Things That Don’t Talk Much and Things That Feel

Nuncius ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 632-659
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Neswald

Abstract This essay explores whether and how objects that seem pedestrian and anonymous can be made fruitful for material culture study. Using the example of late 20th-century blood glucose monitors for diabetes, it assesses the potential and limitations of common approaches to the study of material objects, when the object itself is unremarkable. It then turns to object- and experiment-oriented work in the history of science and seeks to integrate the concepts of tacit and embodied knowledge to formulate an approach to medical objects based on bodies and practices. Comparisons between monitors show how changes in their material configuration affected these practices and, by extension, changed the relationship between user and object. Finally, it looks to studies on the objects and practices of medicine and healthcare at the intersection of bodies and emotions and asks what insights they can provide for the study of modern medical devises.

Author(s):  
Oksana S. Rudova

The author of the article tried to trace the formation of the idea about the connection of the works of Vladimir Nabokov with Nikolai Gogol's tradition based on the material of the Russian émigréecritics’ works of and literary critics of the 20th—21st centuries. This process is considered as a progressive one, largely specified by the development of researching idea. The émigréecriticism saw the reason for the similarity these writers’ works in their similar aesthetics based on the relationship of the perception of the world and the human. In turn, literary studies of the late 20th century presented a new way of comparison, where Nabokov's prose is considered to be a complicated fiction on the whole, in which there is not only Nikolai Gogol's subtext, but also allusions to the other writers’ works, called "polygenetics". The author of the article offers a generalisation of methodological nature, indicating different types of literary links.


2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Carruthers ◽  
Stéphane Van Damme

This article provides a substantive discussion of the relevance of the history of archeology to the history of science. At the same time, the article introduces the papers contained in this special issue as exemplars of this relevance. To make its case, the article moves through various themes in the history of archeology that overlap with key issues in the history of science. The article discusses the role and tension of regimes of science in antiquarian and archeological practices, and also considers issues of scale and place, particularly in relation to the field. Additionally, the piece attends to issues of professionalization and the constitution of an archeological public, at the same time as discussing issues of empire, colonialism, and the circulation of knowledge. Meanwhile, enriching discussions within and beyond the history of science, the article discusses the history of archeology and its relationship with museums, collecting, and material culture and materiality. Finally, the piece discusses the relationship of the history of archeology with wider discussions about scientific ethics. In conclusion, the article questions whether we should speak of ‘the history of archeology’ at all.


2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Vladimir Shaidurov

The period between the 19th – early 20th century witnessed waves of actively forming Polish communities in Russia’s rural areas. A major factor that contributed to the process was the repressive policy by the Russian Empire towards those involved in the Polish national liberation and revolutionary movement. Large communities were founded in Siberia, the Volga region, Caucasus, and European North of Russia (Arkhangelsk). One of the largest communities emerged in Siberia. By the early 20th century, the Polonia in the region consisted of tens of thousands of people. The Polish population was engaged in Siberia’s economic life and was an important stakeholder in business. Among the most well-known Polish-Siberian entrepreneurs was Alfons Poklewski-Koziell who was called the “Vodka King of Siberia” by his contemporaries. Poles, who returned from Siberian exile and penal labor, left recollections of their staying in Siberia or notes on the region starting already from the middle of the 19th century. It was this literature that was the main source of information about the life of the Siberian full for a long time. Exile undoubtedly became a significant factor that was responsible for Russia’s negative image in the historical memory of Poles. This was reflected in publications based on the martyrological approach in the Polish historiography. Glorification of the struggle of Poles to restore their statehood was a central standpoint adopted not only in memoirs, but also in scientific studies that appeared the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The martyrological approach dominated the Polish historiography until 1970s. It was not until the late 20th century that serious scientific research started utilizing the civilizational approach, which broke the mold of the Polish historical science. This is currently a leading approach. This enables us to objectively reconstruct the history of the Siberian Polonia in the imperial period of the Russian history. The article is intended to analyze publications by Polish authors on the history of the Polish community in Siberia the 19th – early 20th century. It focuses on memoirs and research works, which had an impact on the reconstruction of the Siberian Polonia’s history. The paper is written using the retrospective, genetic, and comparative methods.re.


