scholarly journals Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Its Associated Risk Factor in Hawa Galan District, Kelem Wollega Zone of Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Girma Tsegaye ◽  
Belay Abebe ◽  
Geremew Haile
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bovine Trypanosomosis ◽  
Study Population

An analytical cross-sectional study was performed between November 2015 and April 2016 at Hawa Galan woreda, Kelem Wollega Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, to estimate the proportion of cattle with trypanosomosis and to evaluate the elements associated with the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis. A haemoparasitological examination of the Buffy coat method was implemented to determine the proportion of trypanosomosis-positive cattle. A study population of 428 bovines was randomly selected from three peasant associations (PAs) and tested for the presence of the disease. Findings of the laboratory results indicate that among all animals tested at the study time, 26 (6%) animals were positive for the disease. Among the positive results, the proportion of trypanosome species was Trypanosoma congolense 18 (69.3%) and Trypanosoma vivax 8 (30.7%). The prevalence at the selected PAs was 12.5%, 3.8%, and 3% for Lemlem, Madawalkituma, and Ifajiru, respectively. From this finding, the relationship has a statistically significant variation ( P  < 0.05) among peasant associations and body condition state, and the proportion was significantly greater ( P  < 0.05) in animals categorized under poor body condition score. The relationships between age and sex of cattle show no statistically significant variation among them ( P  > 0.05). This study indicates that the proportion of trypanosomosis was greater in anemic (PCV<24%) cattle than nonanemic (PCV≥24%). Therefore, based on this finding, the proportion of bovine trypanosomosis is evident that can cause a major effect on the health of cattle in the study population in the study area. So, effective control methods could be applied to decrease the disease and its related economic loss.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Trypanosome Species in Cattle Near Ruma National Park, Lambwe Valley, Kenya: An Update From the Historical Focus for African Trypanosomosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shewit Kalayou ◽  
Michael Nyang'anga Okal ◽  
Peter Otieno Odhiambo ◽  
Kawira Mathenge ◽  
Daniel Ochieng Gamba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Park ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bovine Trypanosomosis ◽  
Lambwe Valley

The effective control of diseases in areas shared with wildlife depends on the validity of the epidemiologic parameters that guide interventions. Epidemiologic data on animal trypanosomosis in Lambwe valley are decades old, and the recent suspected outbreaks of the disease in the valley necessitate the urgent bridging of this data gap. This cross-sectional study estimated the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, identified risk factors, and investigated the occurrence of species with zoonotic potential in Lambwe valley. The area is ~324 km2, of which 120 km2 is the Ruma National Park. Blood was sampled from the jugular and marginal ear veins of 952 zebu cattle between December 2018 and February 2019 and tested for trypanosomes using the Buffy Coat Technique (BCT) and PCR-High-Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis of the 18S RNA locus. Risk factors for the disease were determined using logistic regression. The overall trypanosome prevalence was 11.0% by BCT [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.0–13.0] and 27.9% by PCR-HRM (95% CI: 25.1–30.8). With PCR-HRM as a reference, four species of trypanosomes were detected at prevalences of 12.7% for T. congolense savannah (95% CI: 10.6–14.8), 7.7% for T. brucei brucei (CI: 6.0–9.4), 8.7% for T. vivax (CI: 6.9–10.5), and 1.3% for T. theileri (CI: 0.6–2.0). About 2.4% of cattle had mixed infections (CI: 1.4–3.41). No human-infective trypanosomes were found. Infections clustered across villages but were not associated with animal age, sex, herd size, and distance from the park. Approximately 85% of infections occurred within 2 km of the park. These findings add to evidence that previous interventions eliminated human trypanosomosis but not bovine trypanosomosis. Risk-tailored intervention within 2 km of Ruma Park, especially in the north and south ends, coupled with stringent screening with molecular tools, could significantly reduce bovine trypanosomosis.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Ovine Haemonchosis in Wukro, Ethiopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidya Gebresilassie ◽  
Berihun Afera Tadele
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Good Body Condition ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Female Sheep ◽  
Important Disease

