Juvenile and mature wood characteristics of short and long rotation teak in Java

IAWA Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayan Darmawan ◽  
Dodi Nandika ◽  
Rita Kartika Sari ◽  
Annisah Sitompul ◽  
Istie Rahayu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Length ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Teak Wood

Teak wood (Tectona grandis) as an important forest resource in Indonesia has been processed to wood furniture in large quantities to fulfill an increasing need of both local and international consumers. To satisfy the increasing demand for wood products, teak wood has been supplied from the State forests (Perhutani) and Community teak plantations. Community teak has been harvested at shorter age rotations (7–10 years) than Perhutani teak (40–60 years). This paper discusses the occurrence and characteristics of juvenile wood in Perhutani and Community teak based on density, shrinkage, bending strength (modulus of rupture - MOR, modulus of elasticity - MOE), fiber length, and microfibril angle (MFA). A segmented modeling approach was used to find the juvenile mature transition. Fiber length and MFA appear to be good anatomical indicators of radial increment demarcation between juvenile and mature wood, although maturation radial increment varies slightly between the fiber length and MFA. The use of radial increment density, shrinkage, MOR, and MOE were not appropriate, because of low coefficients of determination and a large range of radial increment for transition from juvenile to mature wood. The maturations were estimated to start at radial increments 10 and 14 cm from the pith by fiber length, and 11 and 15 cm from the pith by MFA for Perhutani and Community teak, respectively. The projected figures for the proportion of juvenile wood at breast height for Perhutani and Community teak were 65% and 100%, respectively. The results also indicate that short-rotation Community teak was not remarkably inferior in shrinkage, MOE and MOR compared to Perhutani teak, although it was less dense, less attractive and less durable due to lower heartwood content. Therefore, careful attention should be given to the use of the Community teak in some wood-processing technologies.

scholarly journals Influence of juvenile and mature wood on anatomical and chemical properties of early and late wood from Chinese fir plantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Changqing Lu ◽  
Jun Wu ◽  
Qianqian Jiang ◽  
Yamei Liu ◽  
Liang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Late Wood ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractThe proportion of juvenile wood affects the utilization of wood seriously, and the transition year of juvenile wood (JW) and mature wood (MW) plays a decisive role in the rotation and the modification of wood. To find out the demarcation of JW and MW, the tracheid length (TL) and microfibril angle (MFA) of early wood (EW) and late wood (LW) from four Chinese fir clones were measured by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Then the data were analyzed by the k-means clustering method. The correlation and the differences among wood properties between JW and MW were compared. Results indicated that the LW showed better properties than that of EW, but the anatomical differences between EW and LW did not influence the demarcation of JW and MW. The cluster analysis of TL and MFA showed that the transition year was in the 16th year and the transition zone of EW and LW was different among clones. The MW has longer and wider tracheid, thicker cell walls, and smaller MFA. In terms of chemistry, MW had a higher content of holocellulose, α-cellulose, less content of extract, but no significant difference in lignin content compared with JW. The stabilization of chemical components was earlier than that of the anatomic properties. Correlation analysis showed that there were strong correlations between the chemical composition and anatomical characteristics in JW and MW. In general, compared with chemical components, anatomical indicators were more suitable for JW and MW demarcation. The differences and correlations between JW and MW properties provide a theoretical basis for wood rotation and planting.

scholarly journals Genetic control of transition from juvenile to mature wood with respect to microfibril angle in Norway spruce (Picea abies) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1358-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haleh Hayatgheibi ◽  
Nils Erik Gustaf Forsberg ◽  
Sven-Olof Lundqvist ◽  
Tommy Mörling ◽  
Ewa J. Mellerowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Narrow Sense Heritability

