scholarly journals Les implications scientifiques et industrielles du succès de la Stovaïne®. Ernest Fourneau (1872–1949) et la chimie des médicaments en France

Gesnerus ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 24-53
Author(s):  
Christine Debue-Barazer
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Pharmaceutical Chemistry ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Pasteur Institute ◽  
Know How ◽  
International Reputation ◽  
Comparable Activity ◽  
Structure And Activity

The synthetic local anaesthetic Stovaïne® was commercialised in France in 1904. Its inventor, Ernest Fourneau, began his career as a pharmaceutical chemist in organic chemistry laboratories in Germany, where from 1899 to 1901 he discovered how basic research could benefit from the modern chemistry theories which had developed in Germany starting in the 1860s. Using the complex structure of cocaine, he invented an original molecule, with comparable activity, but less toxic. The knowledge and the know-how which he acquired in Germany nourished his reflection in the field of the chemistry of the relationships between structure and activity, and led him to the development of Stovaïne®. Emile Roux, Director of the Pasteur Institute in Paris,was interested in his work and invited him to head the first French therapeutic chemistry laboratory, in which research on medicinal chemistry was organised scientifically. The industrial development of new medicines resulting from the Pasteur Institute’s therapeutic chemistry laboratory was supported by the Etablissements Poulenc frères, France thus gaining international reputation in the domain of pharmaceutical chemistry.

THE GUNPOWDER AGE: CHINA, MILITARY INNOVATION, AND THE RISE OF THE WEST IN WORLD HISTORY

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-437
Author(s):  
Philip Hoffman ◽  
Ian Inkster ◽  
Stephen Morillo ◽  
David Parrott ◽  
Kenneth Pomeranz
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
World History ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Military Innovation ◽  
Know How ◽  
Military Revolution ◽  
Military Enterprise

Tonio Andrade'sThe Gunpowder Ageis a big book. It spans roughly 800 years, in both China and Europe. Its boldest claims concern China, but Andrade delves into European history as well, making it a challenge for any one scholar to assess his evidence and arguments. Because China specialists would want to know how historians specializing in European warfare and in Western science and technology evaluate Andrade's challenges to received wisdom, theJournal of Chinese History’s editor and editorial board invited historians outside the China field to contribute to a joint review. We succeeded in recruiting a distinguished panel, all of whom have written extensively on these issues: David Parrott, author of such books asThe Business of War: Military Enterprise and Military Revolution in Early Modern Europe; Philip Hoffman, author most recently ofWhy Did Europe Conquer the World?; Stephen Morillo, author ofWar in World History, among other books; and Ian Inkster, author ofScience and Technology in History: An Approach to Industrial Development, among other books. This introduction provides an overview of the discussion so far, and a few additional observations from a historian who has also tried his hand at Sino-European comparisons.

Transmitted Power in a Structure Using the Effective Mass Parameters

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Costin D. Untaroiu ◽  
Alexandrina Untaroiu ◽  
Matthew Wagner ◽  
Paul E. Allaire
Keyword(s):  
Power Flow ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Connected Components ◽  
Vibration Modes ◽  
Lumped Mass ◽  
Know How ◽  
Stiffness Matrices ◽  
Lumped Mass Method ◽  
Fixed Interface

To reduce the vibration levels in a complex structure, the designer often needs to know how the vibrations in one part of a structure are transmitted to other parts at each interface of the connected components. A lumped-mass method and component mode synthesis is used to evaluate the power flow for vibrations in low-frequency range. The model mass and stiffness matrices are portioned into substructures separated by the interfaces whose power flow should be evaluated. The vibration modes of the substructure are divided into constrained and fixed interface modes corresponding to the interface and interior degree of freedoms, respectively. The effective interface mass criterion is used to rank the most dynamic important modes at each interface. The most important modes are preserved in a reduced model for computing the power flow. A numerical example of a linear system is used to illustrate the application of the new technique.

