scholarly journals Investigation of Bacteriological Quality of Meat from Abattoir and Butcher Shops in Bishoftu, Central Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abebe Bersisa ◽  
Dereje Tulu ◽  
Chaluma Negera
Keyword(s):  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cutting Knife ◽  
Butcher Shops

The study was conducted from November 2015 to November 2016 to determine bacterial load and identify pathogenic bacteria (S. aureus,E. coli, andSalmonellaespecies) in meat from abattoir and butcher shops as well as to assess associated hygienic and sanitation practices being experienced in the selected study site. A cross-sectional study was conducted where a simple random sampling method was used to select butcher shops, and the municipal abattoir was purposively selected. A structured questionnaire survey was also used to assess hygienic status of the municipal abattoir and butcher shops. A total of 124 samples (48 swab samples from abattoir carcass, 4 samples of carcass washing water about 20 ml of each, and 36 swab samples each from butcher shop cutting table and cutting knife, respectively) were collected during the study period. The collected samples were processed for aerobic plate count, and the total mean count was found to be 4.53 log10 cfu/cm2from abattoir carcass swab samples, 2.4 log10 cfu/ml from water samples, 6.58 log10 cfu/cm2from butcher shops cutting table, and 6.1 log10 cfu/cm2from cutting knife swab samples.E. coliwas the dominant bacterial species isolated (35.2%), followed byS. aureus(22.5%) andSalmonellaespecies (9.9%). According to the questionnaire survey, 48.4% (15/31) of the abattoir workers did not receive any training regarding food safety issues. Moreover, a majority (66.67%) of the respondents of the butcher house workers were grade 1–4 (elementary) in their educational level and do not use hairnet and handle money with bare hands during serving meat to consumers. The study showed that the hygienic status of the abattoir and butcher shops in the study area is poor, and the obtained results of bacterial load are higher than the acceptable limit of the standard. Therefore, the necessary strategies towards hygiene and sanitation of meat in the town should be implemented.

scholarly journals Wastewater Collection and Transportation through Drainage Network- a Potential Threat to Biodiversity & Local Eco-system in Zanzibar Stone-town & Surroundings

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Z. M. Abubakar ◽  
A. R. Rabia ◽  
A. M. Ussi ◽  
M. A. Bakar ◽  
R. A. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
High Turbidity

Waste water effluents voided in the coastal areas of Zanzibar are highly polluted posing a public health crisis. This cross-sectional study, carried out in September 2017, investigated bacterial load and physicochemical characteristics of the effluents discharged into coastal marine waters of the Zanzibar stone town and peri-urban areas. Ten drains, seven of which were impervious and three pervious, were sampled twice per day in mornings and afternoons. Each drain was sampled at three sites; the out-pour site close to the sea and two sites upstream 100 meters apart. Physicochemical parameters including Dissolved Oxygen (DO), pH and turbidity were determined immediately after arrival in the laboratory. Colony forming units/ ml were also determined.  Bacterial counts were higher in impervious drains, in out-pour sites and in the afternoons. Conversely counts were lower in the out-pour sites compared to upstream sites in the pervious drains. DO was significantly higher in the pervious compared to impervious drains (p = 0.004). Turbidity was high in the mornings, but one drain had significantly high turbidity (p=0.0009). In all drains pH was high in the afternoon than mornings. Thirteen bacterial species, mostly gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae were isolated. Vibrio cholerae was isolated from 5 drains. Ground water close to pervious drains had coliforms beyond WHO guidelines. Waste water drains in Zanzibar urban and peri-urban areas are vastly contaminated with organic matter and pathogenic bacteria leading to high turbidity and oxygen depletion. It is recommended to increase awareness to the public and introduce waste water treatment strategies both physically and chemically.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION LEVELS ON THE SURFACE OF THE BOVINE CARCASSES AT SLAUGHTERHOUSES OF BARISHAL CITY IN BANGLADESH

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-245
Author(s):  
A. Das ◽  
F. I. Rume ◽  
W. K. Ansari ◽  
M. N. Alam ◽  
M. R. Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Salmonella Spp

