Effects of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Tang Luo Ning on Intestinal Flora and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Rats

Objective. To determine the effects of TLN on glycolipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and intestinal flora in diabetic rat. Materials and Methods. Thirty-five male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (180–200 g) were divided into two groups. The normal group was fed a standard-chow diet, whereas, in the model group, diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (STZ) combined with a high-fat sucrose diet. Then, the model group was randomly allocated to four groups: DM (diabetes model) and TLNH (TLN high dose), TLNL (TLN low dose), and NAC (N-acetylcysteine). Rats in the TLNH, TLNL, and NAC groups were intragastrically administered TLN and NAC for 12 weeks. Subsequently, their weights, fasting glucose levels, serum lipids, serum insulin, serum ROS, and intestinal flora were determined. Results. The weight and intestinal flora abundance of the DM group were significantly lower than those of the normal group, whereas their total serum cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), serum reactive oxygen species (ROS), and serum insulin (INS) levels were significantly higher than those of the normal group. TC and LDL-C levels in the TLNL group and DM group were similar, whereas FBG, INS, and ROS levels in the TLNL group were obviously lower than those in the DM group. Compared with the DM group, there was a significant increase in intestinal flora abundance in the TLNL group. At the phylum level, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (core microbiota) varied in all groups. However, in the DM group, Firmicutes abundance decreased, whereas that of Bacteroidetes increased. An opposite trend was observed in the TLN-treated groups. Conclusions. TLN, which showed a dose-dependent therapeutic effect, can effectively decrease serum lipid, serum insulin, blood glucose, and serum ROS levels. It can also rebalance the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. Furthermore, the low-dose TLN treatment was most efficacious.

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Research on the Effects of the Extract of Polygala fallax Hemsl on Sex Hormones and ?-EP in Perimenopausal Rat Models

Journal of Clinical and Nursing Research ◽

10.26689/jcnr.v4i3.1235 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Siyuan Yang ◽

Zhiyong Cao ◽

Jiabao Chen ◽

Gang Fang

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Sex Hormones ◽

Dose Group ◽

Low Dose ◽

Normal Group ◽

Dose Effect ◽

High Dose Group ◽

High Dose ◽

Model Group ◽

Rat Models

Objective: To study the effects of the ethnic medicine Polygala fallax Hemsl with Guangxi characteristics on the sex hormones and ?-EP in research objective perimenopausal rat models. Methods: 40 female SPF rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, including the normal, model, high-dose and low-dose groups. Rats of three groups except for the normal one were treated with perimenopausal modelling through the method of subcutaneous injection of compound 4-VCD for 15 consecutive days. Rats of the normal and model group were normally fed without any treatment. Rats of the high-dose and low-dose groups were administered by high- and low-dose intragastric administration of the extract of Polygala fallax Hemsl. According to the menstrual cycle of the vaginal smear of the rat, each menstrual cycle is a course of treatment and 6 consecutive courses of treatment would be given. The indexes of serum sex hormones (E2, FSH, LH) and ?-EP of rats in each group were observed after treatment. Results: After the treatment of 6 cycles, for the levels of ?-EP and E2, the model group was lowest (P<0.05), the normal group was highest (P<0.05); and the high-dose group was higher than the low-dose group; For the levels of FSH and LH, the normal group was lowest (P<0.05), the model group was highest (P<0.05), and the high-dose group was lower than the low-dose group. Conclusion: Guangxi characteristic national medicine Polygala fallax Hemsl can effectively improve the levels of serum sex hormones and ?-EP in perimenopausal rat models and relieve the related symptoms with a certain dose-effect relationship.

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Gengnianchun Recipe Protects Ovarian Reserve of Rats Treated by 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diepoxide via the AKT Pathway

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2020/9725898 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Fangui Zhao ◽

