Antimicrobial Profiling of Bacteria Isolated from Fish Sold at Informal Market in Mufakose, Zimbabwe

The number of infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria is rising worldwide. Fish from multisource pollution waters can harbour multidrug-resistant bacteria that can be disseminated to humans through eating or contact of contaminated fish. A cross-sectional study was carried out to (i) isolate and phenotypically identify bacteria from 36 fish samples from informal market in Mufakose, Harare, and (ii) determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolated bacteria against ten available antibiotics (ampicillin 10 μg, gentamycin 30 μg, penicillin G 10 μg, erythromycin 15 μg, tetracycline 30 μg, kanamycin 30 μg, neomycin 10 μg, cloxacillin 5 μg, lincomycin 15 μg, and sulfamethoxazole 25 μg) using the Kirby–Bauer disk agar diffusion method. Eight bacterial genera were isolated and identified, and they wereEscherichia,Aeromonas,Staphylococcus,Pseudomonas,Citrobacter,Klebsiella,Enterobacter, andProteus. Among the isolates,Escherichia coliwas isolated most frequently (44%) followed byStaphylococcus aureus(19%),Enterobacter aerogenes(7%),Aeromonasspp. (5%),Proteus mirabilis(5%),Citrobacter(5%), and coagulase-negativeStaphylococci(5%) and the least frequent wereKlebsiella(3%) andPseudomonas(3%). All isolates were susceptible to gentamycin. Varying antibiotic resistance rates were observed to lincomycin (100%), ampicillin (81%), penicillin (67%), erythromycin (65%), tetracycline (63%), neomycin (61%), cloxacillin (43%), kanamycin (24%), and sulphamethoxazole (13%). All the isolates were multidrug-resistant (resistant to at 3 or more drugs tested) exceptProteus mirabilis.Proteus mirabilishas multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.2, and the other isolated bacteria had MAR indexes greater than 0.2 ranging from 0.3 to 0.7. Those MAR indexes above 0.2 showed that the bacteria isolates are from a high risk source where antibiotics were frequently used, possibly from sewage effluents. Isolation of enteric bacteria such asEscherichia coliis an indication of faecal contamination, and this poses a high risk to animal and human health. These significant findings call for effective risk assessment models and management plans that protect human, animal, and environmental health.

Download Full-text

Antibiotic Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Fresh Fruits and Vegetables and Characterization of their AmpC β-Lactamases

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-089 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 82 (11) ◽

pp. 1857-1863 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

ZAHRA S. AL-KHAROUSI ◽

NEJIB GUIZANI ◽

ABDULLAH M. AL-SADI ◽

ISMAIL M. AL-BULUSHI

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Enterobacter Asburiae

ABSTRACT Enterobacteria may gain antibiotic resistance and be potent pathogens wherever they are present, including in fresh fruits and vegetables. This study tested the antibiotic resistance of enterobacteria isolated from 13 types of local and imported fresh fruits and vegetables (n = 105), using the standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Phenotypic and genotypic characterizations of AmpC β-lactamases were determined in cefoxitin-resistant isolates. Ten percent of the enterobacteria tested (n = 88) were pansusceptible, 74% were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 16% were multidrug resistant. Enterobacteria isolates showed the highest antibiotic resistance against ampicillin (66%), cephalothin (57%), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (33%), cefoxitin (31%), tetracycline (9%), nalidixic acid (7%), trimethoprim (6%), and kanamycin (5%). Three isolates showed intermediate resistance to the clinically important antibiotic imipenem. Escherichia coli isolated from lettuce exhibited multidrug resistance against five antibiotics. Fifteen isolates were confirmed to have AmpC β-lactamase, using the inhibitor-based test and the antagonism test; the latter test confirmed that the enzyme was an inducible type. Four types of ampC β-lactamase genes (CIT, EBC, FOX, and MOX) were detected in eight isolates: four Enterobacter cloacae isolates and one isolate each of Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter hormaechei, and Enterobacter ludwigii. It was concluded that fresh fruits and vegetables might play a role as a source or vehicle for transferring antibiotic-resistant bacteria that might spread to other countries through exportation. The clinically significant AmpC β-lactamase was rarely documented in the literature on bacteria isolated from fruits and vegetables, and to our knowledge, this is the first report on the detection of an inducible type in such commodities.