Research on: Cell printer using light irradiation Coral reef regeneration & restoration using biomedical techniques

Impact ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
Masato Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Communication Channels ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Light Irradiation ◽  
University Faculty ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Know How ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Right

In research it can be hard to know how one discovery can be used in unrelated fields. This is why basic research and collaboration are such essential components of science. Without a constant well of ideas and knowledge to draw from and the necessary communication channels to pass on these ideas many advances simply would not be possible. These channels rely on institutions that encourage collaboration and place their researchers in positions to build networks and work together, but they also require the right individuals who are able to follow the trail of their work into new areas. These individuals, who are not afraid to try new things, work with new partners and jump through the doors that open throughout their careers are the backbones of large, multi-disciplinary research projects. Professor Masato Ueda, based at the Kansai University Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering is one such individual. Ueda is currently involved in two research projects; one developing a cell printer that relies on light irradiation and the second focused on exploring coral reef regeneration and restoration using biomedical techniques.

French Images of American Life

1982 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-274
Author(s):  
Lawrence Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
The Public ◽  
Know How ◽  
American Life

When we decided to study the image of American life that confronts French students in their schoolbooks our procedure seemed simple: The fifteen thousand textbooks available in the Musée Pédagogique on the rue d’Ulm in Paris contained the answer. However, we did not know how fortunate we were to be able to carry out our research. In the Fall of 1979 it was decided that facilities for computers were most important for the Institut national de recherche pédagogique, so they were installed in place of the books, which were packed away in boxes and stored in a warehouse, no longer available to the public. Sarella Henriquez had completed the basic research for our project just in time! This development explains why this report is based on all the schoolbooks published before the fatal date!

scholarly journals Les nouveaux pays industrialisés : Stratégies de développement industriel – le cas de la Corée du Sud et du Brésil

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-245
Author(s):  
Alain Albert ◽  
Maxime A. Crener
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
International Division ◽  
Newly Industrialized Countries ◽  
Know How ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Growth Prospects ◽  
Divergent Development

In the introductory remarks of this article the authors examine the birth of the newly industrialized countries and the emergence of a new international division of labor. After stressing the two modes of the industrial strategy followed by these countries, the authors look at two newly industrialized countries (Brazil and South Korea). These specific countries due to the interplay of both, objective factors (natural resources, location, manpower...) and policy choices have followed divergent development strategies. The authors conclude that it is not so much the classical policy dilemma import substitution vs expert promotion that will determine the future of these semi-industrialized countries, than their ability to master the technological know-how that sustains their industrial development. The new technological trends in robotics and telematics constitute powerful factors of relocation which may threaten the long run growth prospects of the semi-industrialized countries.

scholarly journals Reconstitution of Human Arp2/3 Complex Reveals Critical Roles of Individual Subunits in Complex Structure and Activity

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1041-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene Gournier ◽  
Erin D. Goley ◽  
Hanspeter Niederstrasser ◽  
Thong Trinh ◽  
Matthew D. Welch
Keyword(s):  
Complex Structure ◽  
Structure And Activity

scholarly journals RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR INDUSTRIAL SUSTAINABILITY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meltem Ezgi DURGUN ◽  
Evren ALGIN YAPAR ◽  
Mehmet KOCA
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Iso 14001 ◽  
Experimental Development ◽  
Industrial Sustainability ◽  
Development Technology ◽  
Review Reports

Industrial development and continuity, which are indispensable for countries, depend on sustainability, which can be defined as Permanent Capability. In the basic steps of industrial sustainability, there are social, economic, and environmental factors. ISO 14001, 14004, 14005, and26000 regarding sustainability are important standards in this field. Research & Development and Technology Transfer are among the main factors that foster industrial development and continuity. Research & Development has three basic steps; it includes basic research, applied research, and experimental development, and its most important output is innovation. The industrial application of innovation or its transfer is possible with Technology Transfer, and this systematic process consists of five steps: providing the most suitable technology source to determine the most suitable option, selecting the optimum technology, having the necessary equipment and license, transferring knowledge and experience, and ensuring maximum benefit. Training and measurements are required to manage the process and for the internalization of the transferred technology. In this context, this review provides a basic and brief view of Research & Development, Technology Transfer, and Sustainability concepts and interactions, which are critical for the pharmaceutical industry.                      Peer Review History: Received: 1 May 2021; Revised: 12 June; Accepted: 27 June, Available online: 15 July 2021 Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Govind Vyas, Compliance & Regulatory Officer Inva-Tech Pharmaceuticals LLC, New-Jersey, USA, [email protected] Dr. Mohammad Bayan,  Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O. Box: 1 Philadelphia University 19392 Jordan, [email protected]