Wenjun Wang

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Reserve ◽

Low Dose ◽

Control Group ◽

High Dose ◽

Model Group ◽

Menopausal Syndrome ◽

Primordial Follicles ◽

Akt Phosphorylation ◽

Vinylcyclohexene Diepoxide ◽

Sd Rats

Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) refers to a decrease in the number and quality of oocytes. Western treatment of DOR does not improve the ovarian reserve fundamentally, and the effect is limited. Gengnianchun recipe (GNC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula originally applied to treat menopausal syndrome but is also found to be effective in treating clinical DOR patients. Here we aim to examine the effect of GNC in a DOR rat model induced by 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD), a chemical that selectively destroys ovarian small preantral follicles, and further investigate the possible mechanisms. Female SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group (C), model group (M), high-dose GNC group (H), and low-dose GNC group (L). Rats in M, H, and L were administered with VCD and normal saline, high-dose GNC, and low-dose GNC separately. Rat ovaries were harvested either to conduct HE staining for follicle count, immunohistochemistry, or western blot. We found that high dose of GNC significantly increased the ovarian index and sustained the number of primordial follicles and primary follicles in VCD treated rats. Moreover, high dose of GNC significantly increased the ovarian protein expression of mouse vasa homologue (MVH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) compared with that in the model group. Besides, high-dose GNC significantly increased ovarian AKT phosphorylation and the expression of downstream forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a). Proapoptosis proteins of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) were significantly decreased after high-dose GNC treatment compared with those in the model group. Taken together, these findings suggest that high-dose GNC could protect ovarian reserve against VCD-induced toxicity via the activation of the AKT signaling pathway and reduced cell apoptosis in SD Rats. This effect could either be induced by the increased FSHR signaling or by the nontranscriptional activation of ERβ, which requires further investigation.

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Low-dose grape pomace and omija fruit extract is more effective than high-dose in lowering oxidative stress and fat-pad mass in db/db mice

Food Science and Biotechnology ◽

10.1007/s10068-017-0227-7 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 1709-1714

Author(s):

Su-Jung Cho ◽

Hye-Jin Kim ◽

Ji-Young Choi ◽

Eun-Young Kwon ◽

Ye Jin Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Low Dose ◽

Grape Pomace ◽

High Dose ◽

Fat Pad ◽

Fruit Extract

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Effects of Shugan-Jianpi Recipe on the Expression of the p38 MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in the Hepatocytes of NAFLD Rats

Medicines ◽

10.3390/medicines5030106 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 106 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yuanjun Deng ◽

Kairui Tang ◽

Runsen Chen ◽

Yajie Liu ◽

Huan Nie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signaling Pathway ◽

P38 Mapk ◽

Low Dose ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Inflammatory Factors ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

High Dose ◽

Model Group ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Tnf Α

Background: In traditional Chinese medicine, the Shugan-Jianpi recipe is often used in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to explore the mechanism of the Shugan-Jianpi recipe in relation to rats with NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into eight groups: normal group (NG), model group (MG), low-dose Chaihu–Shugan–San group (L-CG), high-dose Chaihu–Shugan–San group (H-CG), low-dose Shenling–Baizhu–San group (L-SG), high-dose Shenling–Baizhu–San group (H-SG), low dose of integrated-recipes group (L-IG), and high dose of integrated-recipes group (H-IG). After 26 weeks, a lipid profile, aspartate, and alanine aminotransferases in serum were detected. The serum levels of inflammatory factors including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were analyzed using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Hepatic pathological changes were observed with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and oil red O staining. The expression of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. Results: A pathological section revealed that NAFLD rats have been successfully reproduced. Compared with the model group, each treatment group had different degrees of improvement. The Shugan-Jianpi recipe can inhibit the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in NAFLD rats. The expression of mRNA and a protein related to the p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway were markedly decreased as a result of the Shugan-Jianpi recipe. Conclusions: The Shugan-Jianpi recipe could attenuate NAFLD progression, and its mechanism may be related to the suppression of the p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in hepatocytes.

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Diuretic activities of fayiren and coix seed in normal rats

10.21203/rs.3.rs-38590/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tao Hong ◽

