Prevention of Intra-Abdominal Adhesions Using the Combination of Mediclore® and a Statin

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jesung Park ◽  
Hyun Kang ◽  
Yoo Shin Choi ◽  
Suk-Won Suh ◽  
Soon Auck Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Adhesion Formation ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fibrosis Score ◽  
Abdominal Adhesions ◽  
Group Assignment ◽  
Control Group Group ◽  
Inflammation Score

<b><i>Purpose:</i></b> This study investigated the antiadhesive effects of Mediclore®, rosuvastatin, and a combination of Mediclore and rosuvastatin in a rat adhesion model. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The adhesion models (a total of 58 adult male rats) were divided into 4 groups. The control group (group C) received no special materials except for a saline. The experimental groups were treated with 5 mL of Mediclore (group M), rosuvastatin (group R), or rosuvastatin and Mediclore (group RM), and these materials were intraperitoneally placed under the incision. At postoperative day 14, the rats underwent re-laparotomy and adhesiolysis. Three investigators blinded to group assignment scored the extent of adhesion formation, the numbers of remote adhesions, and the extent of acute/chronic inflammation, fibrosis, edema, and congestion on resected specimens via histologic examination. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The macroscopic adhesion score in group RM (7.27 ± 3.51) was significantly lower than those in groups C (13.36 ± 2.24) and R (11.71 ± 1.98); group M (9.13 ± 4.09) had a significantly lower adhesion score than group C. The number of remote adhesions was significantly lower in groups R and RM than in group C. The acute inflammation score, chronic inflammation score, and fibrosis score in group RM; the acute inflammation score in group R; and the fibrosis score in group M were significantly lower than those in group C. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The intraperitoneal application of Mediclore and a combination of Mediclore and rosuvastatin effectively reduced postoperative adhesions.

scholarly journals COPAIBA OIL INFLUENCES VENTRAL HERNIA REPAIR WITH VICRYL® MESH?

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edson Yuzur YASOJIMA ◽  
Renan Kleber Costa TEIXEIRA ◽  
Abdallah de Paula HOUAT ◽  
Felipe Lobato da Silva COSTA ◽  
Vitor Nagai YAMAKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Surgical Repair ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Abdominal Adhesions ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Mesh Method ◽  
Copaiba Oil

Background: The use of meshes in hernia surgical repair promoted revolution in the surgical area; however, some difficulties had come, such as a large area of fibrosis, greater postoperative pain and risk of infection. The search for new substances that minimize these effects should be encouraged. Medicinal plants stand out due possible active ingredients that can act on these problems. Aim: To check the copaiba oil influence in the repair of abdominal defects in rats corrected with Vicryl(c) mesh. Method: Twenty-four Wistar rats were submitted to an abdominal defect and corrected with Vicryl(c) mesh. They were distributed into two groups: control and copaíba via gavage, administered for seven days after surgery. The analysis of the animals took place on 8, 15 and 22 postoperative days. It analyzed the amount of adhesions and microscopic analysis of the mesh. Results: There was no statistical difference regarding the amount of adhesions. All animals had signs of acute inflammation. In the control group, there were fewer macrophages in animals of the 8th compared to other days and greater amount of necrosis on day 8 than on day 22. In the copaiba group, the number of gigantocytes increased compared to the days analyzed. Conclusion: Copaiba oil showed an improvement in the inflammatory response accelerating its beginning; however, did not affect the amount of abdominal adhesions or collagen fibers.

scholarly journals Effect of Emodin on Preventing Postoperative Intra-Abdominal Adhesion Formation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangbing Wei ◽  
Yunhua Wu ◽  
Qi Gao ◽  
Cancan Zhou ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adhesion Formation ◽  
Major Complication ◽  
Chinese Herbs ◽  
Postoperative Adhesion ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Abdominal Adhesions ◽  
Abdominal Adhesion ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Oral Doses

