Lectotypification of names associated with Chenopodium hircinum (Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae sensu APG): C. bonariense Ten. and two varieties described by Aellen

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 443 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
DUILIO IAMONICO ◽  
SERGEI L. MOSYAKIN
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
South American ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Critical Revision ◽  
Correct Application ◽  
Chenopodium Hircinum ◽  
Infraspecific Taxonomy

The growing interest to the ancient South American pseudocereal crop quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willdenow (1798: 1301), not only stimulated research on this species and its wild relatives (see Jellen et al. 2011, FAO & CIRAD 2015, Maughan et al. 2019, and references therein), but also spurred taxonomic and nomenclatural studies of these taxa, including issues of typification and/or conservation of their names (e.g., Lack & Fuentes 2013, Mosyakin & Walter 2018). The closest relatives of Chenopodium quinoa are grouped together with that species in a tetraploid (2n = 36) species complex containing such taxa as C. berlandieri Moquin-Tandon (1840: 23) sensu lato, and C. hircinum Schrader (1833: 2). Despite the growing attention to the crop and its relatives, the infraspecific taxonomy of C. quinoa remains problematic. A critical revision and proper typification of all available valid names published in that economically important group should be made to ensure the correct application of these names. The name C. hircinum was recently lectotypified by Mosyakin & Sokolova (2020), based on the specimen from LE (barcode LE00011694). However, some other names linked with C. quinoa and C. hircinum, in particular C. bonariense Tenore (1833: 13) and two varieties validated under C. hircinum by Aellen (1929), have not been typified yet and are investigated here as part of ongoing studies on the genus.

scholarly journals An Insight into Saponins from Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd): A Review

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadija El Hazzam ◽  
Jawhar Hafsa ◽  
Mansour Sobeh ◽  
Manal Mhada ◽  
Moha Taourirte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Mechanical Abrasion ◽  
Important Group ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Insight Into

Saponins are an important group found in Chenopodium quinoa. They represent an obstacle for the use of quinoa as food for humans and animal feeds because of their bitter taste and toxic effects, which necessitates their elimination. Several saponins elimination methods have been examined to leach the saponins from the quinoa seeds; the wet technique remains the most used at both laboratory and industrial levels. Dry methods (heat treatment, extrusion, roasting, or mechanical abrasion) and genetic methods have also been evaluated. The extraction of quinoa saponins can be carried out by several methods; conventional technologies such as maceration and Soxhlet are the most utilized methods. However, recent research has focused on technologies to improve the efficiency of extraction. At least 40 saponin structures from quinoa have been isolated in the past 30 years, the derived molecular entities essentially being phytolaccagenic, oleanolic and serjanic acids, hederagenin, 3β,23,30 trihydroxy olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3β-hydroxy-27-oxo-olean-12en-28-oic acid, and 3β,23,30 trihydroxy olean-12-en-28-oic acid. These metabolites exhibit a wide range of biological activities, such as molluscicidal, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hemolytic, and cytotoxic properties.

Lectotypification of the name Chenopodium hircinum, a wild relative of the pseudocereal crop species C. quinoa (Chenopodiaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 432 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-198
Author(s):  
SERGEI L. MOSYAKIN ◽  
IRINA V. SOKOLOVA
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
Wild Relative ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Infraspecific Taxa ◽  
Hand Specimen ◽  
Chenopodium Hircinum

The name Chenopodium hircinum (Chenopodiaceae) applicable to a South American tetraploid species is lectotypified on a specimen deposited at LE (barcode LE00011694, right-hand specimen) that is associated with H.A. Schrader and his herbarium purchased for LE in 1841. A brief overview of relationships of the pseudocereal crop species C. quinoa withC. hircinum (considered to be a wild crop relative and/or progenitor) is also provided. Since the lectotype of C. hircinum in LE lacks mature fruits/seeds, which are important for morphology-based diagnostics of taxa of Chenopodium (and also of infraspecific taxa described within C. hircinum), designation of an epitype with well-developed fruits/seeds is desirable according to Art. 9.9 of the ICN. However, we argue that an epitype should be proposed later, after achieving a better understanding of the variability of C. hircinum and proper typification of its infraspecific taxa, because hasty epitypifications could be nomenclaturally confusing and disrupting. In our opinion, an epitype specimen for that taxon name should represent a plant corresponding to the lectotype and well characterized molecularly, genetically and morphologically.

scholarly journals Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, and Protein Content of Three Varieties of Germinated Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. e89831
Author(s):  
David Choque-Quispe ◽  
Carlos Alberto Ligarda-Samanez ◽  
Betsy Suri Ramos-Pacheco ◽  
Saida Leguía Damiano ◽  
Miriam Calla-Florez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
South American ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Total Phenols ◽  
Kjeldahl Method

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a pseudocereal with a high nutritional potential and a significant content of bioactive compounds, which is consumed mainly by the inhabitants of the South American Andes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protein content, total phenols, and antioxidant activity of quinoa grains of the Salcedo INIA, Pasankalla, and Negra collana varieties, germinated for 24 and 48 hours at 35 °C. Organic quinoa grains were grown in the Andahuaylas province in Peru, at an altitude of 3582 m. The protein content was determined through the Kjeldahl method, total phenols, in turn, by spectrophotometry with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and the antioxidant activity of the DPPH type were registered. The data were analyzed through an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), a Tukey test, and Pearson’s correlation at 5% significance. The germinated quinoa grains showed a considerable increase (p < 0,05) in their protein content, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity, as well as a strong positive correlation with the size of sprouts during the germination time. Therefore, germinated quinoa could be considered as a promising product for human nutrition and health.