Hao Chen ◽

Li Liu ◽

Weiqi Liu ◽

Longxue Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Dose ◽

Urine Volume ◽

Positive Control ◽

Total Output ◽

High Dose ◽

Model Group ◽

Urine Ph ◽

Coix Seed ◽

The Difference ◽

Time Point

Abstract Background Coix seed is a traditional Chinese medicine with pharmacological effects and food efficacy. It is well-know and widely used in China and other Asian countries. Fayiren is a new artillery material processed from Coix Seed. This is the first study of the diuretic activities of Fayiren and coix seed in normal rats. Methods Forty-eight rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (8 rats/group) according to body mass and urine volume stratification, namely model (physiological saline) group, positive control (furosemide 20 mg/kg) group, coix seed (1666 mg/kg) group, low-dose of Fayiren group (166 mg/kg) and high-dose Fayiren group (1666 mg/kg). Rats were fasted for 16 h before the experiment, with normal water supply. Immediately after administration, each group of rat was placed in a metabolic cage, and urine was collected once after every hour for a total of 6 times. The urine volume at each time point for collection was measured, and then totaled. After the 6 h recording procedure, the treatments were administered once a day and the urine was collected at the 24th, 48th, 72th, 96th, 110th, 134th, and 158th hours from the start respectively. The urine pH and Na +, K +, Ca 2+, Cl - concentrations at each time point of each group of rats were measured. The contents of ALD, ANP, ADH, Na+-K+-ATPase, the gene expression and protein levels of AQP1, AQP2 and AQP3 in urine of rats in each group were determined. SPSS22.0 statistical software was used to analyze the experimental data. One way ANOVA and multiple comparisons between LSD groups were performed. The difference is considered significant When p < 0.05 or p < 0.01. Results After the administration of Fayiren and coix seed, compared with normal rats, the total output of urine in the high-dose coix seed & Fayiren group and the positive control group both increased; In addition, the contents of Na+ and Cl-in urine in these groups increased as well. However, the content of K+ did not increase in all groups. Contents of ALD and ADH was decreased and increased contents of ANP observed in urine in both high-dose and low-dose Fayiren groups with significant differences from model group (P < 0.05). Coix seed significantly reduced ADH and increased ANP levels compared with model group (P < 0.05). There was no obvious change in the urine pH content in urine of all rats. All the aquaporin (AQP1, AQP2, and AQP3) contents were decreased comparing to the model group, the coix seed group, as well as the Fayiren group. The effect of coix seed was particularly notable on AQP2, and the difference was significant against the Furosemide group (P < 0.05). By contrast, Fayiren showed greater effects on AQP1 and AQP3, with statistically significant difference comparing to the model group (P༜0.05). Conclusions This study will provide experimental evidence for explaining the different mechanisms of diuretic effects in natural medicine use of coix seed and artillery material processed from Coix Seed. The Fayiren may affect the reabsorption of water in the kidney through mechanisms related to increased ANP secretion,decreased ALD and ADH secretion in urine, and it significantly affect the expression of aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 3. However, coix seed may increase ANP but decreased ADH secretion, further affecting the expression of aquaporin2 and exert diuretic effect.

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The Endogenous Estradiol Metabolite 2-Methoxyestradiol Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in Female Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2007-0259 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 148 (9) ◽

pp. 4128-4132 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Johan Bourghardt ◽

Göran Bergström ◽

Alexandra Krettek ◽

Sara Sjöberg ◽

Jan Borén ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Apolipoprotein E ◽

Low Dose ◽

Hormone Replacement ◽

Atherosclerotic Lesion ◽

Total Serum ◽

High Dose ◽

Lesion Formation ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

Deficient Mice ◽

Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation

Estradiol, the major endogenous estrogen, reduces experimental atherosclerosis and metabolizes to 2-methoxyestradiol in vascular cells. Currently undergoing evaluation in clinical cancer trials, 2-methoxyestradiol potently inhibits cell proliferation independently of the classical estrogen receptors. This study examined whether 2-methoxyestradiol affects atherosclerosis development in female mice. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, a well-established mouse model of atherosclerosis, were ovariectomized and treated through slow-release pellets with placebo, 17β-estradiol (6 μg/d), or 2-methoxyestradiol [6.66 μg/d (low-dose) or 66.6 μg/d (high-dose)]. After 90 d, body weight gain decreased and uterine weight increased in the high-dose but not low-dose 2-methoxyestradiol group. En face analysis showed that the fractional area of the aorta covered by atherosclerotic lesions decreased in the high-dose 2-methoxyestradiol (52%) but not in the low-dose 2-methoxyestradiol group. Total serum cholesterol levels decreased in the high- and low-dose 2-methoxyestradiol groups (19%, P < 0.05 and 21%, P = 0.062, respectively). Estradiol treatment reduced the fractional atherosclerotic lesion area (85%) and decreased cholesterol levels (42%). In conclusion, our study shows for the first time that 2-methoxyestradiol reduces atherosclerotic lesion formation in vivo. The antiatherogenic activity of an estradiol metabolite lacking estrogen receptor activating capacity may argue that trials on cardiovascular effects of hormone replacement therapy should use estradiol rather than other estrogens. Future research should define the role of 2-methoxyestradiol as a mediator of the antiatherosclerotic actions of estradiol. Furthermore, evaluation of the effects of 2-methoxyestradiol on cardiovascular disease endpoints in ongoing clinical trials is of great interest.