Download Full-text

Virulence Characteristics and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Diverse Sources

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9090587 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 587

Author(s):

Momna Rubab ◽

Deog-Hwan Oh

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Control Measures ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Shiga Toxins ◽

E Coli ◽

And Control ◽

High Degree

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an enteric pathogen that causes several gastrointestinal ailments in humans across the world. STEC’s ability to cause ailment is attributed to the presence of a broad range of known and putative virulence factors (VFs) including those that encode Shiga toxins. A total of 51 E. coli strains belonging to serogroups O26, O45, O103, O104, O113, O121, O145, and O157 were tested for the presence of nine VFs via PCR and for their susceptibility to 17 frequently used antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. The isolates belonged to eight different serotypes, including eight O serogroups and 12 H types. The frequency of the presence of key VFs were stx1 (76.47%), stx2 (86.27%), eae (100%), ehxA (98.03%), nleA (100%), ureC (94.11%), iha (96.07%), subA (9.80%), and saa (94.11%) in the E. coli strains. All E. coli strains carried seven or more distinct VFs and, among these, four isolates harbored all tested VFs. In addition, all E. coli strains had a high degree of antibiotic resistance and were multidrug resistant (MDR). These results show a high incidence frequency of VFs and heterogeneity of VFs and MDR profiles of E. coli strains. Moreover, half of the E. coli isolates (74.5%) were resistant to > 9 classes of antibiotics (more than 50% of the tested antibiotics). Thus, our findings highlight the importance of appropriate epidemiological and microbiological surveillance and control measures to prevent STEC disease in humans worldwide.

Download Full-text

Multidrug Resistant Enteric Bacterial Pathogens in a Psychiatric Hospital in Ghana: Implications for Control of Nosocomial Infections

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2017/9509087 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kwabena O. Duedu ◽

George Offei ◽

Francis S. Codjoe ◽

Eric S. Donkor

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Psychiatric Hospital ◽

Nosocomial Infections ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Enteric Bacteria ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Important Public Health Problem ◽

Microbiological Methods

Enteric bacteria are commonly implicated in hospital-acquired or nosocomial infections. In Ghana, these infections constitute an important public health problem but little is known about their contribution to antibiotic resistance. The aim of the study was to determine the extent and pattern of antibiotic resistance of enteric bacteria isolated from patients and environmental sources at the Accra Psychiatric Hospital. A total of 265 samples were collected from the study site including 142 stool and 82 urine samples from patients, 7 swab samples of door handle, and 3 samples of drinking water. Enteric bacteria were isolated using standard microbiological methods. Antibiograms of the isolates were determined using the disc diffusion method. Overall, 232 enteric bacteria were isolated. Escherichia coli was the most common (38.3%), followed by Proteus (19.8%), Klebsiella (17.7%), Citrobacter (14.7%), Morganella (8.2%), and Pseudomonas (1.3%). All isolates were resistant to ampicillin but sensitive to cefotaxime. The resistance ranged from 15.5% to 84.5%. Multidrug resistance was most prevalent (100%) among isolates of Proteus and Morganella and least prevalent among isolates of Pseudomonas (33.3%). Multidrug resistance among enteric bacteria at the study hospital is high and hence there is a need for screening before therapy to ensure prudent use of antibiotics.

