scholarly journals Antiamnesic and Neuroprotective Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Rhamnaceae) on Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairments in Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Etienne Djeuzong ◽  
Antoine K. Kandeda ◽  
Séfirin Djiogue ◽  
Lewale Stéphanie ◽  
Danide Nguedia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Ziziphus Jujuba

Background. Alzheimer's disease is a neurological condition that affects about 44 million people worldwide. The available treatments target symptoms rather than the underlying causes. Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) is widely used in traditional Cameroonian medicine to treat diabetes, pain, infections, and dementia. Previous studies reported that Z. jujuba aqueous macerate improves working memory impairment, but no study on the antiamnesic effect of a concoction of Z. jujuba in rats has been performed. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antiamnesic and neuroprotective effects of an aqueous extract of Z. jujuba on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in rats. Methods. Learning and memory impairments were induced in rats by administering scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) to 58 rats for 15 days. Rats that developed learning and memory impairments in Morris water maze and Y-maze paradigms were divided into 7 groups (8 rats each) and treated daily for 15 days as follows: the normal control group received distilled water (10 ml/kg, p.o.), the negative control group received distilled water (10 ml/kg, p.o.), positive control groups either received donepezil (1.2 mg/kg, p.o.) or tacrine (10 mg/kg, p.o.), and the three test groups were given the extract (29, 57, and 114 mg/kg, p.o.). At the end of treatments, learning and memory impairments were determined using the same paradigms. Animals were then euthanized, and biochemical parameters of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis were analyzed in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Results. On the 4th day of the acquisition phase in the Morris water maze, Z. jujuba (29 and 114 mg/kg) reduced ( p < 0.001 ) the latency to reach the platform, while in the retention phase, Z. jujuba (57 and 114 mg/kg) decreased ( p < 0.001 ) the time to reach the platform and increased the time in the target quadrant ( p < 0.05 ) compared to control. Surprisingly, the extract failed to affect spontaneous alternations in the Y-maze. Furthermore, the extract (29, 57, and 114 mg/kg) reversed ( p < 0.001 ) scopolamine-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. This was supported by the reduction of neuronal alterations in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Conclusions. Compared to donepezil, a standard drug against Alzheimer’s disease, these findings suggest that Z. jujuba extract possesses antiamnesic and neuroprotective effects, and these effects are mediated in part through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. These findings help to explain its use in treating psychiatric disorders in Cameroon’s folk medicine.

scholarly journals Anti-Amnesic and Neuroprotective Effects of Ziziphus Jujuba Aqueous Extract on Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairments in Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Djeuzong ◽  
Antoine Kandeda ◽  
Sefirin Djiogue ◽  
Danide Nguedia ◽  
Stephanie Lewale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Ziziphus Jujuba

Abstract Background: Alzheimer's disease is a neurological condition that affects more than 44 million people worldwide. The available treatments target the symptoms rather than underlying causes. Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) is used in traditional Cameroonian medicine to treat many disorders including memory impairments. The study aimed to evaluate the anti-amnesic and neuroprotective effects of Z. jujuba aqueous extract on scopolamine-induced memory disorders in rats. Methods: Learning and memory impairments were induced in rats by scopolamine (1mg/kg, i.p.) for 15 days. Rats that developed cognitive impairments were divided as follows: two positive control groups received piracetam (200 mg/kg, p.o.) or tacrine (1 mg/kg, p.o.); three test groups received the extract (29, 57, and 114 mg/kg, p.o., respectively) daily for 15 days. At the end of treatments, memory impairments were assessed by Morris water maze and Y-maze tests. Thereafter, animals were sacrificed and some biochemical parameters (oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis) were estimated in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.Results: Z. jujuba decreased the time to reach the platform and increased the time in the target quadrant. However, it failed to affect spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze. Furthermore, the extract reversed scopolamine-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. This was confirmed with the prevention of neuronal loss in the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Z. jujuba extract possesses ant-amnesic and neuroprotective effects. It seems that these effects are mediated in part by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities. This, therefore, justify its use to treat dementia and psychiatric disorders in Cameroon’s folk medicine.

scholarly journals Cognitive Impairments of Sleep-Deprived Ovariectomized (OVX) Female Rats by Voluntary Exercise

