Effect of Down-Regulation of Long-Chain Non-Coding RNAs Myocardial Infarction Associated Transcript 2 Expression on Osteoarthritis Chondrocytes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-246
Author(s):  
Fanbin Meng ◽  
Jun Shuai ◽  
Guoqing Li ◽  
Jian Weng ◽  
Hui Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Cartilage Degradation ◽  
Erk Signaling ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chondrocyte Proliferation ◽  
Osteoarthritis Chondrocytes ◽  
Oa Chondrocytes ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Sirna Group

Osteoarthritis (OA) is featured as articular cartilage degradation. LncRNA Mirt2 involves in inflammation, but its role in osteoarthritis is unclear. Our study intends to assess LncRNA Mirt2’s role in OA chondrocytes. The chondrocytes of OA patients (OA group) and healthy controls (control group) were isolated to measure LncRNA Mirt2 expression by Real time PCR. Chondrocytes were assigned into control group, LPS group, LPS + si-NC group, LPS + Mirt2 siRNA group followed by analysis of LncRNA Mirt2 level by real time PCR, cell proliferation by MTT assay, cell apoptosis by flow cytometry, expression of COL2A1, MMP13, ADAMTS-5, MEK1/2, Erk1/2 and phosphorylated Erk1/2 by western blot. LncRNA Mirt2 level was increased in OA chondrocytes. Under LPS stim-ulation, Mirt2 expression was significantly increased in chondrocytes and chondrocyte proliferation was decreased, along with significantly increased apoptosis and upregulated COL2A1, MMP13, ADAMTS-5, MEK1/2 and Erk1/2 and phosphorylated Erk1/2 (P < 0.05). Transfection of Mirt2 siRNA down-regulated its expression in chondrocytes stimulated by LPS, which significantly reversed the above changes (P < 0.05). LncRNA Mirt2 expression is increased in OA chondrocytes. Downregulation of LncRNA Mirt2 can regulate COL2A1, MMP13 and ADAMTS-5 level via MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, promote OA chondrocytes proliferation and inhibit apoptosis.

Expression of Galectins-1 in Rat Traumatic Osteoarthritis and Its Regulation Mechanism

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1724-1730
Author(s):  
Yaheng Wei ◽  
Zuoming Yang ◽  
Pengfei Guan ◽  
Lifeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Akt Signaling ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Akt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Chondrocyte Proliferation

Traumatic arthritis is a common orthopedic surgery disease that seriously affects the health of patients. The expression and role of Galectins in traumatic osteoarthritis remains unclear. SD rats were divided into control group and osteoarthritis model group. Real-time PCR and ELISA were used to analyze Galectins-1 expression. Chondrocytes were isolated and cultured and divided into control group, Galectins-1 siRNA group and Galectins-1 group followed by analysis of proliferation of chondrocytes by MTT assay, cell migration by Transewell chamber, expression of RUNX2 and ADAMTS-4/5 by Real-time PCR, and PI3K/Akt by Western blot. Galectins-1 mRNA and secretion in synovial fluid was significantly reduced in model group compared to control (P < 0.05). Transfection of Galectins-1-pcDNA3.1 plasmid into chondrocytes of osteoarthritic rats significantly increased the expression of Galectins-1, promoted chondrocyte proliferation and cell migration, and downregulated RUNX2 and ADAMTS-4/5 (P < 0.05). Up-regulation of Galectins-1 blocked the expression of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Transfection of Galectins-1 siRNA significantly reduced the expression of Galectins-1, inhibited chondrocyte proliferation and cell migration, and upregulated RUNX2 and ADAMTS-4/5 (P < 0.05). Down-regulation of Galectins-1 up-regulated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Galectins-1 expression is reduced in joint tissues in rat model of traumatic osteoarthritis. Up-regulation of Galectins-1 expression can promote chondrocyte proliferation and migration by regulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which may reduce chondrocyte damage in rats with traumatic osteoarthritis.

scholarly journals The association of male infertility with telomere length: A case control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-332
Author(s):  
Kate Deepali Rajesh ◽  
Puranam Vatsalaswamy ◽  
Manvikar Purshotam Rao
Keyword(s):  
Male Infertility ◽  
Telomere Length ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Sperm Telomere Length

