scholarly journals Prevalence of Trypanosome Species in Cattle Near Ruma National Park, Lambwe Valley, Kenya: An Update From the Historical Focus for African Trypanosomosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shewit Kalayou ◽  
Michael Nyang'anga Okal ◽  
Peter Otieno Odhiambo ◽  
Kawira Mathenge ◽  
Daniel Ochieng Gamba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Park ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bovine Trypanosomosis ◽  
Lambwe Valley

The effective control of diseases in areas shared with wildlife depends on the validity of the epidemiologic parameters that guide interventions. Epidemiologic data on animal trypanosomosis in Lambwe valley are decades old, and the recent suspected outbreaks of the disease in the valley necessitate the urgent bridging of this data gap. This cross-sectional study estimated the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, identified risk factors, and investigated the occurrence of species with zoonotic potential in Lambwe valley. The area is ~324 km2, of which 120 km2 is the Ruma National Park. Blood was sampled from the jugular and marginal ear veins of 952 zebu cattle between December 2018 and February 2019 and tested for trypanosomes using the Buffy Coat Technique (BCT) and PCR-High-Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis of the 18S RNA locus. Risk factors for the disease were determined using logistic regression. The overall trypanosome prevalence was 11.0% by BCT [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.0–13.0] and 27.9% by PCR-HRM (95% CI: 25.1–30.8). With PCR-HRM as a reference, four species of trypanosomes were detected at prevalences of 12.7% for T. congolense savannah (95% CI: 10.6–14.8), 7.7% for T. brucei brucei (CI: 6.0–9.4), 8.7% for T. vivax (CI: 6.9–10.5), and 1.3% for T. theileri (CI: 0.6–2.0). About 2.4% of cattle had mixed infections (CI: 1.4–3.41). No human-infective trypanosomes were found. Infections clustered across villages but were not associated with animal age, sex, herd size, and distance from the park. Approximately 85% of infections occurred within 2 km of the park. These findings add to evidence that previous interventions eliminated human trypanosomosis but not bovine trypanosomosis. Risk-tailored intervention within 2 km of Ruma Park, especially in the north and south ends, coupled with stringent screening with molecular tools, could significantly reduce bovine trypanosomosis.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity in Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and its Associated Risk Factors in Pastoral and Agro Pastoral Communities Surrounding Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kizza ◽  
Michael Ocaido ◽  
Anthony Mugisha ◽  
Rose Azuba ◽  
Sarah Nalule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Park ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bovine Trypanosomosis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Infection Types ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background: Bovine trypanosomosis transmitted by tsetse flies is a major constraint to cattle health and productivity in sub- Saharan countries including Uganda. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its associated risk factors and the species of trypanosomes associated with the disease.Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted around Murchision Falls National Park, Uganda from January 2020 to April 2020. Blood samples were collected from 460 cattle and were screened for trypanosomes using ITS-PCR. Results: From 460 samples collected, 136 (29.6%) of the samples were positive for trypanosomosis infections while 324 (70.4%) samples were negative. The overall trypanosome prevalence was 29.6% (95% CI 25.4-33.8). T. vivax (n = 130, 28.3%) was the most prevalent trypanosome specie detected and two mixed infection types (T.vivax + T. congolense (n = 2, 0.4%) and T.vivax + T. brucei (n = 1.0, 0.2%) were detected during the analysis. There was a significant difference when Trypanosome prevalence was compared with sex, age, breed of the sampled animals (P < 0.05 for sex), (P = 0.0043 for age) and (P = 0.001 for breed). Conclusion; Trypanosomosis is still a major limitation to cattle production around Murchision Falls National Park and interventions are urgently needed .The prevalence of trypanosomosis was high and T.vivax was identified as the major trypanosome species in the cattle herd.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors for trypanosome infection in cattle from communities surrounding the Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kizza ◽  
Michael Ocaido ◽  
Anthony Mugisha ◽  
Rose Azuba ◽  
Sarah Nalule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Park ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Bovine Trypanosomosis