scholarly journals Indication Géographique De L’huile De Palme De “Man’’ (District Des Montagnes-Côte d’Ivoire) : Une Analyse Comparative Des Propriétés PhysicoChimiques Et Profils En Acides Gras De Quelques Huiles De Palme Rouge Artisanales Ivoiriennes

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 373
Author(s):  
N’Goran David Vincent Kouakou ◽  
Kouakou Amos Kouassi ◽  
Cho Euphrasie Monique Angbo-Kouakou ◽  
Diane Yéléhi Ahongo ◽  
Pohé Jean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Geographical Indication ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
High Iodine ◽  
Know How ◽  
Local Product ◽  
International Reputation ◽  
Analyse Comparative ◽  
De Man

Artisanal crude palm oil (ACPO) of “Man’’ (District des Montagnes, Ivory Coast) enjoys a national and international reputation for quality among consumers. In order to record this local product as a geographical indication product, a study aimed to compare the physicochemical parameters and fatty acid profiles of some ACPO samples from the “Dura” variety collected in the districts of Lagunes, Sassandra-Marahoué, Bas-Sassandra and Montagnes, was conducted. It shows that the samples collected in the District des Montagnes have a low density (0.949±0.018 g/ml), a high iodine value (63.9±0.5 g of iodine/100 g of fat) and a low peroxide value (1.2±0.2 meqO 2 / kg of fat), a slightly high pH (3.1±0.3) than those in other districts. Furthermore, these samples exhibit the lowest levels of saturated fatty acid (34.8%). The principal component analysis performed on all parameters studied, shows that the samples are of ACPO from "Man" have a more uniform profile, a symbol of a common ancestral know-how and that its deserves a Geographical Indication

scholarly journals Development of a Procedure for Low-Temperature Testing of Wire Materials and Basic Research into the Behaviour of Materials in the Temperature Range of -50 to -80 °C

2017 ◽  
Vol 892 ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Korpala ◽  
Frank Hoffmann ◽  
Rudolf Kawalla
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Material Research ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Modern Material ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Innovative Materials ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The One

New technical applications and the ongoing infrastructural and industrial development of regions with extreme climatic conditions place ever greater demands on the properties of the materials used. On the one hand conventional materials can often meet such demands only to a limited extent whilst, on the other, a lack of experience means that sometimes no solid conclusions can be drawn regarding their suitability under extreme conditions. The examination of the influence of extreme environmental conditions on the behaviour of the material and the development of innovative materials with a tailored profile of properties is therefore one of the main tasks of modern material research as well as the material manufacturing and processing industry.

Give and Take

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitsan Chorev
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Know How ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Drug Manufacturing ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Impact

This book looks at local drug manufacturing in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, from the early 1980s to the present, to understand the impact of foreign aid on industrial development. While foreign aid has been attacked by critics as wasteful, counterproductive, or exploitative, this book makes a clear case for the effectiveness of what it terms “developmental foreign aid.” Against the backdrop of Africa’s pursuit of economic self-sufficiency, the battle against AIDS and malaria, and bitter negotiations over affordable drugs, the book offers an important corrective to popular views on foreign aid and development. It shows that when foreign aid has provided markets, monitoring, and mentoring, it has supported the emergence and upgrading of local production. In instances where donors were willing to procure local drugs, they created new markets that gave local entrepreneurs an incentive to produce new types of drugs. In turn, when donors enforced exacting standards as a condition to access those markets, they gave these producers an incentive to improve quality standards. And where technical know-how was not readily available and donors provided mentoring, local producers received the guidance necessary for improving production processes. Without losing sight of domestic political-economic conditions, historical legacies, and foreign aid’s own internal contradictions, the book presents new insights into the conditions under which foreign aid can be effective.

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