To study the relevance of sperm telomere length and infertility in men. : Our case-control study included twenty-five males in couple with sub-fertility/infertility (test group) and twenty five healthy males (control group) with proven paternity in the age group 25 to 35 years. The Absolute Sperm Telomere length (aSTL) was measured by real-time PCR. We investigated whether any significant difference in the aSTL value existed between the groups and analysed the relationship between aSTL and other sperm parameters.The mean (SE) aSTL recorded in the infertile cases was significantly shorter than for the control group being 140.60 (6.66) Kb/genome and 239.63 (12.32) Kb/genome respectively (p &#60;0.001) A weak correlation was eminent between aSTL kb/genome and the total sperm count mil/ml (rho= 0.04, p - 0.86), progressive sperm motility (rho= - 0.02, p=0.934) and sperm viability (rho= - 0.07 p=0.741) in the infertile group. The measurement of aSTL by real-time PCR is a simple and rapid method that offers further paramount information with respective to the quality of sperm. It is befitted for epidemiological studies, hence opening new perspectives in the evaluation of male infertility. Limitations - Our study was confined to men aged between 25 and 35 years. Further comparative studies are needed to explore the significance of STL and infertility in older males. Additional studies will help illumine the significance of aSTL as a prognostic biomarker in assisted reproduction.

scholarly journals Astragaloside positively regulated osteogenic differentiation of pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Bing Jing ◽  
Hongjuan Ji ◽  
Rui Jiang ◽  
Jinlong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Osteogenic Differentiation ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Akt Signaling ◽  
Calcium Deposition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Akt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Western Blot Assay

Abstract Background Osteoporosis is a widespread chronic disease characterized by low bone density. There is currently no gold standard treatment for osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to explore the role and mechanism of Astragaloside on osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Methods MC3T3-E1 cells were divided into control and different dose of Astragaloside (10, 20, 40, 50, and 60 μg/ml). Then, ALP and ARS staining were performed to identify the effects of Astragaloside for early and late osteogenic capacity of MC3T3-E1 cells, respectively. Real-time PCR and western blot were performed to assess the ALP, OCN, and OSX expression. PI3K/Akt signaling pathway molecules were then assessed by Western blot. Finally, PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, was implemented to assess the mechanism of Astragaloside in promoting osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Results Astragaloside significantly increased the cell viability than the control group. Moreover, Astragaloside enhanced the ALP activity and calcium deposition than the control groups. Compared with the control group, Astragaloside increased the ALP, OCN, and OSX expression in a dose-response manner. Western blot assay further confirmed the real-time PCR results. Astragaloside could significantly increase the p-PI3K and p-Akt expression than the control group. LY294002 partially reversed the promotion effects of Astragaloside on osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. LY294002 partially reversed the promotion effects of Astragaloside on ALP, OCN, and OSX of MC3T3-E1 cells. Conclusion The present study suggested that Astragaloside promoted osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells through regulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

scholarly journals CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH NON-CANCER EFFECTS OF THE CHORNOBYL CLEAN-UP WORKERS IN THE REMOTE PERIOD AFTER EXPOSURE

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 456-477
Author(s):  
I. Ilienko ◽  
◽  
D. Bazyka ◽  
N. Golyarnyk ◽  
L. Zvarych ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Relative Level ◽  
Gstm1 Gene ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Immune Inflammation

