are: 3.927 (100) (10 0); 3.775 (45) (22); 3.685 (45) (60); 3.620 (50) (440); 3.124 (50) (2); 2.929 (60) (42); 2.850 (70) (42); 2.579 (45) (02); 2.097 (60) (024). The mean of 11 electron microprobe analyses gave elemental concentrations as follows: Pb 10.09(1) wt.%, Tl 20.36(1), Sb 23.95(1), As 21.33(8), S 26.16(8), totalling 101.95 wt.%, corresponding to Tl4.15Pb2.03(As11.86Sb8.20)S34. The new mineral is named for Alberto Dal Negro, Professor in Mineralogy and Crystallography at the University of Padova since 1976.

Adsorption of the harmful hormone ethinyl estradiol inside hydrophobic cavities of CTA+ intercalated montmorillonite

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Burgos ◽  
Tatiana A. Ribeiro-Santos ◽  
Rochel M. Lago
Keyword(s):  
Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hydrophobic Cavity ◽  
Adsorption Capacities ◽  
Derivative Thermogravimetry

Hydrophobic cavities produced by cetyltrimethylammonium cation (CTA+) exchanged and trapped in the interlayer space of montmorillonite were used to remove the harmful hormone contaminant ethinyl estradiol (EE2) from water. X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry, elemental analysis (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen), Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and contact angle analyses showed that the intercalation of 9, 16 and 34 wt% CTA+ in the montmorillonite resulted in the d001 expansion from 1.37 to 1.58, 2.09 and 2.18 nm, respectively. EE2 adsorption experiments showed that the original clay montmorillonite does not remove EE2 from water whereas the intercalated composites showed high efficiency with adsorption capacities of 4.3, 8.8 and 7.3 mg g−1 for M9CTA+, M16CTA+ and M34CTA+, respectively. Moreover, experiments with montmorillonite simply impregnated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide showed that the intercalation of CTA+ to form the hydrophobic cavity is very important for the adsorption properties. Simple solvent extraction can be used to remove the adsorbed EE2 without significant loss of CTA+, which allows the recovery and reuse of the adsorbent for at least five times.

Study in performance and morphology of polyamide 12 produced by selective laser sintering technology

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 813-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junjie Wu ◽  
Xiang Xu ◽  
Zhihao Zhao ◽  
Minjie Wang ◽  
Jie Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Chain Scission ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Laser Sintering ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Polyamide 12

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of selective laser sintering (SLS) method on morphology and performance of polyamide 12. Design/methodology/approach Crystallization behavior is critical to the properties of semi-crystalline polymers. The crystallization condition of SLS process is much different from others. The morphology of polyamide 12 produced by SLS technology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, polarized light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. Findings Too low fill laser power brought about bad fusion of powders, while too high energy input resulted in bad performance due to chain scission of macromolecules. There were three types of crystal in the raw powder material, denoted as overgrowth crystal, ring-banded spherulite and normal spherulite. Originality/value In this work, SLS samples with different sintering parameters, as well as compression molding sample for the purpose of comparison, were made to study the morphology and crystal structure of sintered PA12 in detail.

Structure and properties of polypropylene/organic rectorite nanocomposites

Clay Minerals ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Huang ◽  
Xiaoyan Ma ◽  
Guozheng Liang ◽  
Hongxia Yan
Keyword(s):  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
Ammonium Bromide ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Monoclinic Crystal ◽  
X Ray

AbstractMelt blending using a twin-screw extruder was used to prepare composites of polypropylene (PP)/organic rectorite (PR). The organic rectorite (OREC) was modified with dodecyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (1227). Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the dispersion of OREC in the composites. The d spacings of OREC in PR composites was greater than in OREC itself. The dispersion of OREC particles in the PP polymer matrix was fine and uniform when the clay content was small (2 wt.%). The rheology was characterized using a capillary rheometer. The processing behaviour of the PR system improved as the amount of OREC added increased. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry. It was shown that the addition of OREC had a heterogeneous nucleation effect on PP, and can accelerate the crystallization. However, only when fine dispersion was achieved, and at lower rates of temperature decrease, was the crystallinity greater. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy were used to observe the crystalline form and crystallite size. The PP in the PR composites exhibited an a-monoclinic crystal form, as in pure PP, and in both cases a spherulite structure was observed. However, the smaller spherulite size in the PR systems indicated that addition of OREC can reduce the crystal size significantly, which might improve the ‘toughness’ of the PP. The mechanical properties (tensile and impact strength) improved when the amount of OREC added was appropriate. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the storage modulus (E′) and loss modulus (E″) of the nanocomposites were somewhat greater than those of pure PP when an appropriate amount of OREC was added. Finally, thermogravimetric analysis showed that the PR systems exhibited a greater thermal stability than was seen with pure PP.

A low-temperature, environment-friendly approach to the synthesis of magnesium borates using magnesium waste scraps

2015 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aycin Kaplan ◽  
Azmi Seyhun Kipcak ◽  
Fatma Tugce Senberber ◽  
Emek Moroydor Derun ◽  
Sabriye Piskin
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
Boron Oxide ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Magnesium Borate ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Temperature Environment ◽  
Mixing Method ◽  
Boron Source

AbstractIn the present study, magnesium borate synthesis was performed by a hydrothermal mixing method, with the use of magnesium waste scraps (W) as the magnesium source, along with boric acid (H) or boron oxide (B) as the boron source. For an environment-friendly approach, a solid waste of magnesium was used at low reaction temperatures. Results of X-ray diffraction analyses showed that admontite [MgO(B

Growth and Characterization of Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate (ADP) Doped with H3BO3 Crystals Grown by Slow Evaporation Method

2016 ◽  
Vol 675-676 ◽  
pp. 573-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratya Thongpanit ◽  
Weerapong Chewpraditkul ◽  
Nakarin Pattanaboonmee
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Hardness Measurement ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Slow Evaporation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Evaporation Method

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals is very interesting due to its nonlinear optical property. This study investigated on improving of material for academic use by adding boric acid to modify ADP crystals. Slow evaporation method in aqueous solutions of pure ADP and ADP doped with three concentrations of H3BO3 as 0.1, 1.0, 5.0 %wt were studied. The grown crystals were confirmed tetragonal structure by powder X-ray diffraction studies. The FTIR spectrum analysis presented various functional groups of boron in three conditions of doped ADP. TGA study was comfirned the temperature stability at 220 °C for both pure and doped ADP crytals. The machanical stress was analyzed by Vicker’s hardness measurement. The results of this analysis showed boric acid doped 1.0 %wt had superior machanical stress from 10 to 75 grams. ADP doped with boric acid at 1.0 %wt was accepted in all test properties.

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