Empirical Research and Paranormal Beliefs: Going beyond the Epistemological Debate in Favour of the Individual

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
François P. Mathijsen
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mental Control ◽  
The Past ◽  
Paranormal Beliefs ◽  
Epistemological Debate ◽  
The Individual

A brief look at the empirical literature of the past ten years reveals the clear debate raging over the pertinence of paranormal study to the field of psychology. Each of the arguments put forward by sceptics and believers is the product of the epistemological context in which they find themselves. Each addresses a different issue, using different terminology and different scientific approaches. However, these studies do reveal certain personality traits among paranormal believers who use their paranormal beliefs to exercise mental control and organisation, to cope with and manage anxiety, while moderating this with a certain emotional intelligence. Anxiety could well be a common factor underlying all aspects of the personalities of paranormal believers. It seems necessary therefore to leave psychology out of any epistemological debate, in order to enable the study of how being a paranormal believer helps or hinders the individual and their relationships. Refocusing on the experiences of the individual may provide a consensus for future research in this field.

scholarly journals Human–Autonomy Teaming: A Review and Analysis of the Empirical Literature

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872082096086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas O’Neill ◽  
Nathan McNeese ◽  
Amy Barron ◽  
Beau Schelble
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Autonomous Agents ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Autonomous Agent ◽  
Research Environments ◽  
Human Autonomy ◽  
Agent Characteristics ◽  
Shared Objective

Objective We define human–autonomy teaming and offer a synthesis of the existing empirical research on the topic. Specifically, we identify the research environments, dependent variables, themes representing the key findings, and critical future research directions. Background Whereas a burgeoning literature on high-performance teamwork identifies the factors critical to success, much less is known about how human–autonomy teams (HATs) achieve success. Human–autonomy teamwork involves humans working interdependently toward a common goal along with autonomous agents. Autonomous agents involve a degree of self-government and self-directed behavior (agency), and autonomous agents take on a unique role or set of tasks and work interdependently with human team members to achieve a shared objective. Method We searched the literature on human–autonomy teaming. To meet our criteria for inclusion, the paper needed to involve empirical research and meet our definition of human–autonomy teaming. We found 76 articles that met our criteria for inclusion. Results We report on research environments and we find that the key independent variables involve autonomous agent characteristics, team composition, task characteristics, human individual differences, training, and communication. We identify themes for each of these and discuss the future research needs. Conclusion There are areas where research findings are clear and consistent, but there are many opportunities for future research. Particularly important will be research that identifies mechanisms linking team input to team output variables.

scholarly journals An Examination of the Empirical Literature: Gifted Education in the Australian Context

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Luburic ◽  
Jennifer L. Jolly
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
North American ◽  
Gifted Education ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Australian Context ◽  
Research Themes

Gifted education as a field of research in Australia is relatively young when compared with its North American counterparts. A reflection of how the field of gifted education has developed from 1983 to 2017 in this context allows for observations of previous research and current trends, and how these may influence future directions for the field. Empirical research published in peer-reviewed journals is one metric that can be used to undertake this reflection, including the individuals responsible for the research, the setting where the research is undertaken, and outlets where resulting findings are published, as well as the research themes that dominate research agendas. Longitudinally, these metrics are part of the narrative that construct Australian gifted education. Reflecting on how the field developed provides an understanding of how research and practice have evolved and what future research and innovations are possible.

Gendered Massacres: Examining the Effects of Cultural and Structural Gender Inequality on the Incidence of Mass Public Shootings

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 885-905
Author(s):  
Margaret Schmuhl ◽  
Joel A. Capellan
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mass Public ◽  
Gender Hierarchy

With nearly 97% of incidents within the past 40 years committed by men, mass public shootings are a gendered social problem. Yet, empirical research on this phenomenon largely neglects gender hierarchy and cultural factors as predictors, in favor of individual- and event-level characteristics. Despite calls from scholars to place masculinity and threats to patriarchal hegemony at the center of analyses, no empirical studies to our knowledge have examined the role of gender inequality in mass public shootings. The findings indicate that gender inequality, structural and ideological, are important predictors of mass public shootings and that future research should continue to investigate such violence from a gendered lens.

Progress and Perspectives in the Study of Political Selection

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 541-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Dal Bó ◽  
Frederico Finan
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Comparative Statics ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Political Class ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Selection ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Shed Light

We provide a model of self-selection by candidates in a probabilistic voting environment to shed light on the forces shaping the quality of politicians from both the supply and demand sides of politics. The model highlights the idea that the patterns of selection and the comparative statics of politician quality depend critically on how the costs of running for office vary for candidates with different qualities. The model offers predictions on how the quality of the political class will vary with key parameters pertaining to both the supply and demand for candidates. We use the model to frame a review of the empirical literature on political selection that has emerged over the past two decades. We contrast areas where significant progress has been made with others where important theoretical predictions remain untested or existing evidence does not allow a consensus, highlighting areas for future research.

scholarly journals Air quality changes and Grey relational analysis of pollutants exceeding standards during the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhong Ji ◽  
Runqi Chang
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Grey Relational Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Quality Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Relational Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Grey Relational

Abstract The COVID-19 has spread widely around the world, and the air quality during that period has changed significantly. On the contrary, air quality also can affect the development of the pandemic. Therefore, it is pretty necessary to study air quality changes during the pandemic. This paper achieves this goal by applying the Over-standard multiples method and Grey relational analysis to study the individual and overall change trends of pollutants in Wuhan during the same period in the past seven years. The result shows that the concentrations of SO2 and O3 increased affected by the pandemic but still meet the standard. However, the pandemic promoted a decrease in PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 concentrations, but it had just reached the standard or even exceeded the standard. This article discussed the feasibility of using Grey relational analysis to analyze pollutants exceeding the standard from an overall perspective and provided new ideas for future research.