Objective. to establish the connection of radiation-induced changes in gene expression with the realized pathology of the broncho-pulmonary and cardiovascular systems in Chornobyl clean-up workers. Materials and methods. We examined 314 male Chornobyl clean-up workers (main group; age (58.94 ± 6.82) years (M ± SD); min 33, max 79 years; radiation dose (411.82 ± 625.41) mSv (M ± SD); min 1.74, max 3600 mSv) with various nosological forms of cardiovascular and broncho-pulmonary pathology (BPP) and 50 subjects of the control group: age (50.50 ± 5.73) years (M ± SD); min 41, max 67 years. The relative level of BCL2, CDKN2A, CLSTN2, GSTM1, IFNG, IL1B, MCF2L, SERPINB9, STAT3, TERF1, TERF2, TERT, TNF, TP53, CCND1, CSF2, VEGFA genes expression was determined in peripheral blood leukocytes by real-time PCR (7900 HT Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, USA)). The «gene-disease» association was determined on statistical models stratified separately for each disease and gene. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio. Results. Increased GSTM1 gene expression and no changes in angiogenesis-related VEGFA gene expression were found in the main group of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). It was established overexpression of TP53, VEGF and IFNG genes in the group of patients with arterial hypertension (AH). At combination of these diseases an increase of expression of СSF2, TERF1, TERF2 genes was established. The detected changes demonstrate an activation of the antioxidative defense system in patients with CHD, while AH is associated with the expression of genes of angiogenesis and immune inflammation. It was shown an increase in the expression of genes associated with apoptosis and kinase activity (BCL2, CLSTN2, CDKN2), immune inflammation (CSF2, IL1B, TNF) in Chornobyl clean-up workers with BPP. Expression of TP53 and GSTM1 (gene, associated with the glutathione system) was significantly upregulated in the group of individuals with chronic bronchitis, whereas in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, no increase was detected; the expression of SERPINB9 and MCF2L genes was downregulated. Conclusions. Changes in the expression of genes, associated with the development of somatic pathology in the remote period after irradiation, in particular the genes of the immune response and inflammatory reactions CSF2, IFNG, IL1B, TNF; expression of genes that regulate cell proliferation, aging and apoptosis TP53, BCL2, MCF2L, CDKN2A, SERPINB9, TERF1, TERF2, TERT; genes that regulate cell adhesion and angiogenesis CLSTN2, VEGF. Key words: gene expression, somatic pathology, radiation, Chornobyl.

4 MYOSTATIN GENE KNOCKDOWN THROUGH LENTIVIRAL VECTOR-MEDIATED DELIVERY OF shRNA FOR IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC BOVINE EMBRYOS

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Milazzotto ◽  
W. B. Feitosa ◽  
B. E. Strauss ◽  
M. Bajgelman ◽  
C. M. Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Lentiviral Vector ◽  
Gene Knockdown ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Myostatin Gene ◽  
Transgenic Embryo

The main goal of husbandry and beef cattle production is to enhance performance rates, for example, weight gain. Myostatin is referred to as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. Genetic engineering of this character in order to produce double muscling animals that can transmit to future progeny will enhance its usefulness. The present research aimed to analyze myostatin inhibition through lentiviral-mediated delivery of shRNA in mouse myoblast culture and the feasibility of the lentiviral-mediated delivery of shRNA into in vitro-produced transgenic bovine embryos. In order to achieve knockdown of myostatin in cell and embryo culture, a lentiviral vector was constructed with ubiquitin C promoter-driven GFP gene (green fluorescent protein) and shRNA to suppress myostatin gene expression driven by the U6 promoter. Vector efficiency was verified through in vitro murine myoblast (C2C12) cell morphology after inductive differentiation and by means of real-time PCR of myostatin and GAPDH genes. Later, bovine oocytes were in vitro-matured and the lentiviral vector was microinjected into the oocyte perivitelline space (2.5 � 106 IU mL-1) after mechanical and chemical cumulus cell removal. Non-microinjected mature oocytes were considered as control. After microinjection, oocytes were fertilized and cultured in vitro. After 4 and 9 days of culture, embryos were evaluated by epifluorescence microscopy. The GFP-positive embryos were green under fluorescence. Cell morphology and embryo development rate data were analyzed by Minitab Release 14 Statistical Software (Minitab, Inc., State College, PA, USA), submitted to ANOVA, and compared by Tukey test (P d 0.05). Real-time PCR data were analyzed by Pair-Wise Fixed Reallocation Randomization Test using REST2005 software. Cell morphology results demonstrated that the vector was able to inhibit myostatin mRNA in C2C12 cells as the transducted group progressed less to myotubes than in the control group. A lower amount of myostatin mRNA after 72 h of differentiation indicated an inhibition tendency by real-time PCR. In relation to the transgenic embryo production, 96.9 � 0.34% (62.65) developed to cleavage, 80.24 � 4.38% (51/65) were GFP-positive, and 50.95 � 3.37% (26/65) achieved blastocyst stage. After hatching, 3.07% (2/65) of GFP-positive embryos maintained fluorescence. In relation to the control group, the cleavage rate was 93.81 � 0.68% (61/65); the blastocyst rate 38.34 � 2.36% (25/65), and none were fluorescent. In conclusion, myostatin gene knockdown was effectively performed by lentiviral vector-mediated delivery of shRNA. Thus, novel studies about the efficiency of this vector on transgenic embryo production can be performed. This work was supported financially by FAPESP 03/0156-9.

