scholarly journals Classification of the Parts of Speech in Arabic

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Simona Olivieri
Keyword(s):  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
External Influences

Abstract In the Arabic linguistic tradition, the classification of the parts of speech (ism ‘noun’, fiʿl ‘verb’, ḥarf ‘particle’) is first introduced by Sībawayhi, who presents the three key elements in his Kitāb (I:1). The section at issue includes the presentation of the elements but does not provide much in terms of grammatical explanation. Nouns are in fact not introduced with their grammatical characteristics, but rather with examples: fa-l-ism: raǧul, wa-faras, wa-ḥāʾiṭ (“and the noun is ‘man’, and ‘horse’, and ‘wall’”) (Kitāb I:1). In addition to nouns, verbs and particles, Arabic grammar further recognized a number of other categories that are not considered as parts of speech but rather fall into the main three. This contribution aims to present relevant classifications of the parts of speech in the Greek and Arabic traditions, with the aim to account for possible external influences on the Arabic formulations, and foster further discussion on the development of the Arabic grammatical disciplines.

ABOUT THE PROBLEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF INFORMATICS STUDIED AT SECONDARY SCHOOL

2018 ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
S. I. Zenko
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Definition Of

The article raises the problem of classification of the concepts of computer science and informatics studied at secondary school. The efficiency of creation of techniques of training of pupils in these concepts depends on its solution. The author proposes to consider classifications of the concepts of school informatics from four positions: on the cross-subject basis, the content lines of the educational subject "Informatics", the logical and structural interrelations and interactions of the studied concepts, the etymology of foreign-language and translated words in the definition of the concepts of informatics. As a result of the first classification general and special concepts are allocated; the second classification — inter-content and intra-content concepts; the third classification — stable (steady), expanding, key and auxiliary concepts; the fourth classification — concepts-nouns, conceptsverbs, concepts-adjectives and concepts — combinations of parts of speech.

scholarly journals Achievements of the academic grammar school

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-29
Author(s):  
Kateryna Horodensʹka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Syntactic Theory ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Functional Syntax ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Ukrainian Society ◽  
Formation System

This study aims at investigating the development of grammatical theory at the Institute of the Ukrainian Language for the last 30 years. The paper summarizes achievements in grammar theory from applying the functional, i.e., semantic and grammatical, approach developed by I.R. Vykhovanetsʹ to differentiating units into word and nonword classes and distinguishing morphological categories of major word classes. This facilitated the establishment of the theoretical basis of functional and categorical morphology. The author analyses studies in formal grammatical, semantic, functional, categorical, deri vational, and anthropocentric syntax that attest to the multidimensional growth of a syntactic theory and main aspects of the Ukrainian word formation on the basis of semantic and categorical syntax and a formant- and stem-based derivatology. Some of the latest multi-pronged processes in word formation reflect dynamics of word formation rules, the replenishment of word formation resources, and the development of the word-formation system of Standard Ukrainian. The solving of a complex set of theoretical issues in the modern Ukrainian word-formation introduced the methodological foundations for the recent normative description of the word formation system of Standard Ukrainian. The article addresses issues in studies on applied grammar determined by the process of glo balization and democratization of the Ukrainian society and the needs of Modern Ukrainian language practice to be met. Particular importance is attached to the grammatical prescriptive norms in the professional use, the actualization of case forms appearing in the passive vocabulary, and the dynamics of morphological and syntactic norms in various functional and stylistic dimensions of Standard Ukrainian. Keywords: functional grammar, functional morphology, functional syntax, categorical grammar, categorical syntax, categorical word formation, classification of parts of speech, morphological categories.

Arte de hablar y pragmática

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-121
Author(s):  
Joaquín Mesa
Keyword(s):  
Truth Conditions ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Linguistic Sign ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Grammatical Theories

Summary This paper deals with the work of the Spanish polygraph Eduardo Benot (1822–1907) and aims at an explanation of some the basic concepts of his grammatical theories. In particular, Benot’s choice of concepts (system, sign, and illocutionary function) is discussed from a modern functional and pragmatic perspective without, however, erasing the linguistic tradition of philosophical and ideological thought that informed his argument. Benot perceives ‘system’ as relational, the opposite of a mere composite of elements. His focus on relationships remains salient throughout his works; for instance, the concept of case, his classification of parts of speech, the fact that the clause is understood as the nuclear grammatical unit are evidence of his approach. Moreover, his particular view of sign and illocutionary function are evidence of his understanding of language as a socially interactive device. Indeed, it is argued that ‘intention’ is at the bottom of his analysis of the linguistic sign: two human minds are required for the linguistic sign to be fully realized. Whereas the first one exhibits and expresses communicative and informative intention, the second understands it. The author finds an astonishing similarity between Benot’s theories and those of modern-day language philosophers like H. P. Grice and others and their concepts of ‘illocutionary function’ and ‘illocutive force’. This similarity, the author holds, is not merely one of terminology, but of the notions of truth conditions and illocutive force within a proposition which were were handled quite similarly by Benot several generations earlier.