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Lycopene supplementation attenuated xanthine oxidase and myeloperoxidase activities in skeletal muscle tissues of rats after exhaustive exercise

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20051541 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 94 (4) ◽

pp. 595-601 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Chieh-Chung Liu ◽

Chi-Chang Huang ◽

Wan-Teng Lin ◽

Chin-Cheng Hsieh ◽

Shih-Yi Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Xanthine Oxidase ◽

Low Dose ◽

Exhaustive Exercise ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

High Dose ◽

Sedentary Control ◽

Muscle Tissues ◽

Significant Difference

Strenuous exercise is known to induce oxidative stress leading to the generation of free radicals. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of lycopene, an antioxidant nutrient, at a relatively low dose (2·6 mg/kg per d) and a relatively high dose (7·8 mg/kg per d) on the antioxidant status of blood and skeletal muscle tissues in rats after exhaustive exercise. Rats were divided into six groups: sedentary control (C); sedentary control with low-dose lycopene (CLL); sedentary control with high-dose lycopene (CHL); exhaustive exercise (E); exhaustive exercise with low-dose lycopene (ELL); exhaustive exercise with high-dose lycopene (EHL). After 30 d, the rats in the three C groups were killed without exercise, but the rats in the three E groups were killed immediately after an exhaustive running test on a motorised treadmill. The results showed that xanthine oxidase (XO) activities of plasma and muscle, and muscular myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in group E were significantly increased compared with group C. Compared with group E, the elevations of XO and MPO activities of muscle were significantly decreased in group EHL. The malondialdehyde concentrations of plasma and tissues in group E were significantly increased by 72 and 114 %, respectively, compared with those in group C. However, this phenomenon was prevented in rats of the ELL and EHL groups. There was no significant difference in the GSH concentrations of erythrocytes in each group; however, exhaustive exercise resulted in a significant decrease in the GSH content of muscle. In conclusion, these results suggested that lycopene protected muscle tissue from oxidative stress after exhaustive exercise.

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Efficacy of High-Dose and Low-Dose Simvastatin on Vascular Oxidative Stress and Neurological Outcomes in Patient with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel, Controlled Trial

Neurology Research International ◽

10.1155/2018/7268924 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nattaphol Uransilp ◽

Pannawat Chaiyawatthanananthn ◽

Sombat Muengtaweepongsa

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽

Barthel Index ◽

Low Dose ◽

Past History ◽

High Dose ◽

Neurological Outcomes ◽

History Of ◽

Vascular Oxidative Stress

Backgrounds. Stroke is the leading cause of death and long-term disability. Oxidative stress is elevated during occurrence of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) and NO are used as biomarkers for vascular oxidative stress that can reflect stabilization of atherosclerotic plaque. Previous study showed that simvastatin can reduce oxidative stress and LOX-1 expression. Objectives. To evaluate neurological outcomes and serum sLOX-1 and NO levels in patients with AIS treatment with low dose 10 mg/day and high dose 40 mg/day of simvastatin. Methods. 65 patients with AIS within 24 hours after onset were randomized to treatment with simvastatin 10 mg/day or 40 mg/day for 90 days. Personal data and past history of all patients were recorded at baseline. The blood chemistries were measured by standard laboratory techniques. Serum sLOX-1 and NO levels and neurological outcomes including NIHSS, mRS, and Barthel index were tested at baseline and Day 90 after simvastatin therapy. Results. Baseline characteristics were not significantly different in both groups except history of hypertension. Serum sLOX-1 and NO levels significantly reduce in both groups (sLOX-1 = 1.19±0.47 and 0.98±0.37 ng/ml; NO = 49.28±7.21 and 46.59±9.36 μmol/l) in 10 mg/day and 40 mg/day simvastatin groups, respectively. Neurological outcomes including NIHSS, mRS, and Barthel index significantly improve in both groups. However, no difference in NO level and neurological outcomes was found at 90 days after treatment as compared between low dose 10 mg/day and high dose 40 mg/day of simvastatin. Conclusion. High-dose simvastatin might be helpful to reduce serum sLOX-1. But no difference in clinical outcomes was found between high- and low-dose simvastatin. Further more intensive clinical trial is needed to confirm the appropriate dosage of simvastatin in patients with acute ischemic stroke. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03402204.