Background.Haemonchosiscaused byHaemonchus contortusis a predominant, highly pathogenic, and economically important disease of sheep and goats.Objective. Assessing the prevalence ofHaemonchusparasite and its associated risk factors in sheep slaughtered at different restaurants of Wukro.Methods. Cross-sectional study using random sampling from November 2013 to April 2014 in a total of 384 sheep was conducted and SPSS version 20 software using descriptive statistics was used for data analysis andP<0.05was considered significant.Result. The overall prevalence ofHaemonchus contortuswas 40.9% (n=157). The prevalence in medium body condition 27.3% (n=105) varies significantly from that of good body condition 13.5% (n=52) (P<0.05). Moreover, there was significant variation (P<0.05) in the prevalence in young and adult sheep with rates of 21.9% (n=84) and 19% (n=73), respectively. At the same time, there is significant variation (P<0.05) in male and female sheep with prevalence of 29.7% (n=114) and 11.2% (n=43), respectively. The prevalence of 25.3% (n=97) in sheep that originated from Negash compared to Wukro and Agulae showed no significant variation (P>0.05).Conclusion. The current finding revealed that significant numbers of sheep were affected by the parasites. Hence strategic deworming with good husbandry practice should be implemented.

scholarly journals Lameness in Sheltered Cows and Its Association with Cow and Shelter Attributes

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvind Sharma ◽  
Clive J. C. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Joint Injuries ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Carpal Joint ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

The sheltering of old, unproductive and abandoned cows in traditional cow shelters, known as gaushalas, has been practiced in India since ancient times. Cows are kept in these shelters until they die of natural causes. The welfare of the cows in these shelters was assessed through a cross-sectional study of 54 cow shelters in six states of India. A total of 1620 cows were examined to assess the prevalence of lameness in these cows, and the associated risk factors for lameness were identified through the measurement of animal-based and resource-based welfare indicators. The overall lameness prevalence was 4.2%. The majority (86%) had mild to moderate hock joint swellings but no or only mild carpal joint injuries. Approximately one-half had mild to moderate hock joint hair loss and most were free of hock joint ulcerations. Claw overgrowth was present in almost one half of the cows. Lameness prevalence was positively correlated with coat dirtiness, hock and carpal joint lesions, diarrhea and claw overgrowth scores. In a multivariate analysis, lameness prevalence increased as the Body Condition Score (BCS) decreased and was associated with increased udder dirtiness, the ulceration of the hock joint, carpal joint injuries and claw overgrowth. Resource-based indicators measured at the shelter level suggested that an absence of bedding in the sheds and an increase in the gradient of the shed flooring increased lameness. Addressing the principle risk factors identified for lameness in the sheltered cows (low body condition, dirty udders, lesions on the hock and carpal joints, overgrown claws, and a steep floor gradient) may help to reduce this serious animal welfare problem.

Cobalamin, folate and inorganic phosphate abnormalities in ill cats

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Reed ◽  
Danièlle Gunn-Moore ◽  
Kerry Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Liver And Pancreas ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Low Levels

Hypocobalaminaemia in cats has previously been identified, but the incidence reported has varied, and the frequency of folate deficiency is unknown. The aims of this study were to evaluate the incidence of low cobalamin and folate levels in a population of cats that were suffering predominantly from diseases of the alimentary tract (including the liver and pancreas) and to ascertain whether severity of disease (as assessed by bodyweight and body condition score (BCS)) related to degree of deficiency. The study population comprised 103 cats, of which 16.5% had low cobalamin levels and 38.8% had low folate levels. A serendipitous finding was inorganic phosphate levels below the reference range in 48% of the cases. Significant associations were found between subnormal cobalamin levels and median BCS ( P=0.049); combined low folate and low cobalamin and bodyweight ( P=0.002), BCS ( P=0.024) and inorganic phosphate levels ( P=0.003). The finding of low levels of folate and cobalamin in clinical cases suggests that supplementation may be indicated more frequently than is currently recognised.

scholarly journals Early Life Modifiable Exposures and Their Association With Owner Reported Inflammatory Bowel Disease Symptoms in Adult Dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manal Hemida ◽  
Kristiina A. Vuori ◽  
Robin Moore ◽  
Johanna Anturaniemi ◽  
Anna Hielm-Björkman
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Normal Body ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic multifactorial disease in humans and dogs, usually assigned to the interactions between genes, gut microbiota, diet, environment, and the immune system. We aimed to investigate the modifiable early life exposures associated with IBD in dogs.Materials and Methods: The study data was extracted from the validated owner-reported DogRisk food frequency questionnaire. This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study that tested 21 different early life dietary and environmental, demographic and genetic variables for their association with IBD or not, in adult dogs. A total of 7,015 dogs participated in this study. The study covered early life periods; prenatal, neonatal, early, and late postnatal periods. Two feeding patterns, a non-processed meat-based diet (NPMD) and an ultra-processed carbohydrate-based diet (UPCD) were studied. Data was analyzed using logistic regression analysis with a backward stepwise deletion.Results: From the final models we found that the NPMD during early and late postnatal periods were significantly associated with lower IBD risk later in life. The UPCD during the same periods was associated with a higher risk of IBD incidence. Also, the maternal diet during the neonatal period showed a non-significant trend of lower IBD risk in the offspring with the NPMD and a higher IBD risk with the UPCD. Additionally, the normal body weight of puppies during the first 6 months of age was associated with a lower risk of IBD in adulthood while, slim puppies associated significantly with IBD in adulthood. From the non-modifiable background variables, we identified the maternal history of IBD as the strongest risk factor for later incidence of IBD. Furthermore, male dogs were twice as likely to develop IBD as female dogs were.Conclusions: It is reassuring for owners to know that they themselves can have an impact on their dog's health. A high-fat, low-carbohydrate NPMD exposure during early life, and a normal body condition in puppyhood were significantly associated with less IBD in adult dogs. The opposite was true for UPCD exposure and abnormal body condition score in 6 month old puppies.

