scholarly journals Effects of Movement-Based Mind-Body Interventions on Physical Fitness in Healthy Older Adults: A Meta-Analytical Review

Gerontology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Sophia A. Ebner ◽  
Lilly Meikis ◽  
Mareike Morat ◽  
Steffen Held ◽  
Tobias Morat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Functional Mobility ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Analytical Review

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Declines in physical fitness can notably affect healthy aging of older adults. Multimodal exercise training regimen such as mind-body interventions (MBIs) has been reported to mitigate these aging-related declines of physical function. This meta-analytical review aimed at pooling the effects of MBIs on physical fitness indices compared to active control (AC) and inactive control (IC) conditions in healthy older adults. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The literature search was conducted in 3 databases using search terms with Boolean conjunctions. Randomized controlled trials applying MBIs focusing on improving physical fitness parameters in healthy seniors over 65 years of age were screened for eligibility. Eligibility and study quality were assessed by 2 researchers using the PEDro scale. Standardized mean differences (SMD) adjusted for small sample sizes (Hedges’ <i>g</i>) served as main outcomes for the comparisons of MBIs versus IC and MBIs versus AC. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Thirty trials with 2,792 healthy community dwellers (mean age: 71.2 ± 4.7 years) were included. Large overall effects were found for strength (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001, SMD: 0.87 [90% CI: 0.43, 1.30], <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 94%), medium effects were observed for functional mobility (<i>p</i> = 0.009, SMD: 0.55 [90% CI: 0.20, 0.89], <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 83%), and small overall effects were found for static balance (<i>p</i> = 0.02, SMD: 0.35 [90% CI: 0.10, 0.60], <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 77%), endurance (<i>p</i> = 0.0001, SMD: 0.44 [90% CI: 0.25, 0.62], <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 0%), and flexibility (<i>p</i> = 0.003, SMD: 0.46 [90% CI: 0.21, 0.72], <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 54%) in favor of MBIs compared to IC. Small effects of strength slightly favoring AC (<i>p</i> = 0.08, SMD: −0.22 [90% CI: −0.43, −0.01], <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 52%) were found, whereas static balance moderately improved in favor of MBIs (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001, SMD: 0.46 [90% CI: 0.16, 0.76], <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 73%). <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> MBIs induce small to moderate effects in relevant domains of physical fitness in healthy older adults. Strength should be better targeted with traditional resistance training routines, whereas balance seems to sufficiently benefit from MBIs. However, large variability between the studies was observed due to differences in methodology, intervention content, and outcomes that affect conclusive evidence.

Short-term Effects of Whole-Body Vibration on Functional Mobility and Flexibility in Healthy, Older Adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taishi Tsuji ◽  
Naruki Kitano ◽  
Kenji Tsunoda ◽  
Erika Himori ◽  
Tomohiro Okura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Whole Body Vibration ◽  
Functional Mobility ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Body Vibration ◽  
Short Term Effects

scholarly journals Human Fecal Metabolome Reflects Differences in Body Mass Index, Physical Fitness, and Blood Lipoproteins in Healthy Older Adults

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 717
Author(s):  
Mengni Cui ◽  
Alessia Trimigno ◽  
Josue L. Castro-Mejía ◽  
Søren Reitelseder ◽  
Jacob Bülow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Lipoprotein Particles

This study investigated how body mass index (BMI), physical fitness, and blood plasma lipoprotein levels are related to the fecal metabolome in older adults. The fecal metabolome data were acquired using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry on 163 healthy older adults (65–80 years old, 80 females and 83 males). Overweight and obese subjects (BMI ≥ 27) showed higher levels of fecal amino acids (AAs) (valine, alanine, and phenylalanine) compared to normal-weight subjects (BMI ≤ 23.5). Adults classified in the high-fitness group displayed slightly lower concentrations of fecal short-chain fatty acids, propionic acid, and AAs (methionine, leucine, glutamic acid, and threonine) compared to the low-fitness group. Subjects with lower levels of cholesterol in low-density lipoprotein particles (LDLchol, ≤2.6 mmol/L) displayed higher fecal levels of valine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, and lactic acid, while subjects with a higher level of cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein particles (HDLchol, ≥2.1 mmol/L) showed lower fecal concentration of isovaleric acid. The results from this study suggest that the human fecal metabolome, which primarily represents undigested food waste and metabolites produced by the gut microbiome, carries important information about human health and should be closely integrated to other omics data for a better understanding of the role of the gut microbiome and diet on human health and metabolism.