Genetic control of microfibril angle (MFA) transition from juvenile wood to mature wood was evaluated in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon). Increment cores were collected at breast height (1.3 m) from 5664 trees in two 21-year-old Norway spruce progeny trials in southern Sweden and from 823 trees in two lodgepole pine progeny trials, aged 34–35 years, in northern Sweden. Radial variations in MFA from pith to bark were measured for each core using SilviScan. To estimate MFA transition from juvenile wood to mature wood, a threshold level of MFA 20° was considered, and six different regression functions were fitted to the MFA profile of each tree after exclusion of outliers, following three steps. The narrow-sense heritability estimates (h2) obtained for MFA transition were highest based on the slope function, ranging from 0.21 to 0.23 for Norway spruce and from 0.34 to 0.53 for lodgepole pine, while h2 were mostly non-significant based on the logistic function, under all exclusion methods. Results of this study indicate that it is possible to select for an earlier MFA transition from juvenile wood to mature wood in Norway spruce and lodgepole pine selective breeding programs, as the genetic gains (ΔG) obtained in direct selection of this trait were very high in both species.

Determining factor of xylem maturation in Eucalyptus grandis planted in different latitudes and climatic divisions of South America: a view based on fiber length

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1971-1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miho Kojima ◽  
Fabio Minoru Yamaji ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Masato Yoshida ◽  
Kouichiro Saegusa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
South America ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Lateral Growth ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Cambial Age ◽  
Determining Factor

The objective of this study was to determine the factor of xylem maturation in Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maid. planted in four different latitudes and climatic divisions of South America, based on the pattern of the radial distribution of fiber length. In the plantation closest to the equator, the extent of juvenile wood is determined by distance from the pith and is consistent from tree to tree, regardless of growth rate. In contrast, in the plantation farthest from the equator, xylem maturation is controlled by cambial age and varies from tree to tree, depending on growth rate. To produce as much mature wood as early as possible in E. grandis planted closer to the equator, lateral growth should be accelerated from the early growing stage, because the formation of mature wood starts after a certain trunk diameter is reached. Conversely, in plantations far from the equator, it is necessary to first arrest lateral growth at an early growth stage and then accelerate lateral growth after a certain cambium age is reached.

Ultrastructural aspects of fibre development during the stone groundwood process: New insights into derived pulp properties

Holzforschung ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 532-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Fernando ◽  
Peter Rosenberg ◽  
Erik Persson ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Thermomechanical Pulp ◽  
Fibre Development ◽  
Fibre Fraction

Abstract A study was performed on stone groundwood (SGW) pulps produced on a pilot scale. The behaviour of selected juvenile and mature Norway spruce wood samples was investigated. As revealed by standard tests, sheets formed from juvenile wood showed improved light scattering properties, improved tear and tensile strength, and higher sheet density compared to those formed from mature wood. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the differences are likely related to the manner of fibre processing and development at the ultrastructural level. Mature wood fibres showed greater fibre end breakage, a smaller long-fibre fraction, enhanced S1 fibrillation and frequently open fibres. In contrast, juvenile fibres had a 14% higher long-fibre fraction and showed typical S2 fibrillation. Fibre development of juvenile wood showed fibrillation features similar to those previously reported for thermomechanical pulp fibres. In both cases, the structural hierarchy of the wood fibre cell wall and the microfibril angle of S2 and S1 layers govern cell-wall splitting and fibrillation progression. The superior quality of the fibre furnish prepared from juvenile fibres compared to mature fibres with SGW pulping may offer an alternative process for more effective utilisation of raw materials such as top logs rich in juvenile wood.

scholarly journals VARIATION OF MICROFIBRIL ANGLE OF Pinus radiata D. Don IN RELATION TO TREE SPACING IN CHILEAN PLANTATIONS

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Alteyrac
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

ABSTRACTFour stands of 28-year-old radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) grown in the eighth region (Biobio) of Chile were sampled to determine the effect of tree spacing on the microfibril angle. The samples were taken at two different stem levels of the tree, 2.5 m and 7.5 m, with increment strip taken in the Nothern direction. The four experimental stands were characterized by the following spacing 2x2, 2x3, 3x4 and 4x4. The microfibril angle was measured by X-ray diffraction with the SilviScan technology at the FP-Innovation-Paprican Division in Vancouver, Canada. The results showed a significant effect of tree spacing on the microfibril angle in both juvenile wood and mature wood as well as at the two stem levels considered. The minimum (9.42º) was reached in 2x2 stand at 7.5 m in mature wood, while maximum microfibril angle (24.54º) was obtained in 2x3 stand at 2.5 m in juvenile wood. Regarding the effect of tree spacing, 4x4 stand had the lowest microfibril angle,except in mature wood at 7.5 m where 4x4 had the highest microfibril angle (11°) of the four stands.