Abstract Background Bovine trypanosomosis transmitted by tsetse flies is a major constraint to cattle health and productivity in all sub-Saharan countries, including Uganda. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and identify its associated risk factors and the species of trypanosomes associated with the disease. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted around Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda from January 2020 to April 2020. Trypanosomes were detected in blood samples by PCR analysis targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-PCR assays), and trypanosomes in positive blood samples were sequenced. Results Of 460 blood samples collected and tested, 136 (29.6%) were positive for trypanosome infections and 324 (70.4%) were negative. The overall trypanosome prevalence was 29.6% (95% confidence interval 25.4–33.8%), attributed to three trypanosome species. Of these three species, Trypanosoma vivax was the most prevalent (n = 130, 28.3%) while the others were detected as mixed infections: T. vivax + Trypanosomacongolense (n = 2, 0.4%) and T. vivax + Trypanosomaevansi (n = 1, 0.2%). There were significant differences in trypanosome prevalence according to sex (χ2 = 62, df = 1, P < 0.05), age (χ2 = 6.28, df = 2, P = 0.0043) and cattle breed (χ2 = 10.61, df = 1, P = 0.001). Conclusions Trypanosomosis remains a major limitation to cattle production around Murchison Falls National Park and interventions are urgently needed. In our study, the prevalence of trypanosome infections was high, with T. vivax identified as the most prevalent species. Age, sex and breed of cattle were risk factors for trypanosome infection. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Anaplasma and Theileria Pathogens in Cattle of Lambwe Valley, Kenya: A Case for Pro-Active Surveillance in the Wildlife–Livestock Interface

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1830
Author(s):  
Michael N. Okal ◽  
Brenda Kisia Odhiambo ◽  
Peter Otieno ◽  
Joel L. Bargul ◽  
Daniel Masiga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herd Size ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Melting Analysis ◽  
Lambwe Valley ◽  
Anaplasma Bovis ◽  
Insight Into

Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are major constraints to livestock production and a threat to public health in Africa. This cross-sectional study investigated the risk of infection with TBPs in cattle of Lambwe Valley, Kenya. Blood samples of 680 zebu cattle from 95 herds in six geospatial clusters within 5 km of Ruma National Park were screened for bacterial and protozoan TBPs by high-resolution melting analysis and sequencing of PCR products. We detected Anaplasma bovis (17.4%), Anaplasma platys (16.9%), Anaplasma marginale (0.6%), Theileria velifera (40%), and Theileria mutans (25.7%), as well as an Anaplasma sp. (11.6%) that matched recently reported Anaplasma sp. sequences from Ethiopia. Babesia, Rickettsia, and Ehrlichia spp. were not detected. The animal and herd-level prevalences for TBPs were 78.5% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 75.3, 81.5) and 95.8% (95% CI: 91.8, 99.8), respectively. About 31.6% of cattle were co-infected with 13 combinations of TBPs. The prevalence of TBPs differed between clusters and age, but the risk of infection was not associated with sex, herd size, or the distance of homesteads from Ruma. This study adds insight into the epidemiology of TBPs around Ruma and highlights the need for proactive surveillance of TBPs in livestock–wildlife interfaces.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine clinical mastitis in Patiya upazila under Chittagong district of Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Bari ◽  
M Alam ◽  
M Uddin ◽  
MK Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
History Of ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
General Physical

A cross sectional study was conducted to measure the prevalence; and identification of risk factors associated with clinical mastitis in dairy cows at Patiya upazila under Chittagong district of Bangladesh from 20th July to 31st December, 2013. A total of 160 farms and households were selected and 634 cows were clinically examined for determining the prevalence of mastitis and identification of risk factors. The overall prevalence of clinical mastitis was found 8.36%. Mastitis prevalence in crossbred cows was significantly (P<0.05) higher (10.09%) than indigenous cows (4.26%). The prevalence of mastitis was also significantly higher (P<0.05) with advancing age (12.5%) and in 3rd lactation period (13.62%). The cows were more prone to mastitis during 1st month of lactation (17.53%). There was a significant relationship (P<0.05) between prevalence of clinical mastitis and associated risk factors like general physical condition, herd size, frequency of dung removal, floor drainage quality and condition of floor. There was higher (P<0.01) prevalence (33.67%) of mastitis in cows having history of peri-parturient disease compared to those not having such history. Therefore, it can be concluded that minimization of risk factors of mastitis is very much necessary to control mastitis as well as to increase profitability of dairy farms.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2014), 4(1) 5-9

scholarly journals Study of prevalence and associated risk factors of anaplasmosis and theileriasis in cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandip Kispotta ◽  
Md Faruk Islam ◽  
Md Fazlul Hoque ◽  
Md Shajedur Rahman ◽  
Adil Borman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ivermectin Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hygienic Measures ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