Effects of Cognitive and Physical Loads on Dynamic and Static Balance Performance of Healthy Older Adults Under Single-, Dual-, and Multi-task Conditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872082092462
Author(s):  
Hamid Allahverdipour ◽  
Iman Dianat ◽  
Galavizh Mameh ◽  
Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Physical Task ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
And Control

Objective The aim of this study is to examine the effects of cognitive and physical loads on dynamic and static balance performance of healthy older adults under single-, dual-, and multi-task conditions. Background Previous studies on postural control in older adults have generally used dual-task methodology, whereas less attention has been paid to multi-task performance, despite its importance in many daily and occupational activities. Method The effects of single versus combined (dual-task and multi-task) cognitive (to speak out the name of the weekdays in a reverse order) and physical (with three levels including handling weights of 1, 2, and 3 kg in each hand) loads on dynamic and static balance performance of 42 older adults (21 males and 21 females) aged ≥60 years were examined. Dynamic and static balance measures were evaluated using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) and stabilometer (sway index) tests, respectively. Results The TUG speed of female participants was generally slower than that of male participants. Age had no effect on balance performance measures. Under dual-task conditions, cognitive load decreased the dynamic balance performance, while the physical task levels had no effect. The dual-task conditions had no impact on the static balance performance. The effects of cognitive and physical loads on dynamic balance performance varied under dual- and multi-task conditions. Conclusion The findings highlight differences between dual- and multi-task protocols and add to the understanding of balance performance in older adults under cognitive and physical loads. Application The present study highlights differences between dual- and multi-task methodologies that need to be considered in future studies of balance and control in older adults.

scholarly journals Visual-Somatosensory Integration and Balance: Evidence for Psychophysical Integrative Differences in Aging

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette R. Mahoney ◽  
Roee Holtzer ◽  
Joe Verghese
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Fall Risk ◽  
Multisensory Processing ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Stance Time ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Relationship

Research detailing multisensory integration (MSI) processes in aging and their association with clinically relevant outcomes is virtually non-existent. To our knowledge, the relationship between MSI and balance has not been well-established in aging. Given known alterations in unisensory processing with increasing age, the aims of the current study were to determine differential behavioral patterns of MSI in aging and investigate whether MSI was significantly associated with balance and fall-risk. Seventy healthy older adults ( years; 58% female) participated in the current study. Participants were instructed to make speeded responses to visual, somatosensory, and visual-somatosensory (VS) stimuli. Based on reaction times (RTs) to all stimuli, participants were classified into one of two groups (MSI or NO MSI), depending on their MSI RT benefit. Static balance was assessed using mean unipedal stance time. Overall, results revealed that RTs to VS stimuli were significantly shorter than those elicited to constituent unisensory conditions. Further, the current experimental design afforded differential patterns of multisensory processing, with 75% of the elderly sample demonstrating multisensory enhancements. Interestingly, 25% of older adults did not demonstrate multisensory RT facilitation; a finding that was attributed to extremely fast RTs overall and specifically in response to somatosensory inputs. Individuals in the NO MSI group maintained significantly better unipedal stance times and reported less falls, compared to elders in the MSI group. This study reveals the existence of differential patterns of multisensory processing in aging, while describing the clinical translational value of MSI enhancements in predicting balance and falls risk.

scholarly journals Serum proBDNF Is Associated With Changes in the Ketone Body β-Hydroxybutyrate and Shows Superior Repeatability Over Mature BDNF: Secondary Outcomes From a Cross-Over Trial in Healthy Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Norgren ◽  
Makrina Daniilidou ◽  
Ingemar Kåreholt ◽  
Shireen Sindi ◽  
Ulrika Akenine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Individual Change ◽  
Clinical Trial Registration ◽  
Intra Class Correlation ◽  
Healthy Older Adults