An inventory of innovative technology use in North American processing of wood structural panels and softwood lumber

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1629-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Cohen ◽  
Steven A. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Technology Use ◽  
Oriented Strand Board ◽  
Science Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Softwood Lumber ◽  
Intensity Index ◽  
Wood Processing

During 1988, wood products firms responsible for over one-third of the structural panel production and two-thirds of the softwood lumber in Canada and the United States were surveyed to produce an inventory of new processing technologies adopted for each of these wood products segments. Included in structural panels were softwood plywood and nonveneered panels (oriented strand board and waferboard). Technology usage, for each segment, was evaluated by a use intensity index, which measured the proportion of 1987 production that used each surveyed technology. Use intensity ranged from less than 1% to more than 90% for different technologies surveyed. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to investigate which technologies were most compatible with each other and what underlying qualities linked different technologies together. Knowledge of these changes in wood processing can be advantageous in developing different directions for forest and wood science research. In addition, this inventory is a useful tool to explore areas for technological innovation in the processing of the forest resource.

scholarly journals Anatomical Features and Its Radial Variations among Different Catalpa bungei Clones

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 824
Author(s):  
Yamei Liu ◽  
Liang Zhou ◽  
Yingqi Zhu ◽  
Shengquan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Length ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Gansu Province ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Fiber Wall ◽  
Cambial Age ◽  
Catalpa Bungei

Research highlights: Annual wood anatomy (xylem) aids our understanding of mature wood formation and the growth strategies of trees. Background and Objectives: Catalpa bungei is an important native species in China that produces excellent quality wood. Herein, we clarified the effects of the genetic origin and cambial age on the anatomical characteristics of C. bungei wood. Materials and Methods: Six new 13-year-old C. bungei clones: ‘1-1’ (n trees = 3), ‘1-3’ (n trees = 3), ‘2-7’ (n trees = 3), ‘2-8’ (n trees = 3), ‘8-1’ (n trees = 4), and ‘9-1’ (n trees = 3) were removed for study from a plantation in Tianshui City, Gansu province, China. Xylem features were observed and the anatomical variables were manually measured via image analysis on (macro- micro-, and ultra-) features cut from radial increments of earlywood and latewood sampled at breast height. Results: Between the age of 1 and 2 years, wood was diffuse-porous; between the age of 3 and 9 years, wood was semi-ring-porous; and between the age of 10 and 13 years, wood was ring-porous. The effect of clones on anatomical characteristics was significant except for the microfibril angle in latewood and ring width. The transition between juvenile and mature wood was between 7 and 8 years based on patterns of radial variation in fiber length (earlywood) and microfibril angle. From the pith to the bark, fiber length, double wall thickness, fiber wall: lumen ratio, vessel diameter in earlywood, proportion of vessel in earlywood, and axial parenchyma in latewood increased significantly, whereas ring width, earlywood vessels, and the proportion of fiber decreased significantly. In addition, other features, such as vessel length, microfibril angle, and ray proportion, did not differ significantly from the pith to the bark. Conclusions: Breeding program must consider both clone and cambial age to improve the economic profitability of wood production.

Revisiting the transition between juvenile and mature wood: a comparison of fibre length, microfibril angle and relative wood density in lodgepole pine

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn D. Mansfield ◽  
Roberta Parish ◽  
C. Mario Di Lucca ◽  
James Goudie ◽  
Kyu-Young Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Fibre Traits