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 573-586
Author(s):  
Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh ◽  
◽  
Khadijeh Esmaeilpour ◽  
Sina Motamedy ◽  
Fatemeh Mohtashami Borzadaranb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Voluntary Exercise ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Previous studies demonstrated that forced and voluntary exercise had ameliorative effects on behavioral tasks followed by Sleep Deprivation (SD) in intact female rats. The main goal of this research was evaluating the impact of voluntary exercise on cognitive functions while SD and ovariectomization is induced in female wistar rats. Methods: The rats were anesthesized combining dosage of ketamine and xylazine. Then, both ovaries were eliminated and 3 weeks after surgery the animals entered the study. The exercise protocol took 4 weeks of voluntary exercise in a wheel which was connected to home cage. For inducing a 72 hours deprivation the multiple platforms was applied. The cognitive functions were studied by exploiting the Morris Water Maze (MWM) and Novel object recognition tests. Anxiety was evaluated by open field test and corticostrone measurement was carried out by ELISA method. One-way and two-way ANOVA and repeated measures were utilized for data analysis and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We observed significant spatial and recognition learning and memory impairments in OVX sleep-deprived rats compared to the control group and voluntary exercise alleviated the SD-induced learning and memory defects. Conclusion: We concluded that voluntary exercise can improve cognitive impairments followed by SD in OVX female rats.

Protective effect of citicoline against aluminum-induced cognitive impairments in rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed O Abdel-Zaher ◽  
Mostafa M Hamdy ◽  
Mahran S Abdel-Rahman ◽  
Doaa H Abd El-hamid
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Radial Arm Maze ◽  
Time Required

The potential protective effect of citicoline on aluminum chloride-induced cognitive deficits was investigated in rats. In a Morris water maze, administration of aluminum chloride to rats for 90 days resulted in increased escape latency to reach the platform and decreased swimming speed in acquisition trials. Similarly, in probe trials, the time required to reach the hidden platform was increased and the time spent in the target quadrant was reduced. Also, administration of aluminum chloride to rats for 90 days increased the reference and working memory errors and time required to end the task in the radial arm maze. In addition, this treatment decreased the step-through latency in the passive avoidance test. Concurrently, treatment of rats with aluminum chloride for 90 days increased hippocampal glutamate, malondialdehyde, and nitrite levels and decreased intracellular reduced glutathione level. In the citicoline-treated group, aluminum chloride-induced learning and memory impairments as assessed by the Morris water maze, radial arm maze, and passive avoidance tests were inhibited. At the same time, treatment of rats with citicoline prevented the biochemical alterations induced by aluminum chloride in the hippocampus. It can be concluded that elevation of hippocampal glutamate level with consequent oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) overproduction may play an important role in aluminum-induced cognitive impairments. Also, our results suggest, for the first time, that citicoline can protect against the development of these cognitive deficits through inhibition of aluminum-induced elevation of glutamate level, oxidative stress, and NO overproduction in the hippocampus.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Liver Toxicity on Diabetes Mellitus by a Universal Chemical Pollutant (Acrylonitrile) in Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Sameer E. Alharthi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Serum Aminotransferase ◽  
Cyp2e1 Activity

The present study was designed to investigate potential liver damage due to acrylonitrile in Streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into 4 treatment groups. Nondiabetic control rat receiving distilled water, non-diabetic rat receiving acrylonitrile aqueous solution (10 mg/kg/day), diabetic control rat receiving distilled water and diabetic rat receiving acrylonitrile aqueous solution. All groups received the treatment for 4 weeks. The animals were assessed for hepatoxicity markers in serum, oxidative stress markers, CYP2E1 activity and cyanide formation in tissues. Acrylonitrile significantly elevated serum aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin levels, triglycerides and total cholesterol in diabetic groups as compared to normal control group. Antioxidant markers like glutathione showed significant decline while a significant increase in malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and catalase in diabetic rats treated with acrylonitrile. CYP2E1 activity was observed in acrylonitrile – exposed nondiabetic and diabetic groups as compared to control. Cyanide formation was raised in both the nondiabetic and diabetic groups as compared to control group. Acrylonitriles can produce acute hepatic injury, induction of diabetes mellitus type II, and accomplish the CYP2E1 enzyme which sequentially leads to generation of oxidative stress and its metabolic product–cyanide that may potentiate the oxidative stress posing more deleterious effect.