Background: Meat industries in developing countries including Bangladesh are found to be challenged by severe hygienic and sanitation problems which are associated with heavy bacterial load on the different sites of carcasses and meat. Objectives: The major objectives of this study were to determine the bacterial load at the different risk sites of bovine carcasses and identification of pathogenic bacteria as well as to assess the associated hygienic and sanitation practices with public health significance of the isolated bacteria. Materials and Methods: The study on bacterial load of bovine carcasses was conducted on 200 swab samples of different risk sites of 20 bovine carcasses in the different slaughterhouses of Barishal City Corporation during the period from April to October 2017. The aseptically collected swab samples from different sites of bovine carcasses were processed and analyzed individually by standard bacteriological procedures for Total viable count (TVC), Total coliform count (TCC), Total Staphylococcus count (TSC) and Total Salmonella count (TSAC) and the bacterial species were identified by the conventional aerobic cultural, morphological and biochemical tests. The hygienic status and practices of slaughterhouses and workers were evaluated through a structured questionnaire survey and also a visual inspection. Results: Staphylococcus aureus (78.5%), Salmonella spp. (64.5%) and Escherichia coli (64.0%) were found widely prevalent bacteria on the surface of freshly slaughtered bovine carcasses. The mean TVC of bacteria at pre-and post-washing of the different risk sites of carcasses including neck, shoulder, rump and their used knife and workers’ hand was calculated and highest one was recorded for neck at both pre (8.17 ± 1.22) and post (8.41 ± 0.92) washings. These TVC were found higher compared to standards set by WHO. The TSC was found highest at shoulder site at both pre (7.26 ± 0.94) and post (7.43 ± 1.02) washing, whereas the neck site was found highest contaminated with E. coli (6.69 ± 1.06 and 6.87 ± 1.04) and Salmonella spp.(5.73 ± 1.05 and 6.07 ± 0.92), respectively. The questionnaire survey and visual inspection of slaughter houses revealed that none of the slaughterhouse workers received any training on slaughterhouses management and hygiene, not used any head and hair covering, protective clothes and hand gloves whereas only 25.33% workers washed their hands and 34.67% used clean water at slaughterhouses during processing of carcasses and meat. Conclusions: The slaughtering of the animals on the ground and then skinning and evisceration in the same place under poor hygienic conditions are the major risk factors for heavy bacterial contamination of carcasses which has been recognized as a threat to food safety and consumers health to foodborne illness. Therefore, it requires a serious attention from all relevant authorities to apply and maintain the basic hygienic slaughterhouse practices to prevent the bacterial contamination of carcasses to prevent food borne illness. However, these data should serve as a baseline for future comparisons in measuring the bacteriological status of beef carcasses in other districts and further research works.

scholarly journals Combined Action of Human Commensal Bacteria and Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles on the Viability and Immune Responses of Dendritic Cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Malachin ◽  
Elisa Lubian ◽  
Fabrizio Mancin ◽  
Emanuele Papini ◽  
Regina Tavano
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Amorphous Silica ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Synergistic Induction ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT Dendritic cells (DCs) regulate the host-microbe balance in the gut and skin, tissues likely exposed to nanoparticles (NPs) present in drugs, food, and cosmetics. We analyzed the viability and the activation of DCs incubated with extracellular media (EMs) obtained from cultures of commensal bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis) or pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus) in the presence of amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs). EMs and NPs synergistically increased the levels of cytotoxicity and cytokine production, with different nanoparticle dose-response characteristics being found, depending on the bacterial species. E. coli and S. epidermidis EMs plus NPs at nontoxic doses stimulated the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-12, IL-10, and IL-6, while E. coli and S. epidermidis EMs plus NPs at toxic doses stimulated the secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-4, and IL-5. On the contrary, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa EMs induced cytokines only when they were combined with NPs at toxic concentrations. The induction of maturation markers (CD86, CD80, CD83, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and major histocompatibility complex class II) by commensal bacteria but not by pathogenic ones was improved in the presence of noncytotoxic SiO2 NP doses. DCs consistently supported the proliferation and differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells secreting IFN-γ and IL-17A. The synergistic induction of CD86 was due to nonprotein molecules present in the EMs from all bacteria tested. At variance with this finding, the synergistic induction of IL-1β was prevalently mediated by proteins in the case of E. coli EMs and by nonproteins in the case of S. epidermidis EMs. A bacterial costimulus did not act on DCs after adsorption on SiO2 NPs but rather acted as an independent agonist. The inflammatory and immune actions of DCs stimulated by commensal bacterial agonists might be altered by the simultaneous exposure to engineered or environmental NPs.