Elevated Vanin1 and Advillin Expression Is Associated with Progression to Chronic ITP in Children

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 397-397
Author(s):  
Bing Zhang ◽  
Ruchira Sood ◽  
Carol Jones ◽  
Wendy Wong ◽  
Michael Jeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Chronic Itp ◽  
Macrophage Phagocytosis ◽  
Acute Itp

Abstract The majority of pediatric ITP patients recover spontaneously within 6 months (acute ITP), while about 20% of the patients develop chronic ITP. The ability to distinguish patients at higher risk of developing chronic disease during the acute phase of the illness could give prognostic information and serve as a basis for clinical trials to study earlier or more aggressive interventions to prevent morbidity associated with long-term immunosuppression. We have previously described the gene expression pattern of pediatric ITP patients. This data set was used to search for genes which would predict progression to chronic ITP. We identified 8 samples from patients with acute self-limited ITP and 4 samples from patients who progressed to chronic ITP, all tested during the acute phase of the disease. At a false discovery rate of 0, two genes—VNN1 (vanin1) and AVIL (advillin) were the most significantly different between the groups. To validate these findings from microarray analysis, real-time PCR experiments were performed using unamplified whole blood RNA from the original cohort, with 4 additional patients (for a total of 9 samples in self-limited acute ITP group and 7 samples in progressed to chronic ITP group), and a control group of 5 normal children. All real-time data was normalized to housekeeping gene (GADPH) expression. Both VNN1 and AVIL expression were significantly increased in the group which developed chronic ITP compared to patients with acute self-limited ITP (VNN1 p=0.008, AVIL p=0.006) and normal controls (VNN1 p=0.044, AVIL p=0.009). Table 1 shows the medians and ranges of the normalized real-time PCR results of the three groups. The mechanism of these over-expressed genes in pediatric ITP patients who progress to chronic ITP is currently being investigated. VNN1 is a GPI anchored protein involved in T cell trafficking and has a pro-inflammatory role as an oxidative-stress response gene. AVIL, whose gene product is a member of the gelsolin/villin family of actin regulatory proteins, is involved in monocyte/macrophage phagocytosis and cytoskeletal remodeling. Thus both of these genes have functions consistent with recent reports implicating T cell regulation and trafficking as well as immune-mediated destruction of platelets in chronic ITP. These findings represent the first candidate biomarkers in predicting prognosis in pediatric ITP and at the same time open the door for further investigation of the molecular mechanism underlying the clinical transition from acute to chronic ITP. A prospective study to validate these findings is in progress. Table1: Normalized VNN1 (Vanin1) Normalized AVIL (Advillin) Median Range Median Range Self-limited Acute ITP group 0.461 0.170~0.813 8.535 0.953~17.395 Progress to chronic ITP group 1.827 0.326~4.723 25.601 6.031~44.296 Normal control group 0.350 0.202~1.029 5.491 1.449~8.585

The Regulatory Effect of Mir-149 on Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteoporosis Rats and Its Related Mechanisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1127-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Wang ◽  
Jian Yu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Regulatory Effect ◽  
Erk Mapk ◽  
Alp Activity ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

BMSCs play an important role in osteoporosis (OP) and their differentiation can lead to OP progression. Mir-149 can participate in the regulation of BMSCs. However, the effect of Mir-149 on BMSCs in osteoporosis remains unclear. SD rats were divided control group and OP group. OP rat BMSCs were transfected with Mir-149 siRNA followed by analysis of Mir-149 expression by real time PCR, cell proliferation by MTT assay, apoptosis by flow cytometry, ERK/MAPK signaling protein expression by western blot, ALP activity, as well as expression of osteogenic genes Runx2 and OC by real time PCR. Mir-149 expression was significantly increased in BMSCs of OP rats, cell proliferation was inhibited, apoptosis was increased, as well as p-ERK1/2 expression, ALP activity and expression of Runx2 and OC was decreased compared to control group (P < 0.05). Transfection of Mir-149 siRNA into OP rat BMSCs reduced Mir-149 expression, promoted cell proliferation, decreased apoptotic rate, increased p-ERK1/2 expression, ALP activity and Runx2 and OC expression. Compared with OP group, the differences were statistically significant (P< 0.05). Mir-149 expression was increased in OP rat BMSCs. Down-regulation of Mir-149 promoted the activation of ERK/MAPK signaling pathway, inhibited apoptosis of BMSCs and promoted the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in OP rats.