Background. Postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions are a major complication after abdominal surgery. Although various methods have been used to prevent and treat adhesions, the effects have not been satisfactory. Emodin, a naturally occurring anthraquinone derivative and an active ingredient in traditional Chinese herbs, exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects. In our study, we demonstrated the effect of emodin treatment on preventing postoperative adhesion formation. Materials and Methods. A total of 48 rats were divided into six groups. Abdominal adhesions were created by abrasion of the cecum and its opposite abdominal wall. In the experimental groups, the rats were administered daily oral doses of emodin. On the seventh day after operation, the rats were euthanized, and blood and pathological specimens were collected. Abdominal adhesion formation was evaluated by necropsy, pathology, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses. Results. Abdominal adhesions were markedly reduced by emodin treatment. Compared with the control group, collagen deposition was reduced and the peritoneal mesothelial completeness rate was higher in the emodin-treated groups. Emodin had anti-inflammatory effects, reduced oxidative stress, and promoted the movement of the intestinal tract (P<0.05). Conclusion. Emodin significantly reduced intra-abdominal adhesion formation in a rat model.

scholarly journals The Preventive Effect of Dexmedetomidine Against Postoperative Intra-abdominal Adhesions in Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serdar Kuru ◽  
Osman Bahadir Bozkirli ◽  
Aziz Mutlu Barlas ◽  
Mehmet Esat Duymus ◽  
Mehmet Senes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Preventive Effect ◽  
Abdominal Adhesions ◽  
Histopathologic Evaluation ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Plasma Malondialdehyde ◽  
Pathologic Parameters

Abstract This study aimed to determine the possible preventive effects of dexmedetomidine on postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions. Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective and potent α2 adrenergic agonist with sedative, analgesic, anxiolytic, sympatholytic, hemodynamic, and diuretic properties. In recent years, investigations have shown that dexmedetomidine possesses secondary antioxidant and also anti-inflammatory effects. Thirty Wistar albino male rats were randomized and divided into 3 groups of 10 animals each: group 1, sham-operated; group 2, cecal abrasion + peritoneal dissection; group 3, cecal abrasion + peritoneal dissection followed by daily intravenous injection of 10 μg/kg dexmedetomidine for 10 days. The animals were killed on postoperative day 21. Blood and cecal samples were taken for biochemical and histopathologic evaluation. In this study, biochemical and pathologic parameters were significantly better in the cecal abrasion + peritoneal dissection + dexmedetomidine group when compared with the cecal abrasion + peritoneal dissection group. Tissue malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, total sulfhydryl, and catalase were found to be significantly different between the cecal abrasion/peritoneal dissection + dexmedetomidine and the cecal abrasion/peritoneal dissection groups. Plasma malondialdehyde and total sulfhydryl values were also statistically different between these groups (P &lt; 0.05). Statistical analyses of mean pathologic scores showed that the histopathologic damage in the cecal abrasion/peritoneal dissection + dexmedetomidine group was significantly less than the damage in the control group (P &lt; 0.05 for all pathologic parameters). The results of this study show that dexmedetomidine had a significant preventive effect on postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions. We concluded that these effects might be due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

scholarly journals Prevention of intra-abdominal adhesions by a hyaluronic acid gel; an experimental study in rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 088532822095418
Author(s):  
Sebastiaan van Steensel ◽  
Hong Liu ◽  
Timon FG Vercoulen ◽  
M’hamed Hadfoune ◽  
Stephanie O Breukink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Adhesion Formation ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Abdominal Adhesions ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Acid Gel ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid Gel

Background In 80% to 90% of the patients intra-abdominal adhesions occur after abdominal surgery, which can cause small-bowel obstruction, chronic abdominal pain, female infertility and difficulty during reoperation. A novel crosslinked hyaluronic acid gel is evaluated regarding its anti-adhesive capacities in an ischemic button model in rats. Method 51 adult, male Wistar rats from a registered breeder, received eight ischemic buttons each and were treated with hyaluronic acid gel (HA, HyaRegen©), hyaluronic acid carboxymethylcellulose (HA-CMC, Seprafilm©) or no anti-adhesive barrier. After 14 days, the animals were sacrificed and adhesions were scored macroscopically. The number of buttons and organs involved in adhesions were recorded. Per animal, one button with adhesions and one without adhesions was explanted for qPCR analysis. Mann-Whitney U, Fisher’s exact and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for data analysis. A p-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results Macroscopic evaluation of adhesion formation did not differ between the groups. The number of organs involved in adhesions in the HA gel group was significantly lower compared to HA-CMC (p = .041) and the control group (p = .012). A significantly, 1.36-fold higher clec10a (p = 0.25), 1.80-fold higher cd163 (p = 0.003) and 5.14-fold higher mmp1 expression (p = 0.028) was found in ischemic buttons with adhesions compared to buttons without adhesions. Conclusion HA gel application reduces the number of organs involved in adhesions in an ischemic button model, but no overall reduction in adhesion formation was encountered. Macrophage subtype 2 polarization and high mmp1 expression are associated with adhesion formation. Further investigation is needed in the exact pathophysiologic process of adhesion formation and the role of macrophage polarization.