Download Full-text

Antibiotic Resistance among Escherichia coli Isolates from Hospital Wastewater Compared to Community Wastewater

Water ◽

10.3390/w13233449 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 3449

Author(s):

Cristina-Mirabela Gaşpar ◽

Ludovic Toma Cziszter ◽

Cristian Florin Lăzărescu ◽

Ioan Ţibru ◽

Marius Pentea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Hospital Wastewater ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

E Coli

This study aimed to compare the antibiotic resistance levels of the indicator bacteria Escherichia coli in wastewater samples collected from two hospitals and two urban communities. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 81 E. coli isolates (47 from hospitals and 34 from communities) using the disc diffusion method according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) methodology. Ten antibiotics from nine different classes were chosen. The strains isolated from the community wastewater, compared to those from the hospital wastewater, were not resistant to gentamicin (p = 0.03), but they showed a significantly higher susceptibility—increased exposure to ceftazidime (p = 0.001). Multidrug resistance was observed in 85.11% of the hospital wastewater isolates and 73.53% of the community isolates (p > 0.05). The frequency of the presumed carbapenemase-producing E. coli was higher among the community isolates (76.47% compared to 68.09%) (p > 0.05), whereas the frequency of the presumed extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli was higher among the hospital isolates (21.28% compared to 5.88%) (p > 0.05). The antibiotic resistance rates were high in both the hospital and community wastewaters, with very few significant differences between them, so the community outlet might be a source of resistant bacteria that is at least as important as the well-recognised hospitals.

Download Full-text

Occurrence of NDM-1 and VIM-2 Co-Producing Escherichia coli and OprD Alteration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Hospital Environment Samples in Northwestern Tunisia

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11091617 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1617

Author(s):

Raouaa Maaroufi ◽

Olfa Dziri ◽

Linda Hadjadj ◽

Seydina M. Diene ◽

Jean-Marc Rolain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Carbapenem Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Hospital Environment ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Disk Diffusion Method

Hospital environments constitute the main reservoir of multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this study we aimed to investigate the presence of Gram-negative bacteria in one Northwestern Tunisian hospital environment, and characterize the genes involved in bacterial resistance. A total of 152 environmental isolates were collected from various surfaces and isolated using MacConkey medium supplemented with cefotaxime or imipenem, with 81 fermenter bacteria (27 Escherichia coli, and 54 Enterobacter spp., including 46 Enterobacter cloacae), and 71 non-fermenting bacteria (69 Pseudomonas spp., including 54 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 2 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) being identified by the MALDI-TOF-MS method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method and E-Test was used to determine MICs for imipenem. Several genes implicated in beta-lactams resistance were characterized by PCR and sequencing. Carbapenem resistance was detected among 12 isolates; nine E. coli (blaNDM-1 (n = 8); blaNDM-1 + blaVIM-2 (n = 1)) and three P. aeruginosa were carbapenem-resistant by loss of OprD porin. The whole-genome sequencing of P. aeruginosa 97H was determined using Illumina MiSeq sequencer, typed ST285, and harbored blaOXA-494. Other genes were also detected, notably blaTEM (n = 23), blaCTX-M-1 (n = 10) and blaCTX-M-9 (n = 6). These new epidemiological data imposed new surveillance strategies and strict hygiene rules to decrease the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria in this area.

Download Full-text

Detection of Multidrug Resistant Gram Negative Bacteria in Healthy Cattle from Maiduguri Metropolitan, Nigeria

Journal of Advances in Microbiology ◽

10.9734/jamb/2020/v20i630255 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 68-76

Author(s):