A detailed cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of theileriosis and anaplasmosis in cattle of Dinajpur district over a period of six months from January to June 2014. A total of 200 samples were randomly collected from the cattle. A pretested questionnaire was implemented to collect data on different risk factors. Blood smears were prepared and examined under microscope (100 xs) with Giemsa’s stain. The study revealed proportional prevalence was 10% for theileriasis and 18.5% for anaplasmosis. The percentages of theileriasis and anaplasmosis 12.61% and 22.52% were higher in female than in male animal 6.74% and 13.48% respectively. In both cases, female showed higher positivity in compare with male. The univariate logistic regression analysis revealed cattle with a herd size >10 (OR=4.3), temperature (? 103ºF) (OR=3.27), presence of tick in the body surface (OR=3.09) and record of Ivermectin treatment (OR=4.47) were found significantly associated with theileriasis prevalence (p<0.05) and irregular bathing history was found significantly associated in the case of anaplasmosis prevalence (OR=0.23). However, in multivariate analysis, temperature (? 103ºF) (OR=2.89), presence of tick in the body surface (OR=2.80) and animal with a record of Ivermectin treatment (OR=4.24) showed significant association with theileriasis and herd size >10, deep brown; white colour and bathing history were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the anaplasmosis. Good husbandry practice and adoption of hygienic measures are needed among the high risk group or individuals to minimize the spread of the disease.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2016, 2(4): 567-576

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Bovine Brucellosis in District Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1744
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rashid Khan ◽  
Abdul Rehman ◽  
Salman Khalid ◽  
Mansur Ud Din Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Avais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Bovine Brucellosis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Awareness Programs ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Bovine brucellosis is a contagious zoonotic disease that causes economic losses through abortion and infertility. A cross-sectional study was designed to determine the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine brucellosis in district Gujranwala of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 220 bovine sera (112 from buffaloes, 108 from cattle) from 46 unvaccinated herds were collected. Parallel testing by the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Indirect Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (I-ELISA) showed a 58.7% (27/46) herd-level and 22.7% (50/220) animal-level seroprevalence. Seroprevalence was higher (p < 0.001, OR = 7.62) in adult animals (37.2%) compared to younger animals (4.9%). A herd size of >10 animals (p = 0.021, OR = 7.83), less housing space (p = 0.037, OR = 6.39) and history of abortion at the farm (p = 0.023, OR = 5.6) were found as risk factors associated with the seropositivity of brucellosis. There was a substantial agreement between the RBPT and I-ELISA results (Cohen’s kappa coefficient (κ) = 64.16, percent agreement = 89.5%). In conclusion, a relatively higher seroprevalence was found compared to the previous reports from the country. Standardization and validation of the advanced diagnostic tests would be needed. Biosecurity, personal protection, quarantine measures and routine screening of animals at the farm level and disease awareness programs and consumption of pasteurized milk in the human population will be helpful in preventing the transmission/zoonosis of the disease.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Its Associated Risk Factor in Hawa Galan District, Kelem Wollega Zone of Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Girma Tsegaye ◽  
Belay Abebe ◽  
Geremew Haile
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bovine Trypanosomosis ◽  
Study Population

An analytical cross-sectional study was performed between November 2015 and April 2016 at Hawa Galan woreda, Kelem Wollega Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, to estimate the proportion of cattle with trypanosomosis and to evaluate the elements associated with the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis. A haemoparasitological examination of the Buffy coat method was implemented to determine the proportion of trypanosomosis-positive cattle. A study population of 428 bovines was randomly selected from three peasant associations (PAs) and tested for the presence of the disease. Findings of the laboratory results indicate that among all animals tested at the study time, 26 (6%) animals were positive for the disease. Among the positive results, the proportion of trypanosome species was Trypanosoma congolense 18 (69.3%) and Trypanosoma vivax 8 (30.7%). The prevalence at the selected PAs was 12.5%, 3.8%, and 3% for Lemlem, Madawalkituma, and Ifajiru, respectively. From this finding, the relationship has a statistically significant variation ( P  < 0.05) among peasant associations and body condition state, and the proportion was significantly greater ( P  < 0.05) in animals categorized under poor body condition score. The relationships between age and sex of cattle show no statistically significant variation among them ( P  > 0.05). This study indicates that the proportion of trypanosomosis was greater in anemic (PCV<24%) cattle than nonanemic (PCV≥24%). Therefore, based on this finding, the proportion of bovine trypanosomosis is evident that can cause a major effect on the health of cattle in the study population in the study area. So, effective control methods could be applied to decrease the disease and its related economic loss.

scholarly journals Bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors: prevalence and control operations in Kellem Wollega, Western Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-84
Author(s):  
Dereje Tsegaye ◽  
Getachew Terefe ◽  
Deresse Delema ◽  
Abebayehu Tadesse
Keyword(s):  
Control Program ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bovine Trypanosomosis ◽  
Value Determination ◽  
Means Of Transmission ◽  
Value Changes ◽  
And Control