scholarly journals A Randomized Controlled Trial of Thermo-Sensitive Sol–Gel Anti-Adhesion Agent after Gynecologic Surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 2261
Author(s):  
Young Im Kim ◽  
Maria Lee ◽  
Se Ik Kim ◽  
Aeran Seol ◽  
Eun Ji Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Adhesion Formation ◽  
Gynecologic Surgery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Abdominal Adhesions ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Slide Test ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

Postoperative abdominal adhesions can lead to several adverse consequences such as pelvic pain, bowel obstruction, and infertility. We aimed to explore the anti-adhesion efficacy and safety of a thermo-sensitive sol–gel agent in patients who receive abdominopelvic surgery for benign gynecologic disease. This study was a randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial of women undergoing benign gynecologic surgery between January 2017 and December 2017. The patients were randomly assigned to three groups with a 1:1:1 ratio: experimental group (received the thermo-sensitive sol–gel agent), control group (untreated), and comparator group (received 4% icodextrin). Patients were followed for 4 weeks postoperatively, and efficacy was evaluated by performing the visceral slide test to identify adhesion formation. In total, 183 patients were enrolled in the study, and 178 (97.3%) completed the trial. The incidence rate of abdominal adhesion formation was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (7.9% vs. 21.1%, p = 0.040); however, it was similar between the experimental and comparator groups (7.9% vs. 13.8%. p = 0.299). At 4 weeks, no differences in adhesion-related symptoms were observed between the experimental and control groups. Adverse events were mostly mild and did not differ significantly among the three groups (p = 0.375). In conclusion, use of a thermo-sensitive sol–gel agent was safe and effective to prevent abdominal adhesions after benign gynecologic surgeries.

scholarly journals The Short-Term Effect of Dried Plums on Inflammation and Indices of Bone Health in Osteopenic Men (P01-027-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli George ◽  
Neda Akhavan ◽  
Lauren Ormsbee ◽  
Joseph Munoz ◽  
Elizabeth Foley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Trabecular Bone Score ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Regular Consumption ◽  
One Year

Abstract Objectives Osteoporosis has significant public health importance for both women and men, where 54% of the U.S. population age 50 and older have low bone mineral density (BMD). Chronic inflammation alters bone remodeling, which is one contributor to bone loss; therefore, foods rich in antioxidants, such as dried plums (DP, Prunus domestica L.), are of great interest for preventing chronic inflammation. Previously, dietary intervention with DP has been shown to prevent orichidectomy-induced decreases in BMD, microstructure, and biomechanics in male rats; however, this has yet to be studied in a clinical setting in adult males. Methods One-hundred and sixty osteopenic men are being recruited from the greater Tallahassee, Florida area to examine the effects of DP on BMD, bone biomarkers, and inflammation after one year of regular consumption. The present analysis is of a subset of this population, documenting the effects of two doses of DP on biomarkers of inflammation and bone metabolism in men after three months of consumption. Twenty-seven men between the ages of 55 and 80 with moderate bone loss (T-score between −0.1 and −2.5 SD below the mean) were included. The men were randomized into one of three groups: 100 g DP, 50 g DP, or control group, with all three groups given a multivitamin containing 450 mg calcium and 800 IU vitamin D (Shaklee Corporation). Serum samples from the baseline and three-month time points were analyzed for C-reactive protein (CRP) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP). DXA scans of the lumbar vertebrae alongside TBS iNnsight® software were used to generate trabecular bone score (TBS). Results Three months of DP consumption was associated with numerical increases in BAP in both the 100 g (6.5%, P = 0.14) and 50 g (6.3%, P = 0.3) DP groups, numerical decreases in CRP in both the 100 g (−8.8%, P = 0.75) and 50 g (−8.5%, P = 0.71) DP groups, and minimal change in TBS in both the 100 g (0.37%, P = 0.71) and 50 g (−0.55%, P = 0.44) DP groups. Conclusions Regular consumption of either 100 g or 50 g DP for three months may contribute to increases in bone formation and decreases in inflammation, however not to an extent that affects bone quality. Three months of consumption may not be long enough to manifest changes in bone; therefore, further analysis of data after six months and one year of DP consumption in a larger number of men is warranted. Funding Sources USDA-NIFA, Shaklee Corporation, California Dried Plum Board.