DIALOG ACT CLASSIFICATION USING ACOUSTIC AND DISCOURSE INFORMATION OF MAPTASK DATA

2010 ◽  
Vol 09 (04) ◽  
pp. 289-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
FATEMA N. JULIA ◽  
KHAN M. IFTEKHARUDDIN ◽  
ATIQ U. ISLAM
Keyword(s):  
Classifier Fusion ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Average Precision ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Accuracy Rates ◽  
Better Than

Dialog act (DA) classification is useful to understand the intentions of a human speaker. An effective classification of DA can be exploited for realistic implementation of expert systems. In this work, we investigate DA classification using both acoustic and discourse information for HCRC MapTask data. We extract several different acoustic features and exploit these features using a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) network to classify acoustic information. For discourse feature extraction, we propose a novel parts-of-speech (POS) tagging technique that effectively reduces the dimensionality of discourse features. To classify discourse information, we exploit two classifiers such as a HMM and Support Vector Machine (SVM). We further obtain classifier fusion between HMM and SVM to improve discourse classification. Finally, we perform an efficient decision-level classifier fusion for both acoustic and discourse information to classify 12 different DAs in MapTask data. We obtain 65.2% and 55.4% DA classification rates using acoustic and discourse information, respectively. Furthermore, we obtain combined accuracy of 68.6% for DA classification using both acoustic and discourse information. These accuracy rates of DA classification are either comparable or better than previously reported results for the same data set. For average precision and recall, we obtain accuracy rates of 74.89% and 69.83%, respectively. Therefore, we obtain much better precision and recall rates for most of the classified DAs when compared to existing works on the same HCRC MapTask data set.

scholarly journals THEMATIC GROUPS OF ENGLISH TERMS OF THE SPECIALIZED LANGUAGE OF THE U. S. HIGHER EDUCATION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateryna Sheremeta
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
English Language ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Semantic Orientation ◽  
Specialized Language ◽  
Clear Differentiation ◽  
Terminology System

The article, based on a systematic approach, highlights the author's thematic groups of English-language terminological units of the specialized  language of higher education in the United States. An attempt has been made to comprehend on the scholarly basis the correlation between the concepts of “thematic group” and “lexical-semantic group”. It is noted that the thematic classification of lexical units, which is the most common way of combining words, is bgrounded on the internal connections of objects and phenomena of reality, and is determined by the subject-logical features and common functional purpose of these units. Thematic groups of one or another branch terminological system can contain several nuclear lexical-semantic groups, and their units are characterized by a clear differentiation of features. It is emphasized that in interpreting the concept of thematic group, modern linguistics aims to determine the ways and features of semantic development (extralinguistic aspects) not of individual words, but of groups of lexems that have one semantic orientation. A thematic group is a group of words that includes words selected and combined on the basis of common subject-logical connections, and these words are the same parts of speech; or words from other parts of speech, needed to reveal a common theme. In the process of systematic study of English terminology of the U. S. higher education at the conceptual level, the terms are distributed by the author in a certain order – built subject-matter classification, which results in combining terms into thematic groups. Thematic classification involves a clear, logically sound organization of terminological vocabulary. The classification of the terminology of American higher education is based on determining its content, establishing the scope of semantics of each term, its concept that is combined with other terminological units in a single terminology system of the U. S. higher education.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF PARSING METHODS FOR THE ANALISYS OF A NATURAL LANGUAGE SENTENCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.N SAK ◽  
◽  
E.V BESSONOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Machine Translation ◽  
Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Object Oriented Programming ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Translation Systems

When constructing machine translation systems, an important task is to represent data using graphs, where words act as vertices, and relations between words in a sentence act as edges. One of these tasks at the first stage of the analysis is the classification of words as parts of speech, and at the next stage of the analysis to determine the belonging of words to the sentence members’ classes. The article discusses methods of parsing both on the basis of rules determined in advance by means of traditional object-oriented programming, and on the basis of analysis by means of graph convolutional neural networks with their subsequent training. Online dictionaries act as a thesaurus.

scholarly journals Thematic classification of English abbreviations for language teaching organizations. Introduction

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Structural Type ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
The Common ◽  
Selection Of