Background: β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) can upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in mice, but little is known about the associations between BHB and BDNF in humans. The primary aim here was to investigate whether ketosis (i.e., raised BHB levels), induced by a ketogenic supplement, influences serum levels of mature BDNF (mBDNF) and its precursor proBDNF in healthy older adults. A secondary aim was to determine the intra-individual stability (repeatability) of those biomarkers, measured as intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC).Method: Three of the arms in a 6-arm randomized cross-over trial were used for the current sub-study. Fifteen healthy volunteers, 65–75 y, 53% women, were tested once a week. Test oils, mixed in coffee and cream, were ingested after a 12-h fast. Labeled by their level of ketosis, the arms provided: sunflower oil (lowK); coconut oil (midK); caprylic acid + coconut oil (highK). Repeated blood samples were collected for 4 h after ingestion. Serum BDNF levels were analyzed for changes from baseline to 1, 2 and 4 h to compare the arms. Individual associations between BHB and BDNF were analyzed cross-sectionally and for a delayed response (changes in BHB 0–2 h to changes in BDNF at 0–4 h). ICC estimates were calculated from baseline levels from the three study days.Results: proBDNF increased more in highK vs. lowK between 0 and 4 h (z-score: β = 0.25, 95% CI 0.07–0.44; p = 0.007). Individual change in BHB 0–2 h, predicted change in proBDNF 0–4 h, (β = 0.40, CI 0.12–0.67; p = 0.006). Change in mBDNF was lower in highK vs. lowK at 0–2 h (β = −0.88, CI −1.37 to −0.40; p &lt; 0.001) and cumulatively 0–4 h (β = −1.01, CI −1.75 to −0.27; p = 0.01), but this could not be predicted by BHB levels. ICC was 0.96 (95% CI 0.92–0.99) for proBDNF, and 0.72 (CI 0.47–0.89) for mBDNF.Conclusions: The findings support a link between changes in peripheral BHB and proBDNF in healthy older adults. For mBDNF, changes differed between arms but independent to BHB levels. Replication is warranted due to the small sample. Excellent repeatability encourages future investigations on proBDNF as a predictor of brain health.Clinical Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03904433.

scholarly journals Changes in anthropometric parameters and physical fitness in older adults after participating in a 16-week physical activity program

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-382
Author(s):  
Pablo Valdés-Badilla ◽  
Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz ◽  
Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo ◽  
Andrés Godoy-Cumillaf ◽  
Yeny Concha-Cisternas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Physical Activity Program ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Chair Stand ◽  
Activity Program

Introduction: Physical activity is important for achieving healthy aging. Objective: To analyze changes in anthropometric parameters and physical fitness among Chilean older adults after participating in a 16-week physical activity program and to evaluate whether there were differences in relation to their baseline nutritional status or not. Materials and methods: Pre-experimental quantitative study. The study population consisted of 176 older adults (155 women and 21 men) distributed in three groups: normal weight (n=56), overweight (n=67) and obese (n=53). The following variables were evaluated: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHR) and physical fitness. Results: Significant decreases between pre- and post-measurements were found for WC (p<0.001), BMI (p=0.015), and WHR (p<0.001). Improvements were observed in the following tests: chair stand (p<0.001), arm curl (p<0.001), 2-min step (p<0.001), chair sit-&-reach (p=0.018) and back scratch (p=0.014). Regarding BMI, significant changes were observed between normal weight vs. overweight participants (p=0.001) and between normal weight vs. obese participants (p=0.001). Conclusion: Older adult participants that regularly attended the physical activity program were able to reduce their WC, BMI and WHR, and also improved their physical-functional performance on the chair stand, arm curl, 2-min step, chair sit-&-reach and back scratch tests. In addition, anthropometric parameters and physical fitness also improved regardless of their baseline nutritional status.  

Aβ40 is associated with cognitive function, body fat and physical fitness in healthy older adults

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tricia M. Leahey ◽  
Taryn A. Myers ◽  
John Gunstad ◽  
Ellen Glickman ◽  
Mary Beth Spitznagel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Healthy Older Adults

scholarly journals Keep Up the Pace: Declines in Simple Repetitive Timing Differentiate Healthy Aging from the Earliest Stages of Alzheimer's Disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1052-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley S. Bangert ◽  
David A. Balota
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Performance Variability ◽  
Timing Task

AbstractThe current study examined whether healthy older adults (OA) and individuals at the earliest stages of dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) differ from younger adults (YA) and from each other on a simple, extended continuous tapping task using intervals (500 ms, 1000 ms, and 1500 ms) thought to differentially engage attentional control systems. OA groups sped up their tapping at the slowest target rate compared to the YA; this pattern was magnified in the early stage DAT groups. Performance variability appeared especially sensitive to DAT-related changes, as reliable differences between healthy OA and very mild DAT individuals emerged for multiple tap rates. These differences are proposed to result from breakdowns in attentional control that disrupt error-correction processes and the ability to resolve discrepancies between internally-generated temporal expectancies and the external temporal demands of the repetitive timing task. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–12)

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