scholarly journals Nutrition During Pregnancy, Lactation and Early Childhood and its Implications for Maternal and Long-Term Child Health: The Early Nutrition Project Recommendations

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berthold Koletzko ◽  
K.M. Godfrey ◽  
Lucilla Poston ◽  
Hania Szajewska ◽  
Johannes B. van Goudoever ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Early Nutrition ◽  
Consensus Recommendations ◽  
Health And Disease

Background: A considerable body of evidence accumulated especially during the last decade, demonstrating that early nutrition and lifestyle have long-term effects on later health and disease (“developmental or metabolic programming”). Methods: Researchers involved in the European Union funded international EarlyNutrition research project consolidated the scientific evidence base and existing recommendations to formulate consensus recommendations on nutrition and lifestyle before and during pregnancy, during infancy and early childhood that take long-term health impact into account. Systematic reviews were performed on published dietary guidelines, standards and recommendations, with special attention to long-term health consequences. In addition, systematic reviews of published systematic reviews on nutritional interventions or exposures in pregnancy and in infants and young children aged up to 3 years that describe effects on subsequent overweight, obesity and body composition were performed. Experts developed consensus recommendations incorporating the wide-ranging expertise from additional 33 stakeholders. Findings: Most current recommendations for pregnant women, particularly obese women, and for young children do not take long-term health consequences of early nutrition into account, although the available evidence for relevant consequences of lifestyle, diet and growth patterns in early life on later health and disease risk is strong. Interpretation: We present updated recommendations for optimized nutrition before and during pregnancy, during lactation, infancy and toddlerhood, with special reference to later health outcomes. These recommendations are developed for affluent populations, such as women and children in Europe, and should contribute to the primary prevention of obesity and associated non-communicable diseases.

scholarly journals Long term alterations of growth after antenatal steroids in preterm twin pregnancies

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Braun ◽  
Vivien Filleböck ◽  
Boris Metze ◽  
Christoph Bührer ◽  
Andreas Plagemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Ponderal Index ◽  
Childhood Growth ◽  
Antenatal Steroids ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Infancy And Early Childhood ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the long-term effects of antenatal betamethasone (ANS, ≤16 mg, =24 mg and >24 mg) in twins on infant and childhood growth.MethodsA retrospective cohort follow up study among 198 twins after ANS including three time points: U1 first neonatal examination after birth and in the neonatal period; U7 examination from the 21st to the 24th month of life and U9 examination from the 60th to the 64th month of life using data from copies of the children’s examination booklets. Inclusion criteria are twin pregnancies with preterm labor, cervical shortening, preterm premature rupture of membranes, or vaginal bleeding, and exposure to ANS between 23+5 and 33+6 weeks. Outcome measures are dosage-dependent and sex-specific effects of ANS on growth (body weight, body length, head circumference, body mass index and ponderal index) up to 5.3 years.ResultsOverall, 99 live-born twin pairs were included. Negative effects of ANS on fetal growth persisted beyond birth, altered infant and childhood growth, independent of possible confounding factors. Overall weight percentile significantly decreased between infancy and early childhood by 18.8%. Birth weight percentiles significantly changed in a dose dependent and sex specific manner, most obviously in female-female and mixed pairs. The ponderal index significantly decreased up to 42.9%, BMI index increased by up to 33.8%.ConclusionsANS results in long-term alterations in infant and childhood growth. Changes between infancy and early childhood in ponderal mass index and BMI, independent of dose or twin pair structure, might indicate an ANS associated increased risk for later life disease.SynopsisFirst-time report on long-term ANS administration growth effects in twin pregnancies, showing persisting alterations beyond birth in infant and childhood growth up to 5.3 years as potential indicator of later life disease risk.

Low-calorie sweeteners and human health: a rapid review of systematic reviews

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley Andrade ◽  
Kirsten M Lee ◽  
Allison C Sylvetsky ◽  
Sharon I Kirkpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Low Calorie ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Low Calorie Sweetener

Abstract Introduction Low-calorie sweeteners are increasingly prevalent in the food supply and their consumption has increased in recent decades. Although low-calorie sweeteners approved for use are considered safe from a toxicological perspective, their short- and long-term impacts on chronic disease risk remain uncertain. The aim of this review was to summarize the evidence from systematic reviews on low-calorie sweetener use and chronic conditions and risk factors in children and adults. Methods MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched to identify systematic reviews of randomized and nonrandomized studies that considered low-calorie sweeteners in relation to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, anthropometric measures, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and dental caries. Data were extracted from 9 reviews deemed of moderate or high quality on the basis of AMSTAR-2. Results Narrative synthesis suggested inconsistent evidence on low-calorie sweetener use in relation to chronic conditions and associated risk factors, with nonrandomized studies suggesting positive associations and randomized studies suggesting negative or no associations. Conclusion Continued research on the long-term health impacts of low-calorie sweeteners across all life stages is warranted.