The article analyzes the distribution of thematic subgroups (TSG) of English abbreviations within the thematic group (TG) "Names of language teaching organizations". Basing on the similar thematic classification studies of Ukrainian terminology, the authors found the lack of relevant research on English abbreviations, which, together with the need for their systematic thematic classification, allowed them to substantiate the relevance of the study, aimed to identify the said TSGs. The objectives involved the selection of the corpus, its analysis, as well as the formulation of conclusions and the prospects of further research. English terminology is a specific system based on the relevant conceptual features. It comprises a number of TGs, i.e. the sets of lexemes grouped together according to their extralinguistic properties. The criterion for defining a TG is a denotative feature reflecting the extralinguistic reality. The distribution of lexemes among the TGs is an important task of studying any terminological system. The corpus included 122 abbreviations selected from the original English-language sources. TSGs of English abbreviations within the said TG have varying degrees of complexity. The most sophisticated ones are the TSGs related to "Organizations directly involved in language teaching" (19%), "Government agencies" (14%) and some others. The proposed TSGs vary in their quantitative composition, structural type, parts of speech their full forms belong to, as well as the auxiliary words strategies. Some abbreviations are formally synonymic, though denoting different organizations. The analyzed TG includes ten TSGs, whose logic and clarity is provided for by the common conceptual features of their constituents, which are carriers of their thematic integrity. The said components are based on different term-formation models that constitute the prospect of further research.

scholarly journals Verbalization of Performative Units in English Texts of International Conventions: Morphological Aspect

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-121
Author(s):  
Milana Mosesova ◽  
Tatyana Shiryaeva
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Aspect ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Main Language ◽  
Empirical Material

The article presents the results of a study devoted to the analysis of the morphological features of the texts of international conventions operating within the English legal discourse. Close attention is paid to the characteristics of the main language means by which the aspect of performativity is actualized in legal context. The texts of international conventions relating to various special areas of the life of society comprise the material of the study. The analysis of empirical material has enabled the authors to identify the most frequent models of performative units in the texts of international conventions: 1) constructions with modal verbs; 2) constructions with infinitives; 3) adjectives / adverbs; 4) pronouns / prepositions (with semantics of default). The designated performative models are functionally aimed at the actualization of prohibition and prescription of certain actions. In addition, the authors describe the parts of speech classification of key linguistic units verbalizing the meaning of performativity in the analyzed legal documents. The database of performative units developed in the course of the study is of great importance. It contains 250 items, its fragment is presented in the article. The study can become the basis for further analysis of performative units in the context of their structural-semantic, lexical, grammatical features, as well as in lexicographical practice in compiling a bilingual legal dictionary, which includes, along with the actual legal terms, the professional vocabulary commonly used by communicants in legal sphere.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of English and Chinese Reading: Phonetics, Vocabulary and Grammar

2020 ◽  
pp. 255-281
Author(s):  
Alla Mykhailivna Bogush ◽  
Tetiana Mykhailivna Korolova ◽  
Oleksandra Volodymyrivna Popova
Keyword(s):  
Reading Skills ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Chinese Reading ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Authentic Texts ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Chinese Texts ◽  
Reading Activities

The article covers the issues related to the development of reading skills of the students majoring/minoring in English and Chinese (as non-native languages). In the backdrop of linguistic differences between English and Chinese, this action research was conducted to investigate the components of the reading skills, which are to be developed within the Bachelor programs. The primary purpose of the article is to analyze the methodological background for teaching Ukrainian students to perceive information from authentic texts. The methods of induction and deduction enabled us to analyze and generalize the theoretical bases for the investigated topic, to systemize the results of the study (the reading tactics and strategies, classification of reading activities). The study was based on focused observation using the register as a tool for data collecting for two semesters each in three groups of third-year students at Ushynsky University. The total sample size was 54. The article presents an analysis of difficulties in reading English and Chinese texts: 1) phonological level – differences in sound pronunciation (English: /T/, /D/ /w/, /N/, /x/, etc.; Chinese: the alveolo-palatal consonants j, q, x; affricates zh, z; consonant r, etc.), the phonetic phenomena (English: nasal plosion, lateral plosion, loss of plosion, assimilation, reduction/elision, etc.; Chinese: tone, erization); 2) lexical level – conversion (in English) and transposition (in Chinese), homonymy, polysemy; 3) grammatical level – the division of lexicon into parts of speech, different word order in English and Chinese sentences, (non)segmentation of English and Chinese syntagms/clauses/compound sentences, use of tenses, etc. The article contains some recommendations for English and Chinese reading classrooms.

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