scholarly journals The Survey of Microbial Quality of the Dry Sample, Extract and Brewing of some Medicinal Plants

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-482
Author(s):  
Razieh VALIASILL ◽  
Majid AZIZI ◽  
Maasome BAHREINI ◽  
Hossein AROUIE
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Total Count ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Wide Range

Medicinal plants may be exposed to a wide range of microbial contamination during pre- and post- harvest stages and they can present high microbial counts. In this study, the microbial quality of 44 samples of dry herbs namely: mint (Menthaspp.), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), summer savory (Satureja hortensis), zataria (Zataria multiflora), Indian valerian (Valeriana wallichii), their brewing and extracts were analyzed. Total count using plate count agar medium (PCA), coliform count by Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBL), Enterobacteriacea by Violet Red Bile Glucose (VRBG) were evaluated. Medium Baird-Parker agar (BP) medium and Tryptone Bile X-Gluc (TBX) medium were used for the isolation and enumeration of Staphylococcus aurous and E. coli spp. respectively. Furthermore, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar medium (XLD) and Bismuth Sulfite Agar medium(BSA) were used for detection of Salmonella spp. Fungal and mold contamination was assessed using yeast extract glucose chloramphenicol agar. The results showed that the contamination of the samples with total count (100%) and Enterobacteriaceae (85%), total coliform (83%), mold and yeast (98%) and E. coli ssp. (2.27) were detected, including in the study samples the absence of pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aurous, Salmonella spp. Moreover, the extract had a lower microbial load in comparison to dry herb samples. Also, the lowest and the highest of contamination rates were observed for Indian valerian and zataria, respectively. According to the results, there is a need to control the environmental conditions and improve hygiene in the production process; even more, it is recommended to choose a suitable decontamination method for disinfection during packing medicinal plants and during post-packing manipulation and transport.

scholarly journals Broad and efficient control of major foodborne pathogenic strains ofEscherichia coliby mixtures of plant-produced colicins

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (40) ◽  
pp. E5454-E5460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Schulz ◽  
Anett Stephan ◽  
Simone Hahn ◽  
Luisa Bortesi ◽  
Franziska Jarczowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
The United States ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Colicin M ◽  
Very High

EnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli(EHEC) is one of the leading causes of bacterial enteric infections worldwide, causing ∼100,000 illnesses, 3,000 hospitalizations, and 90 deaths annually in the United States alone. These illnesses have been linked to consumption of contaminated animal products and vegetables. Currently, other than thermal inactivation, there are no effective methods to eliminate pathogenic bacteria in food. Colicins are nonantibiotic antimicrobial proteins, produced byE. colistrains that kill or inhibit the growth of otherE. colistrains. Several colicins are highly effective against key EHEC strains. Here we demonstrate very high levels of colicin expression (up to 3 g/kg of fresh biomass) in tobacco and edible plants (spinach and leafy beets) at costs that will allow commercialization. Among the colicins examined, plant-expressed colicin M had the broadest antimicrobial activity against EHEC and complemented the potency of other colicins. A mixture of colicin M and colicin E7 showed very high activity against all major EHEC strains, as defined by the US Department of Agriculture/Food and Drug Administration. Treatments with low (less than 10 mg colicins per L) concentrations reduced the pathogenic bacterial load in broth culture by 2 to over 6 logs depending on the strain. In experiments using meats spiked withE. coliO157:H7, colicins efficiently reduced the population of the pathogen by at least 2 logs. Plant-produced colicins could be effectively used for the broad control of pathogenicE. coliin both plant- and animal-based food products and, in the United States, colicins could be approved using the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) regulatory approval pathway.