A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to assess farmers’ perception of the  disease and its control operations. From October to April 2012, a total of 586 cattle were sampled for the prevalence study. Buffy coat procedure and haematocrit value determination were performed. To capture the fly that was involved in the transmission dynamics, one hundred monopyramidal traps were deployed for 72 hours. A semi-structured questionnaire was conducted to study farmers’  perceptions of the diseases and their control operations. Trypanosomal infections were diagnosed in only 8.7 % (51) of animals. The overall prevalence of trypanosome infection in cattle was significantly varied between study districts (33.1% Dale Sadi and 66.9% Dale Wabera). Most  infections were due to Trypanosoma congolense (81.8%) followed by T. vivax (15.6%) and mixed infections (2.6%). The association of hematological value changes and trypanosome infections was profound. The overall Packed Cell Volume (PCV) values of sampled cattle were 25.8%. A significant (P< 0.05) variation in PCV values was recorded in infected (20.8%) and non-infected (26.5%) cattle. In the study period, a total of 2055 flies were captured and of which 92% belong to the genus Glossina followed by Stomoxys and Tabanids. Four types of tsetse species (G. pallidpes, G. m. morsitans, G. tachinoides, and G. f. fuscipes) were identified. The questionnaire survey revealed that trypanosomosis is the most important problem for agricultural activity and animal production in the study areas. Farmers are well aware of the problem, means of transmission, and the different control methods. Integrating tsetse control program with other trypanosomosis control options is recommended.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle in Mymensingh Sadar

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAH Mondal ◽  
MS Parvin ◽  
SC Sarker ◽  
AKMA Rahman ◽  
MT Islam
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a disease of zoonotic importance as well as high priority all over the world. Risk factors for bovine tuberculosis in cattle are not well investigated in Bangladesh. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the associated risk factors for bTB along with determination of prevalence in cattle of Mymensingh Sadar. A cross-sectional study was carried out to elucidate on 101 cattle from 56 households during January to May 2012. The direct interview using a questionnaire and physical examination of cattle was performed to collect farm and animal level data. Besides data collection, blood samples were collected from study cattle and subjected to immunochromatographic assay (ICGA) by using Anigen Rapid Bovine TB Ab test kit for the diagnosis of bTB. Risk factors analysis was done using bivariable followed by multiple logistic regression with stepwise backward elimination method. The results of the study revealed an overall tuberculosis prevalence of 5.9%. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significant association of bovine tuberculosis with herd size (more than 4) (Odds Ratio, OR = 5.9, p = 0.03) and history of coughing (OR = 8.9, p = 0.005). The effect of herd size (more than 4) could be minimized by maintaining the cattle in a herd with adequate floor space and better ventilation facilities as it would not be practicable to keep the herd size minimum. Further study should be done to find out more associated risk factors for the occurrence of bTB.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v12i2.21283 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2014). 12 (2): 179-183 

scholarly journals Prevalence of Intestinal Schistosomiasis and Associated Factors among School Children in Wondo District, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mustafa Geleto Ansha ◽  
Kemal Ahmed Kuti ◽  
Ephrem Girma
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background. Human schistosomiasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases caused by Schistosoma mansoni. Children in the developing countries live in areas with poor sanitation and most often spend time swimming or bathing in the water bodies contaminated with cercariae, the infective stages of schistosomiasis, which results in growth retardation and poor school performance. Thus, having effective control of the disease requires assessment of prevalence and risk factors. Objective. This study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of S. mansoni and its associated factors among primary schoolchildren in Wondo district, West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia, 2018. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out between January and March 2018. Stool samples from 298 schoolchildren, who were selected by simple random sampling, were examined for the ova of S. mansoni using Kato–Katz technique. Information on sociodemographic factors and other risk factors was obtained using questionnaires. The data were cleaned, coded, and entered into SPSS 22.0 statistical software and analyzed. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with S. mansoni infection. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated, and the level of significance was declared at p values of less than 0.05. The result was presented using tables, figures, and text form. Result. A total of 298 study participants were involved in this study resulting in a response rate of 96.4% (298/309). The prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 11.4% (34/298). The prevalence was 8% (12/140) among males while it was 13% (22/158) among females. Swimming in rivers or ponds (AOR: 9.592; 95% CI: 1.972–46.655; P=0.005), latrine availability at household level (AOR: 0.075; 95% CI: 0.13–0.422; P=0.003), and awareness about schistosomiasis (AOR: 0.058; 95% CI: 0.004–0.409; P=0.007) were the factors independently associated with S. mansoni infection at p value < 0.05. Conclusion. The prevalence of S. mansoni was moderate as per the World Health Organization standard, since it was in the range of 10%–50%. This implies that schistosomiasis is still among major health problems. Thus, intensified effort is needed to address risk factors contributing to infection and control disease. Additionally, biannual mass drug administration with praziquantel is required according to the WHO standard.

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