The effects of soy on scopolamine-induced spatial learning and memory impairments are comparable to the effects of estradiol

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Narges Marefati ◽  
Amin Mokhtari-Zaer ◽  
Farimah Beheshti ◽  
Sareh Karimi ◽  
Zahra Mahdian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Higher Doses

Abstract Background Modulatory effects of soy extract and estradiol on the central nervous system (CNS) have been reported. The effect of soy on scopolamine-induced spatial learning and memory in comparison to the effect of estradiol was investigated. Materials and methods Ovariectomized rats were divided into the following groups: (1) control, (2) scopolamine (Sco), (3) scopolamine-soy 20 (Sco-S 20), (4) scopolamine-soy 60 (Sco-S 60), (5) scopolamine-estradiol 20 (Sco-E 20) and (6) scopolamine-estradiol 60 (Sco-E 60). Soy extract, estradiol and vehicle were administered daily for 6 weeks before training in the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Scopolamine (2 mg/kg) was injected 30 min before training in the MWM test. Results In the MWM, the escape latency and traveled path to find the platform in the Sco group was prolonged compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Treatment by higher doses of soy improved performances of the rats in the MWM (p < 0.05 – p < 0.001). However, treatment with both doses of estradiol (20 and 60 μg/kg) resulted in a statistically significant improvement in the MWM (p < 0.01 – p < 0.001). Cortical, hippocampal and serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), as an index of lipid peroxidation, were increased which was prevented by soy extract and estradiol (p < 0.001). Cortical, hippocampal as well as serum levels of the total thiol, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in Sco group were lower than the control group (p < 0.001) while they were enhanced when the animals were treated by soy extract and estradiol (p < 0.01 – p < 0.001). Conclusions It was observed that both soy extract and estradiol prevented learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine in ovariectomized rats. These effects can be attributed to their protective effects on oxidative damage of the brain tissue.

scholarly journals Effects of Malania oleifera Chun Oil on the Improvement of Learning and Memory Function in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Rui Wu ◽  
Shaoqi Zhong ◽  
Mengmei Ni ◽  
Xuejiao Zhu ◽  
Yiyi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Nervonic Acid ◽  
Acetyl Cholinesterase ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Oxidative Stress Parameters ◽  
Algae Oil ◽  
Different Doses

Background. The fruits of Malania oleifera Chun & S. K. Lee have been highly sought after medically because its seeds have high oil content (>60%), especially the highest known proportion of nervonic acid (>55%). Objective of the Study. The objective was to explore the effects of different doses of Malania oleifera Chun oil (MOC oil) on the learning and memory of mice and to evaluate whether additional DHA algae oil and vitamin E could help MOC oil improve learning and memory and its possible mechanisms. Methods. After 30 days of oral administration of the relevant agents to mice, behavioral tests were conducted as well as detection of oxidative stress parameters (superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione peroxidase) and biochemical indicators (acetylcholine, acetyl cholinesterase, and choline acetyltransferase) in the hippocampus. Results. Experimental results demonstrated that MOC oil treatment could markedly improve learning and memory of mouse models in behavioral experiments and increase the activity of GSH-PX in hippocampus and reduce the content of MDA, especially the dose of 46.27 mg/kg. The addition of DHA and VE could better assist MOC oil to improve the learning and memory, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress and restrain the activity of AChE and also increase the content of ACh. Conclusion. Our results demonstrated that MOC oil treatment could improve learning and memory impairments. Therefore, we suggest that MOC oil is a potentially important resource for the development of nervonic acid products.