Virittäjä ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotta Aarikka

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan suomalaisen murteentutkimuksen historiaa suomen kielen alalla ilmestyneiden murteita käsittelevien väitöskirjojen lähdeluetteloiden avulla. Artikkelissa käsitellään dialektologian ja sosiolingvistiikan suhdetta sekä perustellaan sitä, miksi alueellisen vaihtelun tutkimushistoriaa on tarpeen tarkastella kokonaisuutena. Aineistona on 41 väitöskirjan lähdeluetteloista koostettu lähdetietokanta, jota analysoidaan tekijä-, nimike- ja julkaisuvuositietojen näkökulmasta.  Lähdetietokannan viitatuin sadasosa tekijöistä kattaa 27 tutkijaa, joihin on viitattu lähdetietokannassa 40–316 kertaa. Yhteensä tähän tekijäjoukkoon viitataan lähdetietokanta-aineistossa 2 672 kertaa. Yli 10 kertaa lähdeluetteloissa mainittuja tekijöitä on 150. Miesten tekemään tutkimukseen viitataan useammin kuin naisten ja kotimaisten tutkijoiden tekemään tutkimukseen useammin kuin ei-kotimaisten. Murteita käsittelevissä väitöskirjoissa ei viitata juuri lainkaan tutkimukseen, joka olisi kotimaisten ja ei-kotimaisten tutkijoiden yhteistyössä tekemää. Sekä tekijöiden sukupuolen että kotimaisuuden näkökulmasta on havaittavissa paitsi laaja väitöskirjakohtainen vaihtelu myös tendenssi kohti kansainvälistymistä ja naisten tasavertaisempaa edustusta tutkimusalalla. Aineiston kumulatiivinen luonne aiheuttaa vanhojen nimikkeiden painottumisen. Tämä näkyy esimerkiksi siitä, että uusimmat pelkän frekvenssin perusteella viitatuimmiksi määritetyt teokset ovat ilmestyneet vuonna 1966. Tätä vinoutumista voi tasapainottaa tarkastelemalla viitattujen nimikkeiden julkaisuvuoteen suhteutettua suhdelukua. Myös siten, että tarkasteluun ottaa nimikkeet, joihin on viitattu neljäsosassa väitöskirjoja (88 kpl), on joukko vähemmän homogeeninen. Julkaisuvuosien ja nimikkeiden jakautumista verrattaessa voi perustellusti todeta, että 1900-luvun loppupuoliskolla ilmestyneisiin nimikkeisiin viittaaminen on heterogeenisempää kuin vuosisadan alkupuoliskolla ilmestyneisiin. Tätä selittävät paitsi tutkimuksen monimuotoistuminen myös sen määrän kasvu. Lähdeluetteloiden tarkasteleminen tuo uuden näkökulman tutkimushistorian analysointiin. Se todentaa empiirisesti, keihin ja mihin tutkimuksiin tieteenalalla viitataan. Kvantitatiivisen luonteensa vuoksi näkökulma tarjoaa myös paljon lisäkysymyksiä laadulliselle jatkotutkimukselle.   Dialect study in the light of citations This article considers research history on dialects in Finland. It examines the relationship of dialectology and sociolinguistics in the study of dialects and explains why they must be understood as one continuous research history. The data used in this article comes from a citation database compiled from the bibliographies of 41 doctoral theses. In the citation database, 27 researchers comprise the most cited 1%; they have been cited between 40 and 316 times. The most cited 1% has been cited in the database a total of 2,672 times, while 150 individual researchers have been cited over 10 times. Men are cited more often than women, and Finnish researchers have been cited more frequently than non-Finnish ones. There are almost no citations to research that has been conducted jointly by a Finnish and non-Finnish researcher. The variation in citing women and non-Finnish researchers is great, and there is a tendency towards more international and equal citing. The cumulative nature of the data means that older research is over-represented. This can be deduced from the fact that the newest frequently cited research dates from 1966. This distortion can be balanced by creating and analysing a ratio based on the year in which individual works were published. Also, when looking at the research that has been cited in a quarter of all dissertations (88), the data becomes less homogenous. When analysing the amount of research published, it is justified to say that citing in the late 20th century is more heterogeneous than it was at the beginning of the century. The diversification and increased volume of research explains this change.  The article demonstrates how a quantitative perspective, based on citations, can enhance our understanding of research history. It verifies with empirical data whom and which research has been cited over the years. Finally, the article concludes what kinds of questions concerning research history arise and can still be answered by further investigating the citation database.  


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020(41) (3) ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
Stanisław T. Zarzycki

This article synthetically deals with the relationship between theology and Christian spirituality. In the history of this relationship three periods are distinguished: 1. Original unity covering biblical times, patristics and medieval monastic theology; 2. Separation at the end of scholasticism (13th century), when theology, under the influence of philosophy, became too rationalistic, abstract and detached from life and as such persisted until the 20th century; 3. Reconciliation and gradual restoration and strengthening of unity and cooperation between theology and spirituality (theology of spirituality), starting from biblical and theological renewal before the Second Vatican Council until today. The full realization of this unity takes place in the lives of the Saints.