Comorbidity of Depression and Conduct Disorder

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah M. Capaldi ◽  
Hyoun K. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Conduct Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gender Similarities ◽  
The Individual

Both depression and conduct disorders are relatively prevalent and are related to poor long-term outcomes. Despite being characterized by very different symptoms, it is well established that these two disorders co-occur at higher rates than expected by chance, resulting in poorer adjustment for the individual than would result from either problem alone. The termcomorbidityis usually reserved to refer to the association of diagnosed disorders, whereasco-occurrencerefers more broadly to the association of levels of symptoms of conduct problems and depression, which are usually calculated with means or possibly symptoms counts. In the past two decades, researchers have focused particularly on the following issues regarding the comorbidity of depression and conduct disorder: (1) possible causal associations of the two problem behaviors (i.e., do depressive disorders tend to onset after conduct disorders or vice versa); (2) theory regarding causes of the association (i.e., common versus unique risk factors for these two problem behaviors); (3) changes across development (i.e., with age); (4) risks from diagnosed disorders versus symptoms that do not reach diagnostic criteria; (5) outcomes or prognosis (e.g., are outcomes more severe for co-occurring problems than for either problem alone, are there distinct patterns of outcomes associated with co-occurring problems). Within each of these areas there is considerable interest in moderation of effects by gender or gender similarities and differences. This chapter reviews findings pertaining to these issues and presents suggestions for future research. In addition, assessment approaches and clinical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance: turning evolutionary principles into clinical reality

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan I Andersson ◽  
Nathalie Q Balaban ◽  
Fernando Baquero ◽  
Patrice Courvalin ◽  
Philippe Glaser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bacterial Physiology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Clinical Reality ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT Antibiotic resistance is one of the major challenges facing modern medicine worldwide. The past few decades have witnessed rapid progress in our understanding of the multiple factors that affect the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance at the population level and the level of the individual patient. However, the process of translating this progress into health policy and clinical practice has been slow. Here, we attempt to consolidate current knowledge about the evolution and ecology of antibiotic resistance into a roadmap for future research as well as clinical and environmental control of antibiotic resistance. At the population level, we examine emergence, transmission and dissemination of antibiotic resistance, and at the patient level, we examine adaptation involving bacterial physiology and host resilience. Finally, we describe new approaches and technologies for improving diagnosis and treatment and minimizing the spread of resistance.

scholarly journals The state of research on leader humor

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejun Tony Kong ◽  
Cecily D. Cooper ◽  
John J. Sosik
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
The Past ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
State Of Research

During the past two decades, the burgeoning literature on leader humor has documented various ways that humor enables leadership effectiveness. Yet there are problems of construct clarity and measurement associated with leader humor, as well as unanswered questions related to the theoretical frameworks and predictive value of leader humor. We provide a systematic review on leader humor, in which we address the issues of constructs—trait humor versus (behavioral) humor expression—and associated measures, discuss the main and emerging theoretical frameworks, assess the empirical literature via a meta-analysis and path analyses, and offer directions for future research. Our review not only offers theoretical insights for this research area, but also presents empirical gaps and opportunities through a quantitative summary.

scholarly journals Values dependence on generation identification

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 00108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Sivrikova ◽  
Tatyana Ptashko ◽  
Elena Chernikova ◽  
Artem Perebeynos
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Communication Problem ◽  
The People ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mathematical Data Processing

In the article the communication problem between generations is considered in terms of differences of values. The authors generalize the results of research on the problem solved worldwide and provide data of an empirical research of differences in values of the Soviet, Transitional and Post-Soviet generations. At the same time values of the people identifying themselves with different generations are compared. 132 persons (72 women and 60 men) participated in the questionnaire. Sch. Schwartz's questionnaire is applied to studying values of people. Jonckheere-Terpstra test is used for mathematical data processing. Researchers confirmed a hypothesis that the existing differences in values of generations consist in a more impressed orientation of the senior generation to traditions and social norms, and more impressed orientation of the younger generation to the power and receiving pleasure. Results of the research confirm the universal trends in distinctions to values of generations consisting in stronger orientation of younger generations to values expressing interests of the individual and senior generations to values expressing interests of the group. Limitations and future research directions, possible implications of these results are also discussed.

Enhancing Nursing Research With Children and Families Using a Developmental Science Perspective

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARGARET S. MILES ◽  
DIANE HOLDITCH-DAVIS
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nursing Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Developmental Science ◽  
Research With Children ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Key Aspects

Nursing scholarship on children and their families has increased rapidly over the past decades. This research focuses on infants, children, and adolescents and their families facing acute or chronic illness, as well as on promoting health and preventing disease in children. While the amount and scope of research in pediatric nursing has increased, the methods and theories used are diverse and are often not based on the most recent science in the broader fields of developmental research. Developmental science, which evolved over the past two decades into a new interdisciplinary framework for the study of human development, involves an integrated holistic, developmental, and systems-oriented perspective. According to this view, the individual functions and develops through dynamic and complex processes involving the integration of many systems within the individual, including mental, biological, and behavioral systems. In addition, individuals function and develop in a continuously ongoing, reciprocal process of interaction with their environment and, as such, have an influence on that environment. These nonlinear, dynamic processes demand complex conceptualizations and research designs if one is to truly understand human development, including health and illness. Key aspects of developmental science important in conceptualization, design, measurement, and data analysis are identified. By providing a framework for critiquing research and presenting recommendations for future research based on developmental science, we hope to move nursing research with children forward toward more developmentally sound knowledge of nursing practice.

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