Adam Mustapha ◽

Mustafa Alhaji Isa ◽

Ibrahim Yusuf Ngoshe ◽

Hashidu Bala

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Healthy Cattle

Aim: Prevalence of multidrug resistant bacteria on apparently health animals has turned antibiotic resistance to multifaceted process and threatens global food security and public health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the resistance profile of isolates from apparently healthy cattle in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 120 nasal swab samples were collected from cattle. Colony identification was according to the guidelines of Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. The susceptibility pattern of the isolates was conducted on the identified isolates according to the Modified Kirby-Baur disc diffusion method on Muller-Hilton agar and interpreted according to the procedures of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2018) guidelines. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) was calculated using the formula, MARI=a/b where “a” is the number of antibiotic resisted and “b” is the total number of antibiotic used in the study. Results: Of the total samples (120) from cattle 96 (80%) detected the following isolates; E. coli was the most commonly recovered isolates (33, 34.4%), followed by Klebsiella spp (28, 29.2%), Salmonella spp (21, 21.9%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14, 14.5%). In this study, all the recovered isolates were found to be multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria, with highest resistance was shown by Salmonella spp. The high MARI observed in all the isolates in this study ranging from 0.7 to 0.9. MARI value of 0.2 > is suggests multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and indicate presence of highly resistant bacteria. Conclusion: The study indicates highly resistant bacteria are carried by healthy food animals. Thus, there is need for continued monitoring of antibiotics use in animal husbandry to prevent further spread of resistance in Maiduguri, Nigeria.

Download Full-text

Prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons among the multidrug resistant uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli

Asian Biomedicine ◽

10.5372/1905-7415.0901.367 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 49-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Haddadi Azam ◽

Somayeh Mikaili Ghezeljeh ◽

Shavandi Mahmoud

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Integrase Gene ◽

Class 1 ◽

Tract Infections

Abstract Background Multidrug resistance is a serious problem in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Horizontal gene transfer, directed by strong selective pressure of antibiotics, has resulted in the widespread distribution of multiple antibiotic resistance genes. The dissemination of resistance genes is enhanced when they are trapped in integrons. Objectives To determine the prevalence of integrons among multidrug resistant Escherichia coli strains collected from regional hospitals and private clinical laboratories in Alborz province. Methods The susceptibility of 111 clinical Escherichia coli isolates was tested using a Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method for common antibiotics. Isolates were screened for the production of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) using a double disk synergy test. The existence of integrons was confirmed by amplification of the integrase gene and their class determined via analysis of PCR products by PCR-RFLP. Results Isolates showed the highest resistance to amoxicillin. Nitrofurantoin, amikacin, and ceftizoxime were the most effective antibiotics in vitro. Eighty-eight isolates of 111 (79%) were resistant to more than three unrelated drugs. We found 30% of the multidrug resistant isolates harbor integrons. Class 1 and 2 integrons were detected in 25 and 1 isolates, respectively. ESBL screening of strains showed 45 isolates (40%) were positive; 22% of the ESBL-positive isolates carried class 1 integrons and the frequency of MDR in ESBLpositive isolates was 93%. Conclusion The existence of integrons in only 29.5% of multidrug resistant isolates showed that besides integrons, antibiotic resistance genes were probably carried on other transferable elements lacking integrons, such as transposons or plasmids.

Download Full-text

Multiple NDM-5-Expressing Escherichia Coli Isolates From an Immunocompromised Pediatric Host

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tim Flerlage ◽

Jessica N Brazelton de Cardenas ◽

Cherilyn D Garner ◽

Nur A Hasan ◽

Hiren Karathia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽

The United States ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Invasive Infection ◽

Anticancer Chemotherapy ◽

E Coli ◽

Sequence Types

Abstract Background Genes conferring carbapenem resistance have disseminated worldwide among Gram-negative bacteria. Here we present longitudinal changes in clinically obtained Escherichia coli isolates from 1 immunocompromised pediatric patient. This report demonstrates potential for antibiotic resistance genes and plasmids to emerge over time in clinical isolates from patients receiving intensive anticancer chemotherapy and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Methods Thirty-three isolates obtained over 7 months from 1 patient were included. Clinical data were abstracted from the medical record. For each isolate, studies included phenotypic antibacterial resistance patterns, sequence typing, bacterial isolate sequencing, plasmid identification, and antibiotic resistance gene identification. Results Sites of isolation included blood, wound culture, and culture for surveillance purposes from the perianal area. Isolates were of 5 sequence types (STs). All were resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics; 23 (69.6%) were phenotypically resistant to all carbapenems. The blaNDM-5 gene was identified in 22 (67%) isolates, all of ST-167 and ST-940, and appeared to coincide with the presence of the IncFII and IncX3 plasmid. Conclusions We present unique microbiologic data from 33 multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates obtained over the course of 7 months from an individual patient in the United States. Two E. coli sequence types causing invasive infection in the same patient and harboring the blaNDM-5 gene, encoded on the IncX3 plasmid and the IncFII plasmid, were identified. This study highlights the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria on antibiotic therapy and the necessity of adequate neutrophil number and function in the clearance of bacteremia.

