Research on the Effect of p35 for Secretion of Proinflammatory Factor and Apoptosis of Chondrocyte in Chondrocytopathic Articular Fluid

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1649-1654
Author(s):  
LvLin Yang ◽  
Bowen Zhang ◽  
Yuqi Liang ◽  
Gangning Feng ◽  
Xiaoke Shang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Synovial Fluid ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Cartilage Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inflammatory Factor ◽  
Proinflammatory Factor ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group Control Group

To study on the effect of transcriptional regulation factor as p35 for secretion of proinflammatory factor and apoptosis of chondrocyte in chondrocytopathic articular fluid so as to improve the chondropathy. The fifty SD rats were selected for our study. It was divided into three groups including A group (control group), B group (chondrocytopathic model group of osteoarthritis) and C group (transcriptional regulation factor as p35 intervention group. The samples were collected after intervention in sixteen weeks. The sampling position was cartilage tissue of rat leg. It was adopted for immunohistochemical inspection and histopathology examination. At the same time the synovial fluid was collected. The concentration of TNF-α and IL-6 was detected. And the expression of mRNA in gene related with apoptosis was detected. The chondrocyte morphology of rats in A group was normal. The chondrocyte was damaged and goblet cell was reduced in B group. The infiltrating inflammatory cells in C group were less than in B group from pathological results. And the goblet cells in C group was increased than in B group. The expression of TNF-α, Bax, NF-κB, IL-6: B group > C group > A group. The expression of Bcl-2: A group > C group > B group. The transcriptional regulation factor as p35 related with anti-apoptosis could regulate the level of inflammatory factor as TNF-α and IL-6 in synovial fluid and restrain the lesion and apoptosis of chondrocyte.

scholarly journals Protection of Ang1-7 througth MKK/P38MAPKs inflammatory signal pathway on TNF-α stimulated mouse HL-1 cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuewen Wang ◽  
Yuan Cao ◽  
Pradeep depark ◽  
Deepark Sharma ◽  
Guangping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Signal Pathway ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inflammatory Factor ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Atrial Myocyte ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group Control Group

Abstract Background to explore the effect of Ang1-7 througth MKK/P38MAPKs inflammatory signaling pathway on TNF-α-stimulated mouse HL-1 cells. Methods Using TNF-α (100 µg/ml) to establish an inflammatory atrial fibrillation model in HL-1 cell, which derived from mouse atrial myocyte. treated HL-1 cells with different concentrations of Ang 1-7 (0.1, 1 and 10 mmol/L) and divided into 5 groups, namely A group(control group), B group(TNF ), C group(TNF + Ang 1-7 0.1 mmol/L), D group(TNF + Ang 1-7 1 mmol/L ) and E group(TNF + Ang 1-7 10 mmol/L ). Firstly, different concentrations of Ang 1-7 (0.1 mmol/L, 1 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L) were used to stimulate for half an hour, and then TNF-α (100 µg/ml) was added to stimulate for four hours. Both the cells and supernatant were collected. Cells were collected for Western Blotting to detect the protein expression of MKK3, MKK4, MKK6, PMMK4 and PP38. The supernatant was subjected to flow cytometry for detecting multi-inflammatory factors. Results Compared with the A group, the protein expression of MKK3, MKK4, MKK6, PMMK4 and PP38 was statistically significant increased after stimulation with inflammatory factors (TNF-α) (P < 0.05). After intervention with Ang 1-7, the protein expression of MKK3, MKK4, MKK6, PMMK4 and PP38 was statistically significant lower than that of B group (P < 0.05). There is no significant difference of the protein expression of P38 after stimulation with inflammatory factor (TNF-α). Compared with the A group, there was no significant difference in the protein expression of MAS after the stimulation of inflammatory factor (TNF-α). After the intervention of Ang 1-7, the protein expression of MAS was higher than that of the A group and B group, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). The expression of MAS protein had an increasing trend, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). TGF-β, TNF-α was significantly increased after stimulating factor (TNF-α) was given, but was decreased after the intervention of Ang 1-7, both there were statistically significant (P < 0.05). IL-6 also had the same trend, but there was no significant difference. Conclusion Ang1-7 througth MKK/P38MAPKs inflammatory signal pathway protected on TNF-α stimulated mouse HL-1 cells

scholarly journals GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGIS LAMBUNG TIKUS WISTAR (RATTUS NOVERGICUS) YANG DIBERIKAN ALKOHOL