35 LEARNING AND MEMORY BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS IN CLONED DOGS

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
C. W. Shin ◽  
W. J. Park ◽  
L. T. Baek ◽  
K. Y. Park ◽  
G. A. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Undergraduate Research ◽  
Performance Criterion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Training Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Biological Technology ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Assessment Time

Recently, in order to advance biological technology and increase the number of elite dogs that possess unique abilities, researchers have put more focus on cloning superior dogs that have been acknowledged in their respective fields. These experiments depend on the known fact that cloned dogs will be both physically and psychologically similar to those that provided the somatic cells. However, little research has focused on whether it is genetic or posteriori factors that influence abilities to accomplish tasks. In this experiment, cloned beagles that have been produced from one somatic cell and thus have the same genetic information were tested on learning and memory behaviours. This experiment was performed to investigate the similarity in behavioural patterns between these cloned individuals (n = 6). A Y-maze test, which is commonly applied for evaluating learning and memory, was performed using 12 Beagles, 6 of which were cloned dogs and the other 6 were naturally bred controls (n = 6). One snack was placed at the end of each arm of the Y-maze. The snack that was placed in the east arm was accessible to the dogs, whereas the other was blocked using a plastic fence. All 12 dogs were trained before the experiment, where they were sent through the maze 10 times and allowed to obtain the snack. Following this training period, the dogs were retested 3 times to assess learning and working memory. The first trial (Day 0) was performed 1 day after the training period, while the second (Day 7) and third (Day 14) trials were performed at 1-week intervals. In each trial, the dog was given 60 s to make a choice between the east or west arm of the Y-maze. If correct, the dog received a feed reward. After consuming the reward, the dog was picked up by the experimenter and placed outside in preparation for the next dog. In every trial, each dog was sent through the Y-maze 5 times. Using the Harvard Panlab software and a live video image, the latency to choice was measured. All cloned dogs reached the performance criterion with 100% correction on Day 0 of acquisition. However, all naturally bred dogs reached the performance criterion (85% correction) at a lower rate than those of cloned dogs. Correct choices were maintained in all experimental dogs during re-assessment time. Mean latency to choice showed no significant differences between naturally bred controls and cloned dogs. Interestingly, when the standard deviation (s.d.) of the latency to reach the target was compared, the s.d. within the cloned group was significantly lower than that within the control group only on the first assessment (Day 0). However, no significant differences were shown during the second (Day 7) and third (Day 14) trials. Therefore, it appears that genetically identical cloned dogs do not show greater consistency in their learning and memory behaviour than litters of naturally bred control dogs. The learning and memory ability of cloned dogs were not different from those of naturally bred control dogs. This research was supported by the SNU Undergraduate Research Program.

Neuroprotective effects of Levisticum officinale on LPS-induced spatial learning and memory impairments through neurotrophic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 6608-6621
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Amraie ◽  
Iran Pouraboli ◽  
Ziba Rajaei
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Levisticum officinale (Apiaceae) has been identified as a medicinal plant in traditional medicine, with the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase activities.

scholarly journals Elaeagnus glabra f. oxyphylla Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Learning and Memory Impairments in Mice by Improving Cholinergic Transmission via Activation of CREB/NGF Signaling

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunjin Sohn ◽  
Hye-Sun Lim ◽  
Yu Jin Kim ◽  
Bu-Yeo Kim ◽  
Joo-Hwan Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tunel Staining ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ngf Signaling

We aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of an Elaeagnus glabra f. oxyphylla (EGFO) ethanol extract in mice with scopolamine-induced memory dysfunction. Fifty male mice were randomly divided into a normal control group, a scopolamine-treated group, a scopolamine and EGFO extract-treated group, and a scopolamine and tacrine-treated group. EGFO (50 or 100 mg/kg/day) was received for 21 days. Step-through passive avoidance and Y-maze tests were performed to examine the effects of treatment on learning and memory impairments. Acetylcholine (Ach) levels and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity were measured via an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), nerve growth factor (NGF), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and apoptosis-related protein expression were determined via Western blot analysis. EGFO pretreatment significantly attenuated scopolamine-induced memory impairments, relative to findings observed in the scopolamine-treated group. Levels of cholinergic factors in the brain tissues were markedly attenuated in the scopolamine-treated group. EGFO treatment also attenuated neural apoptosis in scopolamine-treated mice by decreasing the expression of apoptosis-related proteins such as Bax, Bcl2, cleaved caspase-3, and TUNEL staining. These results suggest that EGFO improves memory and cognition in a mouse model of memory impairment by restoring cholinergic and anti-apoptotic activity, possibly via activation of CREB/NGF signaling.

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