Abstract 60: Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins Reduce the Quantity of Microglia in the Hippocampus After Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury in the Neonate

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriel Barrios-Anderson ◽  
Xiaodi Chen ◽  
Syed S Naqvi ◽  
Yow-Pin Lim ◽  
Barbara S Stonestreet
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Group Assignment ◽  
Carotid Ligation ◽  
Sham Control Group

Background: Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (IAIPs) are immunomodulatory proteins that act as anti-inflammatory agents in hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury. We have recently shown that administering IAIP after HI improves histopathological brain injury, and behavioral outcomes in neonatal rats. Microglia are glial cells that act as macrophages in the brain and are important constituents in the neuroinflammatory response. Objective: To determine the effect of IAIP treatment on microglial expression in specific brain regions of neonatal rats after HI brain related injury. Methods: The Vannucci model was used to induce neonatal HI brain injury. Postnatal day 7 rats were assigned to a non-ischemic sham-control group (Sham, n=11), a right carotid ligation and hypoxia exposed (8% oxygen for 90 min) placebo-treated group (IschPL, n=12), or a right carotid ligation and hypoxia IAIP-treated group (Isch-IAIP, n=12). The sex of the rats was recorded. IAIP (30 mg/kg) or PL was given intraperitoneally at 0, 24 and 48 h after HI. 72 h after HI, brains were collected, sectioned, and prepared for slides. We performed immunohistochemistry by staining with Iba-1 (selective for microglia) and DAPI. Stereological analyses were then performed with the StereoInvestigator 10.0 Fractionator probe without knowledge of group assignment to quantify microglia present in the whole hemisphere, cortex, corpus callosum, and hippocampus. Results: The number of Iba-1 positive microglial cells per area of tissue was lower in Sham than in the Isch-PL animals in the cortex, hippocampus, and hemisphere of female and in the hippocampus and corpus callosum of male rats (P <0.05). IAIP treatment appears to reduce the number of Iba-1 positive cells across all brain regions compared with the PL treated HI in the male but not female neonatal rats. Post hoc analysis showed that IAIP treatment significantly reduced the number of positive Iba-1 cells in the hippocampus of the male rats (P<0.01).

scholarly journals Synergistic Hepatoprotective Interaction between α-Tocopherol and Ascorbic Acid on Paracetamol Induced Liver Damage in Rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saidul Islam Khan ◽  
Mahmuda Begum ◽  
Rama Chowdhury ◽  
Md. Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Muhammad Asaduzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group I ◽  
Control Group Group

Background and objectives: The hepatoprotective activity of vitamin E and C is evident due to their ability of modulating the antioxidant pathway. In this study, we have evaluated the effects of &alpha;-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on paracetamol induced liver damage with offsetting various levels of drug treatment following an in vivo experimental protocol on Wistar albino male rats. Materials and Methods: The level of lipid peroxidation as well as histological examination of liver tissues were observed among 50 Wistar albino male rats to evaluate hepatoprotective effect of &alpha;-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on hepatocytes. The experiment was divided into 5 groups (10 rats in each group)- Basal control group (Group-I, with propylene glycol), Paracetamol treated control group (Group &ndash;II), &alpha;-tocopherol pretreated &amp; paracetamol treated group (Group &ndash;III), Ascorbic acid pretreated &amp; paracetamol treated group (Group &ndash;IV) and Ascorbic acid pretreated &amp; paracetamol treated group (Group &ndash;IV). Results: The mean (&plusmn; SD) Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration were significantly reduced in &alpha;-tocopherol pretreated and paracetamol treated group (P&lt;0.001), Ascorbic acid pretreated and paracetamol treated group (P&le;0.05) and combined &alpha;-tocopherol with ascorbic acid pretreated &amp; paracetamol treated group (P&lt;0.001). Statistically significant differences in histological findings of rat liver were observed in paracetamol treated control group (P&lt;0.001), ascorbic acid pretreated and paracetamol treated group (P&lt;0.001). The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was also significantly higher in paracetamol treated group (P&lt;0.001), &alpha;-tocopherol pretreated plus paracetamol treated group (P&le;0.05) and in ascorbic acid pretreated plus paracetamol treated group (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The combined pretreatment of &alpha;-tocopherol &amp; ascorbic acid have better hepatoprotective effects than &alpha;-tocopherol or ascorbic acid alone against paracetamol induced liver damage. The decrement of free radicals produced by vitamin E could be a better hepatoprotective antioxidant than vitamin C in paracetamol induced toxicity.