2009 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciska Raventós Vorst

RESUMEN: Este artículo analiza el proceso de cambio político que se inició en Costa Rica en 1998 y que aún no concluye, ubicándolo en el contexto de la historia política de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Revisa luego las explicaciones que se han dado para el brusco quiebre en el comportamiento electoral de 1998, analiza la relación entre abstención y declive de los dos partidos tradicionales en el período 1998-2006 y se detiene a estudiar algunos rasgos del comportamiento electoral de los ciudadanos en el 2006. Concluye planteando una interpretación preliminar sobre el momento político en que se encuentra el país.ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the process of ongoing political change that has taken place in Costa Rica since 1998. It is analyzed in the context of the political history of the second half of the 20th century. This article reviews the explanations of the sudden shift in electoral behaviour in 1998, analyzes the relationship between electoral abstention and the decline of the two traditional parties between 1998 and 2006, and it studies some characteristics of voting behaviour in 2006. The paper concludes with a preliminary interpretation of the current political situation.


2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fleur Kemmers ◽  
Nanouschka Myrberg

AbstractThis paper sets out to re-member coins into archaeological discourse. It is argued that coins, as part of material culture, need to be examined within the theoretical framework of historical archaeology and material-culture studies. Through several case studies we demonstrate how coins, through their integration of text, image and existence as material objects, offer profound insights not only into matters of economy and the ‘big history’ of issuers and state organization but also into ‘small histories’, cultural values and the agency of humans and objects. In the formative period of archaeology in the 19th century the study of coins played an important role in the development of new methods and concepts. Today, numismatics is viewed as a field apart. The mutual benefits of our approach to the fields of archaeology and numismatics highlight the need for a new and constructive dialogue between the disciplines.


2021 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
MIHAIL KISELEV

The article provides information on the report of F. V. Kiparisov, kept in the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences, "The Subject and Method of Archeology" and discussions on the report at the meeting of the Institute of History of the Communist Academy, dated November 29, 1931. The aim of the work was to introduce an unpublished archival source into scientific circulation on the history of archeology. As a result of studying the document, some conclusions can be drawn: the main advantage of the scientific work of F. V. Kiparisov, in our opinion, is an attempt to determine the place of archeology in historical science as an auxiliary scientific discipline. The scientist assigned a special place to material sources in the study of thehistorical development of society. At the same time, the report did not touch upon the questions of the methods of archeology, stated in the title of the speech. As for the relationship of archeology with the history of material culture, the differences between them were not convincing enough by the speaker. During the discussion on the report, scientists of the Institute of History criticized the position of the speaker both on issues of archeology and on the history of material cultures. The information provided will expand the source base on the history of archeology and can be used for research and educational purposes.


2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONATHAN R. TOPHAM

The expanding interest in book history over recent years has heralded the coming together of an interdisciplinary research community drawing scholars from a variety of literary, historical and cultural studies. Moreover, with a growing body of literature, the field is becoming increasingly visible on a wider scale, not least through the existence of the Society for the History of Authorship, Readership and Publishing (SHARP), with its newly founded journal Book History. Within the history of science, however, there remains not a little scepticism concerning the practical value of such an approach. It is often dismissed as an intellectual fad or as an enterprise which is illuminating but ultimately peripheral, rather than being valued as an approach which can offer major new insights within the field. This is no doubt in part because much of the most innovative work in history of science over recent years has been carried out by historians anxious to get away from an earlier overemphasis on printed sources. Eager to correct a profoundly unsocial history of ideas, usually rooted in texts, historians have looked increasingly to both the practices and the material culture of science. In such a context, a renewed focus on the history of books sometimes seems like a retrograde step, especially given the common misidentification of ‘books’ with ‘texts’. On the contrary, however, it is just such a twin emphasis on practices and material culture which also characterizes the new book history. Indeed, to the question ‘what is book history for?’ we might answer that its object is to reintroduce social actors, engaged in a variety of practices with respect to material objects, into a history in which books have too often been understood merely as disembodied texts, the meaning of which is defined by singular, uniquely creative authors, and is transparent to readers.


Author(s):  
Staffan Müller-Wille

This article explores what both historians of medicine and historians of science could gain from a stronger entanglement of their respective research agendas. It first gives a cursory outline of the history of the relationship between science and medicine since the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century. Medicine can very well be seen as a domain that was highly productive of scientific knowledge, yet in ways that do not fit very well with the historiographic framework that dominated the history of science. Furthermore, the article discusses two alternative historiographical approaches that offer ways of thinking about the growth of knowledge that fit well with the cumulative and translational patterns that characterize the development of the medical sciences, and also provide an understanding of concepts such as ‘health’ and ‘life’.


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