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Mechanism of Intestinal Flora and Proteomics on Regulating Immune Function of Durio zibethinus Rind Polysaccharide

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2021/6614028 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-20

Author(s):

Huimin Jiang ◽

Jinmei Wang ◽

Qiongxin Liang ◽

Shengjun Jiang ◽

Changyang Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Abundance ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

High Dose ◽

Model Group ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid ◽

Durio Zibethinus ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Mda Content ◽

Immunoglobulin Gamma

In this study, cyclophosphamide was injected intraperitoneally to establish an immunosuppressive mouse model to study the immune regulating effects of Durio zibethinus Murr rind polysaccharide (DZMP) through proteomics and intestinal flora. The results showed that the thymus and spleen indexes of the high-dose DZMP (200 mg/kg) group were significantly increased, and the tissue structure of the spleen was improved compared with the model group ( P < 0.01 ). The contents of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α in the high-dose group of DZMP were significantly increased ( P < 0.001 ). Activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were increased in serum ( P < 0.01 ). In the liver, catalase (CAT) activity was increased ( P < 0.001 ) while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was decreased and immune activity was increased ( P < 0.001 ). Proteomics studies showed that the drug group could significantly increase the low-affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor III (FcγRIII) protein and protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) compared with the model group ( P < 0.001 ). In addition, the result showed that those proteins were likely involved in the regulation of the metabolic pathways of autoimmune thyroid disease, Staphylococcus aureus infection, and NF-κB signaling pathway. Intestinal microbial studies showed that short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content was increased as well as the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Akkermansia, Bacteroides, and Paraprevotella, while the relative abundance of Ruminococcus and Oscillospira was decreased compared with the model group ( P < 0.001 ). The results showed that DZMP might play a beneficial role in immune regulation by improving intestinal flora.

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Subchronic Toxicological Assessment of Dr Iguedo Goko Cleanser® on Lipid Profile and Serum Antioxidant Enzymes in Exposed Wistar Rats

Asian Journal of Biology ◽

10.9734/ajob/2020/v9i430093 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 16-25

Author(s):

Godswill J. Udom ◽

Jude E. Okokon ◽

John A. Udobang ◽

Daniel N. Obot ◽

Nkechi J. Onyeukwu

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Low Dose ◽

Herbal Remedy ◽

Female Rats ◽

Male Rats ◽

High Density Lipoproteins ◽

High Dose ◽

Low Density

Dr Iguedo Goko Cleanser® is a polyherbal mixture promoted as an effective herbal remedy for numerous diseases. Study aimed to evaluate the toxicity concern of the polyherbal mixture (PHM) on lipid profile and oxidative status in Wistar rats of both gender. Acute toxicity study was conducted using modified method of Lorke. Thirty Wistar rats of bother gender were randomly divided into six groups (5/group) and exposed to the polyherbal mixture for 60 days via oral gavage. Control groups (1 and 4) received 10 mL/kg distilled water, while groups 2-3 and 5-6 received 476.24 and 158.75 mg/kg body weight of Dr Iguedo Goko Cleanser® respectively. On 62nd day, animals were sacrificed under diethyl ether anaesthesia; blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis. PHM significantly (p < 0.05) increased high density lipoproteins (HDL) levels in male rats as well as high dose female rats relative to control. However, low dose female rats recorded low HDL levels relative to control. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density and very low density lipoprotein levels were significantly reduced in all test groups relative to controls. The low dose males (LDM) had reduced serum glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity; while increased and decreased GPX and glutathione (GSH) activities were respectively recorded for female rats. Male rats had dose-dependent increase in malondialdehyde. The recorded reductions in serum lipids suggest that the polyherbal mixture may have hypolipidemic potentials. While the increased malondialdehyde as well as decreased GPX and GSH indicate lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress inducing potentials of the PHM. Despite the positive modulation on lipid profile, findings suggest utmost caution on chronic use as its oxidative stress inducing potentials is considerable.

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