Bacterial Contamination of Hospital Physicians' Stethoscopes

1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 626-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Bernard ◽  
Anne Kereveur ◽  
Dominique Durand ◽  
Jeanne Gonot ◽  
Fred Goldstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Hospital ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Liquid Soap ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractBecause stethoscopes might be potential vectors of nosocomial infections, this study, conducted in a 450-bed general hospital, was devised to evaluate the bacterial contamination of stethoscopes; bacterial survival on stethoscope membranes; the kinetics of the bacterial load on stethoscope membranes during clinical use; and the efficacy of 70% alcohol or liquid soap for membrane disinfection. Among the 355 stethoscopes tested, 234 carried ≥2 different bacterial species; 31 carried potentially pathogenic bacteria. Although some bacteria deposited onto membranes could survive 6 to 18 hours, none survived after disinfection.

A Rapid Microbiological Method for Enumerating Escherichia colifrom Broiler Chicken Carcasses

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 1375-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANGELA L. EDMISTON ◽  
SCOTT M. RUSSELL
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Method ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Medium Temperature ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Significant Linear Correlation ◽  
Inspection Service

Experiments were conducted to evaluate a rapid method for enumerating Escherichia coli from broiler chicken carcasses. In three separate trials, carcasses were obtained from a commercial processing plant, temperature abused at 37°C for 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 h, and then rinsed. E. coli were enumerated from carcass rinses using Petrifilm E. coli count plates (PC) and by placing the rinse into double-strength colifiform medium supplemented with 2% dextrose (CMD). The CMD mixture was placed into a Bactometer module and conductance was measured at 44°C. Once a detection time (DT) was recorded, the sample was immediately recovered from the module well, diluted, and spread onto plate count agar. Colonies on plates at the highest dilution from each module well were randomly selected and identified. After 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h of temperature abuse, E. coli was the bacterial species identified 97, 92, 88, 87, and 61% of the time, respectively. These results indicate that the medium/temperature combination was excellent for enumerating E. coli from samples that contain mixed microflora using conductance. Significant linear correlations were observed between time of abuse (TA) and log10 PC (LPC) or DT (R2 = 0.86 and R2 = −0.90, respectively). A significant linear correlation was observed between LPC and DT (R2 = −0.92). This rapid method (1 to 7.6 h) for enumeration of E. coli on chicken should provide a way to determine E. coli levels before a product is shipped, and it should aid the poultry industry in meeting the E. coli testing requirement of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service pathogen reduction regulation.

scholarly journals Effect of Feed Supplemented With Vitamin C on Microbial Flora of Swine Faeces and Blood Morphology

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175
Author(s):  
Beata Trawińska ◽  
Jerzy Lechowski ◽  
Antoni Polonis ◽  
Marta Kowaleczko
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bacteriological Evaluation ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract The studies involved gilts 6 weeks pre-partum allocated into the control and experimental groups. The experimental group received vitamin C at the dose of 2.5g/100 kg b.w./day. Faeces for analyses were collected for 3- and 6- week period of vitamin C dietary inclusion. The faecal material underwent quantitative and qualitative bacteriological evaluation. The count of Enterobacteriaceae was evaluated. The qualitative examination of these bacteria was made using the micro-plate method API 20E. Feed supplemented with vitamin C contributed to a statistically significant decline of the total bacterial count of Enterobacteriaceae in faeces. The qualitative bacterial analyses showed the presence of E. coli, Providecia sp., Proteus sp., and Salmonella sp. in the control and experimental groups. Enterobacter sp. was recovered only in the control group, while Lactobacillus sp. in the experimental group. The dietary administration of vitamin C significantly decreased the number of the studied bacterial species, except Salmonella rods. No statistically significant differences in the number of most blood morphotic elements following the 6- week supply of vitamin C were found; only the granulocyte count significantly increased, while lymphocyte numbers declined. Ascorbic acid inhibited the growth of pathogenic intestinal flora and reduced the pathogenic and relatively pathogenic bacteria count in the gastrointestinal tract and notably contributed to enhanced growth of beneficial bacteria.

scholarly journals Evaluating the risk of bacterial infections associated with the most handled Iraqi notes in Kalar