AbstractIn an attempt to examine the dynamic inter-relationship among wood density and fibre traits [tracheid length and microfibril angle (MFA)] in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), 60 trees were sampled in three age classes from four sites in central British Columbia. Breast height discs were taken and relative wood density was measured along two radii. Tracheid length was assessed on isolated 5-year increments from pith to bark at breast height for each tree. MFA was determined every 50 μm and the 5-mm composite intervals from pith to bark per disc at breast height were used in the analysis. Segmented regression was employed to identify the “juvenile to mature wood” transition point, which revealed transition ages of 31, 18 and 15 for wood density, fibre length and MFA, respectively. These traits were related to primary growth, expressed as area increment, ring width, percent earlywood and height increment during the juvenile wood phase. Comparisons of wood and fibre traits showed a higher congruence between the time of transitions for fibre length and MFA (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.52) than that between fibre length and wood density (0.07), and MFA and wood density (0.16). The cessation of early rapid radial increment growth terminated before wood and fibre transitions to mature wood occurred. Fibre length was significantly, but not strongly, related to ring width and percent earlywood (0.35 for both). The duration of juvenile fibre production was not significantly related to height growth.

Assessing the wood quality of interior spruce (Picea glauca × P. engelmannii): variation in strength, relative density, microfibril angle, and fiber length

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn D. Mansfield ◽  
Roberta Parish ◽  
Peter K. Ott ◽  
James F. Hart ◽  
James W. Goudie
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
Wood Strength

Abstract A dynamic interrelationship exists among wood density and fiber traits (tracheid length and microfibril angel, MFA) and the ultimate wood strength properties. Moreover, many of the basic fundamental wood attributes are heavily influenced by crown size and architecture. In an attempt to examine this interplay, we thoroughly characterized 60 interior spruce (Picea glauca × P. engelmannii) trees sampled in three age classes from four sites in central British Columbia. Breast height discs were taken, and relative wood density was measured along two radii. Tracheid length was assessed on isolated 5 years increments from pith to bark at breast height for each tree, as was MFA. Segmented regression was used to identify the “juvenile to mature wood” transition point, which revealed transition ages of 9.4 and 15.1 years for wood density and MFA, respectively, while fiber length continued to elongate until near 60 years of age. The flexural properties, modulus of elasticity (MoE) and modulus of rupture (MoR), were also quantified in the 60 individuals and found to be best predicted by VFV, a measure of tree vigor, and not the basic wood attributes. These findings imply that long crowns carrying large amounts of foliage, VFV, negatively impact wood strength in interior spruce.

scholarly journals SIFAT FISIKA DAN MEKANIKA PAPAN SEMEN DARI SERAT KULIT BATANG SAGU (Metroxylon Sp)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peterson Peterson ◽  
M Dirhamsyah ◽  
Nurhaida Nurhaida
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Cement Board

The research aims to examine the physical and mechanical properties of cement board from sago fiber waste (Metroxylon Sp) based on cement size and composition and determine the best ratio of cement and sago fiber (Metroxylon sp) and meet the standards of JIS A 5417: 1992. The study was conducted at the Laboratorium WoodWorkshop, Wood Processing, Wood Technology and PT. Duta Pertiwi Nusantara Pontianak. The method used was an experimental method in a factorial Randomized Complete Design factorial experiment of 2 x 3 with 3 replications and a total of 18 experiments. The factors used in sago fiber length (Factor A) and fiber (Factor B).  The tests include physical properties and mechanical properties with a target density of 1 gr / cm³. The results showed that the average value of the physical properties of the cement board included density 0.9713 gr / cm³ - 1.2246 gr / cm³, moisture content 3.5054% - 3.9448%, water absorption 0.9746 % - 1.1318% and thick Development 0.8649% - 0.9892%. The mean mechanical properties of cement board include MOE 10,564,6646 kg / cm² - 35,475,7865 kg / cm² and MOR 7,5797 kg / cm² - 25,8554 kg / cm². The best research is in treatment (a1b2) with a ratio of cement and fiber (80:20) with a length of sago fiber 2 cm and meets the standards of JIS A 5417: 1992 with the of 23, with a physical property density value of 1.2198 gr / cm³, water content is 3.7401%, water absorption is 0.9944%, and thickness development is 0.9048%. The mechanical properties value of Modulus of Elasticity is 28439.1825 kg / cm² and Modulus of Rupture is 25.8554 kg / cm².Keyword:   Cement Comparison,  Fiber Length, Sago Fiber, Physical and Mechanical Propertie

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