Correlation between body condition score and hormone level of Bali cattle with postpartum anestrus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desak Nyoman Dewi Indira Laksmi ◽  
I Gusti Ngurah Bagus Trilaksana ◽  
Rai Jaine Darmanta ◽  
Megawati Darwan ◽  
Wayan Bebas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Hormone Level ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Bali Cattle

Body Condition Score (BCS) is a simpler and more practical method to evaluate the body’s energy and fat reserves in cows. Nutrition play a direct role both in the hypothalamus by synthesizing and releasing GnRH, as well as on the anterior pituitary by controlling the synthesis and release of Leptin, FSH, LH and Estrogen. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the body condition score with the activation of hormones in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis on Bali cattle that experienced postpartum anestrus. This research was an observational analytic study with Cross-Sectional Study design. The samples used were Bali cattle that have given birth and have not shown estrus for more than three months. BCS assessment method is qualitatively conducted through visual and tactile techniques. Measurements of Leptin, FSH, LH and estrogen hormone levels were performed using the ELISA Double Antibody Sandwich method. The results showed a correlation between body condition score to hormone level i.e. Leptin level of 0.861; LH level of 0.960; FSH level of 0.799; and Estrogen level of 0.761. These data demonstrated that BCS significantly affects Leptin hormone concentrations. It takes Leptin with a certain concentration to trigger the release of LH in follicle maturation and ovulation, thus achieving a threshold that causes the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis.

Old and young female voices: effects of body weight, condition and social discomfort on the vocal aging in red deer hinds (Cervus elaphus)

Behaviour ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 155 (10-12) ◽  
pp. 915-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilya A. Volodin ◽  
Olga V. Sibiryakova ◽  
Nina A. Vasilieva ◽  
Elena V. Volodina ◽  
Vera A. Matrosova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Iberian Red Deer ◽  
Social Discomfort ◽  
Vocal Aging

Abstract In female terrestrial mammals, vocal aging has only been studied in humans and pandas. In cervids displaying convergent sex dimorphism of vocal apparatus with humans, vocal aging is only investigated in males. This cross-sectional study examined acoustic variables of nasal (closed-mouth) and oral (open-mouth) contact calls of 32 farmed Iberian red deer hinds (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) aged of 4-18 years and their relationships with caller´s age, weight, social discomfort score (bites of other hinds on hind pelt) and body condition score (fat reserves). Decrease of fundamental frequency was associated with age in both oral and nasal calls, but more prominently in the nasal calls. An increase in call duration, peak frequency and power quartiles was associated with a higher degree of bites due to social aggression. Weight and body condition weakly influenced acoustic traits. We discuss that vocal aging of hinds parallels that of vocal aging in human females.

scholarly journals Pewarnaan Gram Buffy Coat untuk Deteksi Awal Pasien Bakteremia

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leka Lutpiatina
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
District General Hospital ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Study Population

Abstract: Bacteremia is one public health problem. Bacteremia was ranked as the tenth leading cause of death in the United States. Gram staining of buffy coat can be used for early detection of patients with bacteremia. Rapid diagnostic tests with these Gram staining can be interpreted within an hour and the research that has been conducted Richmond et al. 2002, have a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 79%. This study aimed to study the sensitivity and specificity of Gram buffy coat with the gold standard blood culture media biphasic fever suspected patients. This study was an observational study with cross sectional study. The study population was suspected fever patients in hospitals Ratu Zalecha Martapura months from March to May 2013. The samples were suspect fever patients in hospitals Queen Zalecha Martapura March-May 2013 were taken by purposive with the inclusion criteria: Patients District General Hospital Ratu Zalecha Martapura, aged ≥10 years, had fever ≥ 5 days, had symptoms of abdominal pain, willing to follow the study. Gram staining microscopic results were analyzed by application epicalc. Microscopic results buffy coat Gram staining Gram-negative rods are found as many as seven (26%) and were not found Gram-negative rods as many as 20 (74%). Culture results of this study are Gram negative bacterial growth as much as 6 (22%) and no growth as many as 21 (78%). Conclusion The results of microscopic Gram stain buffy coat has a value of 67% sensitivity and 86% specificity.