Download Full-text

Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Farm Environments and Retail Products in Oklahoma

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-68.10.2022 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 68 (10) ◽

pp. 2022-2029 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

SHIN-HEE KIM ◽

CHENG-I WEI ◽

YWH-MIN TZOU ◽

HAEJUNG AN

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Meat Products ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Enteric Bacteria ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Class 1

Multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria were isolated from turkey, cattle, and chicken farms and retail meat products in Oklahoma. Among the isolated species, multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae was prevalently isolated from most of the collected samples. Therefore, a total of 132 isolates of K. pneumoniae were characterized to understand their potential roles in the dissemination of antibiotic-resistance genes in the food chains. Multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae was most frequently recovered from a turkey farm and ground turkey products among the tested samples. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, gentamycin, and kanamycin. Class 1 integrons located in plasmids were identified as a common carrier of the aadA1 gene, encoding resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin. Production of β-lactamase in the K. pneumoniae isolates played a major role in the resistance to β-lactam agents. Most isolates (96%) possessed blaSHV-1. Five strains were able to express both SHV-11 (pI 6.2) and TEM-1 (pI 5.2) β-lactamase. Transfer of these antibiotic-resistance genes to Escherichia coli was demonstrated by transconjugation. The bacterial genomic DNA restriction patterns by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that the same clones of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae remained in feathers, feed, feces, and drinking water in turkey environments, indicating the possible dissemination of antibiotic-resistance genes in the ecosystem and cross-contamination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria during processing and distribution of products.

Download Full-text

Virulence and plasmidic resistance determinants of Escherichia coli isolated from municipal and hospital wastewater treatment plants

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2014.327 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 311-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Vera Calhau ◽

Catarina Mendes ◽

Angelina Pena ◽

Nuno Mendonça ◽

Gabriela Jorge Da Silva

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Quinolone Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Hospital Wastewater ◽

Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽

E Coli

Escherichia coli is simultaneously an indicator of water contamination and a human pathogen. This study aimed to characterize the virulence and resistance of E. coli from municipal and hospital wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in central Portugal. From a total of 193 isolates showing reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime and/or nalidixic acid, 20 E. coli with genetically distinct fingerprint profiles were selected and characterized. Resistance to antimicrobials was determined using the disc diffusion method. Extended spectrum β-lactamase and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, phylogroups, pathogenicity islands (PAIs) and virulence genes were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CTX-M producers were typed by multilocus sequence typing. Resistance to beta-lactams was associated with the presence of blaTEM,blaSHV, blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-32. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance was associated with qnrA, qnrS and aac(6′)-Ib-cr. Aminoglycoside resistance and multidrug-resistant phenotypes were also detected. PAI IV536, PAI IICFT073, PAI II536 and PAI ICFT073, and uropathogenic genes iutA, papAH and sfa/foc were detected. With regard to the clinical ST131 clone, it carried blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-type, qnrS and aac(6′)-lb-cr; IncF and IncP plasmids, and virulence factors PAI IV536, PAI ICFT073, PAI IICFT073, iutA, sfa/foc and papAH were identified in the effluent of a hospital plant. WWTPs contribute to the dissemination of virulent and resistant bacteria in water ecosystems, constituting an environmental and public health risk.

Download Full-text