Long-term growth and alignment after occipitocervical and atlantoaxial fusion with rigid internal fixation in young children

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Kennedy ◽  
Randy S. D’Amico ◽  
Brett E. Youngerman ◽  
Michael M. McDowell ◽  
Kristopher G. Hooten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Internal Fixation ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fusion Construct ◽  
Rigid Internal Fixation ◽  
Vertical Growth

OBJECT The long-term consequences of atlantoaxial (AA) and occipitocervical (OC) fusion and instrumentation in young children are unknown. Anecdotal reports have raised concerns regarding altered growth and alignment of the cervical spine after surgical intervention. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term effects of these surgeries on the growth and alignment of the maturing spine. METHODS A multiinstitutional retrospective chart review was conducted for patients less than or equal to 6 years of age who underwent OC or AA fusion with rigid instrumentation at 9 participating centers. All patients had at least 3 years of clinical and radiographic follow-up data and radiographically confirmed fusion. Preoperative, immediate postoperative, and most recent follow-up radiographs and/or CT scans were evaluated to assess changes in spinal growth and alignment. RESULTS Forty children (9 who underwent AA fusion and 31 who underwent OC fusion) were included in the study (mean follow-up duration 56 months). The mean vertical growth over the fused levels in the AA fusion patients represented 30% of the growth of the cervical spine (range 10%–50%). Three different vertical growth patterns of the fusion construct developed among the 31 OC fusion patients during the follow-up period: 1) 16 patients had substantial growth (13%–46% of the total growth of the cervical spine); 2) 9 patients had no meaningful growth; and 3) 6 patients, most of whom presented with a distracted atlantooccipital dislocation, had a decrease in the height of the fused levels (range 7–23 mm). Regarding spinal alignment, 85% (34/40) of the patients had good alignment at follow-up, with straight or mildly lordotic cervical curvatures. In 1 AA fusion patient (11%) and 5 OC fusion patients (16%), we observed new hyperlordosis (range 43°–62°). There were no cases of new kyphosis or swan-neck deformity, evidence of subaxial instability, or unintended subaxial fusion. No preoperative predictors of these growth patterns or alignment were evident. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that most young children undergoing AA and OC fusion with rigid internal fixation continue to have good cervical alignment and continued growth within the fused levels during a prolonged follow-up period. However, some variability in vertical growth and alignment exists, highlighting the need to continue close long-term follow-up.

scholarly journals Preschool Education in Madagascar: State of Play and Challenge to Development in the 21st Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 395-408
Author(s):  
Andrianasy Angelo Djistera
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Children ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Preschool Education ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Full Development ◽  
Individual Potential ◽  
Use Of Knowledge ◽  
Future Growth

The 21st-century society is characterized by the increased importance given to the acquisition and use of knowledge. This article examines the education of young children in Madagascar, a country where a significant portion of the population has never attended preschool. It strives to present an overview of the early childhood sector and its relationship to development. The increase in the number of pupils enrolled in preschool activity centers is a testament to the growing interest in preschool education. However, not all children have access to the same educational services. Inequalities start in early childhood. They can act as a brake on future growth by preventing the full development of individual potential. Strengthening the early childhood sector will contribute to the training of actors working for the long-term development of Madagascar.

scholarly journals Perbedaan agresivitas pada anak usia dini yang dibacakan dongeng dengan yang tidak dibacakan dongeng sebelum tidur oleh ibu

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian Jayantari Putri K Hedo ◽  
Hilda Sudhana
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Research Data ◽  
T Test ◽  
Childhood Aggression ◽  
Lower Score ◽  
Validity Test

Aim of this research is to know about difference of aggression in young children that get fairytales reading and in young children that don’t get fairytales reading before sleep from their mother. Aggression has been a problem many people talk about, especially about its cause, or its intervention. Every people has aggression, including young children. People believe that young children’s aggression isn’t dangerous, so they only focus doing interventions in adult or adolescence aggression and disregard interventions in childhood aggression. Actually, it’s better to do intervention in young children, for it prevents long term negative impact of aggression. One of the interventions in controlling aggression is read fairytales to children. Fairytales give children good impacts that related to the aggression’s causes. Fairytales-reading is familiar thing in Indonesian culture. According to that, researcher formulates a research’s problem, that is, is there difference of aggression in young children that get fairytales reading and in young children that don’t get fairytales reading before sleep from their mother. Research’s subjects are 92 mothers of young children from kindergartens in Denpasar. Research’s method is comparation research. Data are collected by questionnaire (aggression scale and fairytale reading’s categorization). Validity test of aggression scale find 6 invalid items and 68 valid items from 74 items, with reliability coefficient’s score is 0,989. Data are analyzed with independent sample t-test. Data analysis’s result shows that data are normal and homogen. Score of significant in t-test is 0,000 (p=0,05). It means that research’s hypothesis who state there is difference of aggression in young children that get fairytales reading and in young children that don’t get fairytales reading before sleep from their mother, is accepted. Categorization of aggression’s score shows that children who receive fairytales reading have lower score than children who don’t receive fairytales reading. Keywords: aggression, fairytales, early childhood, mother

scholarly journals Growth of infants and young children born small for gestational age: growth restriction accompanied by overweight