scholarly journals Study on Prevalence of Trypanosomosis in Cattle of Sodo Zuriya District, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nato Hundessa ◽  
Eshetu Esrael ◽  
Haben Fesseha ◽  
Mesfin Mathewos
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
The Government ◽  
Trypanosoma Species ◽  
Body Condition Scores

Background. Trypanosomosis is a significant impediment to Ethiopia’s livestock and farm production, adding adversely to the overall growth of agriculture in general and the nation’s food self-reliance efforts in particular. Methods. Cross-sectional research was performed on the prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle and the distinction of Trypanosoma species and potential factors in six selected provinces of the Sodo zuriya district in southern Ethiopia. Blood samples from the ear vein of 400 local and exotic cattle species were taken randomly. A hematocrit reader was used after centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for a five-minute assessment of anemic conditions of animals, and the anemia of the thin blood spraying and buffy coat procedure was tested to assess the incidence, detection, and packaging of Trypanosoma and the cell volume of each sampled animal. Results. Accordingly, twenty cattle were positive for trypanosomosis, with an overall proportion of 5.0%. From this overall prevalence, Trypanosoma congolense (3.3%) and Trypanosoma vivax (1.8%) were the two common Trypanosoma species in this study. The highest and the lowest prevalence of trypanosomes occurred in Guttuto Larena (35%) and Dalbo Wogane (0.00%), respectively. Age-wise prevalence revealed that young adults (45%) were the most affected, followed by old adults (35%) and adults (20%). Cattle with poor body condition scores (65%) were the most affected, followed by cattle with medium (30%) and good (5%) body condition scores, and this was found to be statistically significant ( p ≤ 0.002 ). In addition, the variation in packed cell volume (PCV) between infected and noninfected cattle was significantly different ( p ≤ 0.0001 ). Conclusion. Thus, the present study revealed the predominance of bovine trypanosomosis in the region and had a significant effect on body condition and anemia growth. The government and public should then collaborate in parasite-observed areas on the disease’s management and prevention efforts in an environmentally sustainable way.

scholarly journals Bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors: prevalence and control operations in Kellem Wollega, Western Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-84
Author(s):  
Dereje Tsegaye ◽  
Getachew Terefe ◽  
Deresse Delema ◽  
Abebayehu Tadesse
Keyword(s):  
Control Program ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bovine Trypanosomosis ◽  
Value Determination ◽  
Means Of Transmission ◽  
Value Changes ◽  
And Control

A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to assess farmers’ perception of the  disease and its control operations. From October to April 2012, a total of 586 cattle were sampled for the prevalence study. Buffy coat procedure and haematocrit value determination were performed. To capture the fly that was involved in the transmission dynamics, one hundred monopyramidal traps were deployed for 72 hours. A semi-structured questionnaire was conducted to study farmers’  perceptions of the diseases and their control operations. Trypanosomal infections were diagnosed in only 8.7 % (51) of animals. The overall prevalence of trypanosome infection in cattle was significantly varied between study districts (33.1% Dale Sadi and 66.9% Dale Wabera). Most  infections were due to Trypanosoma congolense (81.8%) followed by T. vivax (15.6%) and mixed infections (2.6%). The association of hematological value changes and trypanosome infections was profound. The overall Packed Cell Volume (PCV) values of sampled cattle were 25.8%. A significant (P< 0.05) variation in PCV values was recorded in infected (20.8%) and non-infected (26.5%) cattle. In the study period, a total of 2055 flies were captured and of which 92% belong to the genus Glossina followed by Stomoxys and Tabanids. Four types of tsetse species (G. pallidpes, G. m. morsitans, G. tachinoides, and G. f. fuscipes) were identified. The questionnaire survey revealed that trypanosomosis is the most important problem for agricultural activity and animal production in the study areas. Farmers are well aware of the problem, means of transmission, and the different control methods. Integrating tsetse control program with other trypanosomosis control options is recommended.

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