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Mohammad Tawfeeq ◽  
Mohammed Hassan Fatah ◽  
Ahmed Mohammed Tofiq
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Fresh Sample ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Paper Currency ◽  
Currency Note ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Every day new sources of microbial and especially bacterial infections are reported, which are not taken into account, the fact that these sources have been implicated in the outbreaks of these infections. The goals of the current research focused on the exploration of the scope of microbial pollution of the widely traded paper currency notes of the Iraqi currencies (250, 1000 and 5000 Iraqi Dinars) in Kalar city. 300 banknotes (100 samples for each of the denominations under investigation) in circulation were gathered from different categories of Kalar population and one fresh sample for each of the three currencies (control negative). Each bill was rinsed in 5 ml D.W then cultured on Nutrient agar, Mannitol Salt agar and MacConkey agar, respectively, then incubated at 37 ºC for up to 48 hours. Results revealed the rate of microbial contamination, specifically bacterial ones as 94%, 68%, and 60%, respectively on the denominations of 250, 1000, and 5000 of Iraqi Dinars. In a descending order, and with regard to the prevalence rate, bacterial species contaminated 250, 1000 and 5000 Iraqi denominations respectively were as follows: 55.31%, 32.35% and 36.66% for Bacillus sp.; 14.89%, 38.23% and 20% for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus; 8.51%, 8.82% and 20% for E. coli; 2.12%, 11.76 and 20% for Pseudomonas sp.; 2.12% for each of Klebsiella sp., and Salmonella sp.; 10.63% and 4.25% for Enterobacter sp. and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, and only on 250 denomination;  2.94% and 5.88% for each of Corynebacterium sp. and Serratia sp. only on 1000 currency note; lastly, 3.33% for Proteus sp. on 5000 IQD only. These outcomes suggest that bacterial contamination of Iraqi Dinars, specifically the 250 denomination is risky and could be regarded as the real source of infectious diseases with the most dangerous pathogenic bacteria.  

scholarly journals STUDY THE INHIBITION ACTIVITY OF PURIFIED BACTERIOCIN FROM LOCAL ISOLATION Lactococcuslactis ssp. lactisagainst SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIAL SPECIES ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-49
Author(s):  
علاء حسين هامل1 ◽  
◽  
جيهان عبد الستار سلمان2 ◽  
رغد أكرم عزيز3 ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Inhibition Activity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The One

This study aimed to study the inhibition activity of purified bacteriocin produced from the local isolation Lactococcuslactis ssp. lactis against pathogenic bacteria species isolated from clinical samples in some hospitals Baghdad city. Screening of L. lactis ssp. Lactis and isolated from the intestines fish and raw milk was performed in well diffusion method. The results showed that L. lactis ssp. lactis (Lc4) was the most efficient isolate in producing the bacteriocin as well observed inhibitory activity the increased that companied with the concentration, the concentration of the twice filtrate was better in obtaining higher inhibition diameters compared to the one-fold concentration. The concentrated bacteriocin was purified using the gel filtration column and Sephacryl S-200. The results showed the high inhibitory activity of the purified bacteriocin after the purification against the positive and negative bacteria of the Gram stain under study compared to the one-fold concentration and two-fold before purification , The diameters of the inhibition zones after gel-filtering of the purified bacteriocin reached S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, E. clocae and S. marcescens (23, 25, 26, 20, 22 and 28) Mm respectively. The carbohydrate content of purified bacteriocin from L. lactis ssp. lactis (Lc4) isolate was 6.02% with a molecular weight of 6310 Dalton. The results showed that purified bacteriocin retained its inhibitory activity at pH 2-10 and showed the highest inhibition at pH 4-6 and lost at pH 12. The purified bacteriocin was characterized by thermal stability. It retained its effectiveness when exposed to 40, 60, 80, 100°C for 30, 15, 5 minutes and 120°C for 15.5 minutes and lost 50% of its effectiveness when exposed to 120°C for 30 minutes. Results The purified bacteriocin was effectively retained when treated with enzyme pepsin and trypsin of 37°C for one hour and at pH 7.

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