The Effects of Elimination of Fungi on Microbial Population and Fiber Degradation in Sheep Rumen

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 224-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai Wu Gao ◽  
Hai Rong Wang ◽  
Jin Li Yang ◽  
Cai Xia Shi
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Fiber Degradation ◽  
Sheep Rumen ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Mongolian Sheep

The role of microbes in fiber degradation and the relations among the microbes in sheep rumen were explored by in vivo elimination of fungi. The experiment was conducted on 6 Mongolian sheep with fistulae approximately 1.5 years old (35kg). The sheep were randomly divided into two groups, treatment group (n=3) and control group (n=3). The rumen fluids were collected from the rumen though fistulae. The results showed that the total numbers of bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria and protozoa in the rumen were significantly increased (P<0.05) after fungus elimination. Among the three main cellulolytic bacteria, the number of R.flavefaciens and F.succinogenes increased significant (P<0.05). Elimination of fungi significantly reduced the degradation of DM, NDF and ADF, and the activity of CMCase in sheep rumen (P<0.05). The number of total rumen bacteria and fungi detected by real-time PCR were about 10 times and 1,000 times higher than that of the traditional anaerobic culture method, suggesting that real-time PCR is superior to the traditional roller tube culture method.

scholarly journals Metagenome Analysis of Buccal Mucosal Biofilms to Identify Bacterial Prevalence in Subjects with and without type II Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 2018-2029
Author(s):  
Hari Priya A ◽  
Kannan A ◽  
Krithika C L
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Metagenome Analysis ◽  
Blast Analysis ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
Age Range

To quantify the two most prevalent bacteria among Type II diabetic individuals and controls from the buccal mucosal biofilms using molecular methods. To compare the percent prevalence of Veillonella and Granulicetella bacteria in uncontrolled Type II diabetic individuals with a control group. Subjects selected randomly and categorized into two groups within the age range of 25 to 40 years diagnosed with and without Type II diabetes based on their HbA1c values. The samples of buccal mucosa biofilms are collected in sterile swabs and stored in bacterial lysis buffer, which was later subjected to quantification of DNA followed by 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing. The sequence obtained is then surveyed using BLAST Analysis to define the bacterial flora and two bacteria, namely Veillonella and Granulicatella are selected for further amplification and quantification by real-time PCR to express the bacteria in copy numbers. From the collected buccal mucosal biofilm samples (n=24), which was categorized into Type II diabetes (12) and non-diabetic (12). The sequence subjected to BLAST analysis gave a List of bacteria from which Veillonella sp. and Granulicatella sp. were selected and administered to real-time PCR for amplification and quantification, which revealed an increased bacterial prevalence in Type II diabetic subjects to non-diabetic subjects which was also proved statistically. Based on the results obtained, there is a significant prevalence of bacterial content in Type II diabetic subjects compared to non-diabetic subjects

scholarly journals Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 (IGF2) and Autophagy Gene Expression Alteration in Parkinson’s Disease: Potential Predictor Markers.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denisse Sepulveda ◽  
Alvaro Vidal ◽  
Felipe Grünenwald ◽  
Paulina Troncoso-Escudero ◽  
Marisol Cisternas-Olmedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear

Abstract Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and autophagy-related genes have been proposed as interesting biomolecules related to idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD). The objective of this study was to determine the IGF2 and IGF1 levels in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with moderately advanced PD and explore the potential correlation with autophagy-related genes in the same blood samples. IGF1 and IGF2 levels in patients' plasma were measured by ELISA, and the IGF2 expression levels were determined by real-time PCR and Western blot in PBMCs. The expression of autophagy-related genes was evaluated by real-time PCR. The results show a significant decrease in IGF2 plasma levels in PD patients compared with a healthy control group. We also report a dramatic decrease in IGF2 mRNA and protein levels in PBMCs from PD patients. In addition, we observed a downregulation of key components of the initial stages of the autophagy process. Although IGF2 levels were not directly correlated with disease severity, we found a correlation between its levels and autophagy genes expression from the same samples, in a sex-dependent manner. To further explore this correlation, we treated mice macrophages cell culture with α-synuclein and IGF2. While α-synuclein treatment decreased levels of Beclin1 and Atg5, IGF2 treatment reverted these effects. Our results suggest a relationship between IGF2 levels and the autophagy process in PD and its potential application as a multi-biomarkers to determine the PD patients' stages of the disease.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document