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 3765-3777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiulian Wang ◽  
Jianzhen Zhu ◽  
Chong Guo ◽  
Huiqing Shi ◽  
Dan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Growth Profiles ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Objectives To compare growth profiles of children born small for gestational age (SGA) with those born the appropriate size for gestational age (AGA), and examine expected growth patterns for SGA in early childhood. Methods A survey on 23,871 SGA children was conducted in Shanghai. Data were collected at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months of age (+30 days). A check-up included assessments of weight, height, and head circumference. Results At 5 years old, weight, height, and head circumference were lower in SGA children compared with AGA children. The proportions of overweight and obesity of SGA children at 4 to 18 months after birth were significantly higher than those in AGA children, with higher proportions in boys than in girls. There was no correlation between overweight at 5 years old and overweight before 2 years old in SGA children. Conclusions Children born SGA remain shorter and lighter, with a smaller head circumference at 5 years old compared with AGA children. At 4 to 18 months after birth, there is a high incidence of overweight and obesity in SGA children. Overweight and obesity in SGA boys are more serious than those in SGA girls.

scholarly journals Nutritional adversity, sex and reproduction: 30 years of DOHaD and what have we learned?

2019 ◽  
Vol 242 (1) ◽  
pp. T51-T68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrycja A Jazwiec ◽  
Deborah M Sloboda
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health And Disease

It is well established that early life environmental signals, including nutrition, set the stage for long-term health and disease risk – effects that span multiple generations. This relationship begins early, in the periconceptional period and extends into embryonic, fetal and early infant phases of life. Now known as the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD), this concept describes the adaptations that a developing organism makes in response to early life cues, resulting in adjustments in homeostatic systems that may prove maladaptive in postnatal life, leading to an increased risk of chronic disease and/or the inheritance of risk factors across generations. Reproductive maturation and function is similarly influenced by early life events. This should not be surprising, since primordial germ cells are established early in life and thus vulnerable to early life adversity. A multitude of ‘modifying’ cues inducing developmental adaptations have been identified that result in changes in reproductive development and impairments in reproductive function. Many types of nutritional challenges including caloric restriction, macronutrient excess and micronutrient insufficiencies have been shown to induce early life adaptations that produce long-term reproductive dysfunction. Many pathways have been suggested to underpin these associations, including epigenetic reprogramming of germ cells. While the mechanisms still remain to be fully investigated, it is clear that a lifecourse approach to understanding lifetime reproductive function is necessary. Furthermore, investigations of the impacts of early life adversity must be extended to include the paternal environment, especially in epidemiological and clinical studies of offspring reproductive function.

scholarly journals Effect of Maternal Nutrition on Cognitive Function of Children

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1644
Author(s):  
Victoria Arija ◽  
Josefa Canals
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Unborn Child ◽  
Intrauterine Environment ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Consequences

The intrauterine environment and, specifically, the nutritional status of the mother are crucial factors that can have short and long-term consequences on the health and disease risk of an unborn child [...]

scholarly journals Exploiting Externalities to Estimate the Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Deworming

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen Ozier
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Cognitive Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
School Based ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Child Height ◽  
One Year ◽  
Older Siblings

I investigate whether a school-based deworming intervention in Kenya had long-term effects on young children. I exploit positive externalities from the program to estimate impacts on younger children who were not directly treated. Ten years after the intervention, I find large cognitive effects—comparable to between 0.5 and 0.8 years of schooling—for children who were less than one year old when their communities received school-based mass deworming treatment. I find no effect on child height or stunting. I also estimate effects among children whose older siblings received treatment directly; in this subpopulation, cognition effects are nearly twice as large. (JEL I12, I18, I21, I26, I28, J13, O15)

scholarly journals Impact of Micronutrient Status during Pregnancy on Early Nutrition Programming

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Cetin ◽  
Kai Bühling ◽  
Cansun Demir ◽  
Ashraf Kortam ◽  
Susan L. Prescott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Early Nutrition ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Micronutrient Status

Background: Nutrition status prior to conception and during pregnancy and infancy seems to have an influence on the disease risk in adulthood (early nutrition/developmental programming). We aimed to review the current knowledge on the role of micronutrients in early nutrition programming and its implications for healthcare. Summary of Findings: Globally and even in high-income countries where a balanced diet is generally accessible, an inadequate maternal micronutrient status is common. This may induce health problems in the mother and foetus/newborn both immediately and in later life. Pregnant women and those who may become pregnant should aim to achieve a satisfactory micronutrient status from a well-balanced diet, and where necessary from additional supplements. Key Messages: We emphasise the need for a call to action for healthcare providers and policymakers to better educate women of child-bearing age regarding the short- and long-term benefits of an appropriate micronutrient status. The role of micronutrient status in early nutrition programming needs to be emphasized more to address the still limited awareness of the potential long-term health repercussions of suboptimal micronutrient supply during pregnancy.

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