scholarly journals Molecular Detection of Peronospora variabilis in Quinoa Seed and Phylogeny of the Quinoa Downy Mildew Pathogen in South America and the United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Testen ◽  
María del Mar Jiménez-Gasco ◽  
José B. Ochoa ◽  
Paul A. Backman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South America ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
South American ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is an important export of the Andean region, and its key disease is quinoa downy mildew, caused by Peronospora variabilis. P. variabilis oospores can be seedborne and rapid methods to detect seedborne P. variabilis have not been developed. In this research, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection method was developed to detect seedborne P. variabilis and a sequencing-based method was used to validate the PCR-based method. P. variabilis was detected in 31 of 33 quinoa seed lots using the PCR-based method and in 32 of 33 quinoa seed lots using the sequencing-based method. Thirty-one of the quinoa seed lots tested in this study were sold for human consumption, with seed originating from six different countries. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (COX2) phylogenies were examined to determine whether geographical differences occurred in P. variabilis populations originating from Ecuador, Bolivia, and the United States. No geographical differences were observed in the ITS-derived phylogeny but the COX2 phylogeny indicated that geographical differences existed between U.S. and South American samples. Both ITS and COX2 phylogenies supported the existence of a Peronospora sp., distinct from P. variabilis, that causes systemic-like downy mildew symptoms on quinoa in Ecuador. The results of these studies allow for a better understanding of P. variabilis populations in South America and identified a new causal agent for quinoa downy mildew. The PCR-based seed detection method allows for the development of P. variabilis-free quinoa seed, which may prove important for management of quinoa downy mildew.

scholarly journals Evaluation of growth and flowering of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. under Polish conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 487-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Gęsiński
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
South American ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Development Models ◽  
Long Period

The material presented refers to the estimation of growth and the flowering (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> Willd.) under Polish conditions. The species has been a South-American pseudocereal cultivated in the traditional form in the Andean region for over 5 thousand years. Its advantage, apart from low soil and climate requirements, is that it shows high nutritive value. The <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> protein is especially valuable with its amino acid composition which is better balanced than that of wheat or maize. It shows a better share of egzogenic aminoacids. Field examinations were carried out in 1999-2001 at the Experiment Station of Cultivar Testing at Chrząstowo. The experiment involved two cultivars from two various growing regions: America and Europe. Analyses were made to include development stages, plant growth dynamics, inflorescences development dynamics, inflorescence habit and flowering. Differences were recorded in the growth and development models of the cultivars researched. The European cultivar had a short compact inflorescence with a short flowering period, reaching 120 cm. American cultivar plants were high (160 cm); they showed a slower continuous growth, loose big-in-size inflorescence, and a long period of flowering. The plants ended their growing season over the flowering stage or seed formation. The adequate growth, the course of flowering and, as a result, a stable yielding of the European cultivar make the group suitable for the cultivation under Polish conditions. This breeding group should also be the parent material for the cultivation of the Polish cultivar of <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i>.

scholarly journals Genetic variation for tolerance to the downy mildew pathogen Peronospora variabilis in genetic resources of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Colque-Little ◽  
Miguel Correa Abondano ◽  
Ole Søgard Lund ◽  
Daniel Buchvaldt Amby ◽  
Hans-Peter Piepho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
South American ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Saponin Content ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Grain Crop

AbstractBackgroundQuinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an ancient grain crop that is tolerant to abiotic stress and has favorable nutritional properties. Downy mildew is the main disease of quinoa and is caused by infections of the biotrophic oomycete Peronospora variabilis Gaüm. Since the disease causes major yield losses, identifying sources of downy mildew tolerance in genetic resources and understanding its genetic basis are important goals in quinoa breeding.ResultsWe infected 132 South American genotypes, three Danish cultivars and the weedy relative C. album with a single isolate of P. variabilis under greenhouse conditions and observed a large variation in disease traits like severity of infection, which ranged from 5% to 83%. Linear mixed models revealed a significant effect of genotypes on disease traits with high heritabilities (0.72 to 0.81). Factors like altitude at site of origin or seed saponin content did not correlate with mildew tolerance, but stomatal width was weakly correlated with severity of infection. Despite the strong genotypic effects on mildew tolerance, genome-wide association mapping with 88 genotypes failed to identify significant marker-trait associations indicating a polygenic architecture of mildew tolerance.ConclusionsThe strong genetic effects on mildew tolerance allow to identify genetic resources, which are valuable sources of resistance in future quinoa breeding.

Typifications and nomenclatural clarifications in South American Tagetes (Asteraceae, Tageteae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 326 (3) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
DARIO J. SCHIAVINATO ◽  
DIEGO G. GUTIÉRREZ ◽  
ADRIANA BARTOLI
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Plant Names ◽  
Correct Application ◽  
Author Citations

During the course of the revision (in progress) of the South American species of Tagetes, we detected the need for nomenclatural clarifications and typifications in order to correct application of taxa´s names. We analyzed protologues, biographies of authors and collectors, original and common materials, and morphological traits. As a result we clarified author citations of T. anisata and T. pseudomicrantha, and type localities of several taxa. In addition, we designated 12 lectotypes and two epitypes for the following plant names: T. anisata, T. bonariensis, T. campanulata, T. dianthiflora, T. mandonii, T. maxima, T. microglossa, T. multiflora var. rupestris, T. peduncularis, T. porophyllum, T. pseudomicrantha, T. tenuifolia, and T. zypaquirensis.

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