scholarly journals Biological Evaluation of Azetidine-2-One Derivatives of Ferulic Acid as Promising Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1401
Author(s):  
Maria Drăgan ◽  
Cătălina Daniela Stan ◽  
Andreea Teodora Iacob ◽  
Oana Maria Dragostin ◽  
Mihaela Boancă ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inflammation Model ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Derivatives Of

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo biological potential of new azetidine-2-one derivatives of ferulic acid (6a–f). First, the in vivo acute toxicity of azetidine-2-one derivatives of ferulic acid on Swiss white mice was investigated and, based on the obtained results, it can be stated that the studied derivatives belong to compounds with moderate toxicity. The in vivo anti-inflammatory potential of these derivatives was determined in a model of acute inflammation induced by carrageenan in rats and in a chronic inflammation model induced in rats using the granuloma test. In the acute inflammation model, all the studied compounds had a maximum anti-inflammatory effect 24 h after administration, which suggests that these compounds may be classified, from a pharmacokinetic point of view, in the category of long-acting compounds. The most active compound in the series was found to be compound 6b. In the case of the chronic inflammation model, it was observed that the studied compounds (6a–f) reduced the formation of granulation tissue compared to the control group, having an intense effect of inhibiting the proliferative component. The most important inhibitory effect of inhibiting the proliferative component was recorded for compound 6b. Additionally, the investigation of liver function was performed by determining the serum levels of liver enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and bilirubin (total and direct). The results showed that, in the series of azetidin-2-one derivatives, the liver enzymes concentration values were close to those recorded for the reference anti-inflammatories (diclofenac sodium and indomethacin) and slightly higher compared to the values for the healthy control group. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized and fragments of liver, lung, and kidney tissue were taken from all groups in the study. These were processed for histopathological examination, and we noticed no major changes in the groups treated with the azetidine 2-one derivatives of ferulic acid compared to the healthy groups.

Chronic immobilization stress induces anxiety-related behaviors and affects brain essential minerals in male rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zafer Sahin ◽  
Alpaslan Ozkurkculer ◽  
Omer Faruk Kalkan ◽  
Ahmet Ozkaya ◽  
Aynur Koc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immobilization Stress ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Center Area ◽  
Chronic Immobilization Stress

Abstract. Alterations of essential elements in the brain are associated with the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. It is known that chronic/overwhelming stress may cause some anxiety and/or depression. We aimed to investigate the effects of two different chronic immobilization stress protocols on anxiety-related behaviors and brain minerals. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups as follows ( n = 10/group): control, immobilization stress-1 (45 minutes daily for 7-day) and immobilization stress-2 (45 minutes twice a day for 7-day). Stress-related behaviors were evaluated by open field test and forced swimming test. In the immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups, percentage of time spent in the central area (6.38 ± 0.41% and 6.28 ± 1.03% respectively, p < 0.05) and rearing frequency (2.75 ± 0.41 and 3.85 ± 0.46, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) were lower, latency to center area (49.11 ± 5.87 s and 44.92 ± 8.04 s, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively), were higher than the control group (8.65 ± 0.49%, 5.37 ± 0.44 and 15.3 ± 3.32 s, respectively). In the immobilization stress-1 group, zinc (12.65 ± 0.1 ppm, p < 0.001), magnesium (170.4 ± 1.7 ppm, p < 0.005) and phosphate (2.76 ± 0.1 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were lower than the control group (13.87 ± 0.16 ppm, 179.31 ± 1.87 ppm and 3.11 ± 0.06 ppm, respectively). In the immobilization stress-2 group, magnesium (171.56 ± 1.87 ppm, p < 0.05), phosphate (2.44 ± 0.07 ppm, p < 0.001) levels were lower, and manganese (373.68 ± 5.76 ppb, p < 0.001) and copper (2.79 ± 0.15 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were higher than the control group (179.31 ± 1.87 ppm, 3.11 ± 0.06 ppm, 327.25 ± 8.35 ppb and 2.45 ± 0.05 ppm, respectively). Our results indicated that 7-day chronic immobilization stress increased anxiety-related behaviors in both stress groups. Zinc, magnesium, phosphate, copper and manganese levels were affected in the brain.

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