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dewi Febry Kololu ◽  
Poppy M. Lintong ◽  
Lily Loho
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Metaplasia ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Alcohol Content ◽  
Alcohol Group ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group Control Group ◽  
Group D ◽  
Metaplasia Intestinal

Abstract: Alcohol has become aglobal problem. When it is consumed alcohol can disrupt the structure and function of the digestive tract. Objective: To reveal the histopathological features of the gastric of Wistar rats that are administered with bir, wine, whisky and cap tikus. Method: Experimental research using 15 rats that ware fasted and divided into 5 groups those are group control group which was treated by water, group A which was treated by beer (4.9% alcohol),group B which was treated by wine (14% alcohol), group C which was treated by whiskey (43% alcohol),and group D rats which wastreated by cap tikus(70% alcohol). The treatment of the test animals is done in 5 days. Results:In the control group on mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa layers,inflammatory cells are also seen.In group Ainflammatory cells found on submucosal layer, intestinal metaplasia, and dilation of blood vessels. In group B inflammatory cell, intestinal metaplasia and dilation of blood vessels are found.In group C erosion, inflammatory cells, intestinal metaplasia and dilation of blood vessels are found.In group D submucosal necrosis, inflammatory cells, intestinal metaplasia and hyperemia are found. Conclusions: The provision of alcoholic drinks (beer, wine, whiskey, and cap tikus) in wistar can cause acute gastritis and of the high alcohol content (70% alcohol content)will be accompanied by gastric necrosis. Keywords: Beer, wine, whisky, cap tikus, gastritis.   Abstrak: Alkohol telah menjadi masalah global. Ketika dikonsumsi, alkohol dapat mengganggu struktur dan fungsi dari saluran pencernaan. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui gambaran histopatologi lambung tikus wistar yang diberikan bir, minuman anggur, whisky, dan cap tikus. Metode: Penelitian eksperimental menggunakan 15 ekor wistar yang dipuasakan kemudian dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol diberi minum air, kelompok A diberi perlakuan bir (kadar alkohol 4,9%), kelompok B diberi perlakuan anggur (kadar alkohol 14%), kelompok C diberi perlakuan whisky (kadar alkohol 43%), kelompok D diberi perlakuan cap tikus (kadar alkohol 70%). Perlakuan hewan uji selama 5 hari. Hasil: Pada kelompok kontrol tampak lapisan mukosa, submukosa, muskularis dan serosa, terlihat juga sel radang. Pada kelompok A didapatkan sel radangpada lapisan submukosa, metaplasia intestinal, dan pelebaran pembuluh darah. Pada kelompok B didapatkan sel radang, metaplasia intestinal dan pelebaran pembuluh darah.Pada kelompok C didapatkan erosi, sel radang, dan metaplasia intestinal dan pelebaran pembuluh darah.Pada kelompok D didapatkan nekrosis pada submukosa, sel radang, metaplasia intestinal dan hiperemi. Simpulan: Pemberian minuman beralkohol (bir, anggur, whisky, dan cap tikus) pada wistar dapat menyebabkan gastritis akut dan pada kadar alkohol yang tinggi (kadar alkohol 70%) disertai dengan nekrosis lambung. Kata Kunci: Bir, anggur, whisky, cap tikus, gastritis.

Effect of oral anticipatory guidance on oral health and oral hygiene practices in preschool children

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Débora Conçalves Farias ◽  
Soraya Coelho Leal ◽  
Orlando Ayrton de Toledo ◽  
Jorge Faber ◽  
Ann Cristina Barreto Bezerro
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Habits ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Dental Office ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Group Control Group

Thirty children (6 to 18 months), enrolled in a dental program since birth, make up the intervention group. Control group consisted of thirty children who were of similar age and gender but had never been to a dental office. The presence of visible dental plaque and the performance of oral hygiene differed statistically between both groups. The dental program was effective in reducing visible dental plaque, and in establishing oral health habits among parents and young children.

scholarly journals Pengaruh cabe rawit terhadap gambaran histopatologik lambung tikus Wistar yang diinduksi aspirin

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abel T. Bawulele ◽  
Lily Loho ◽  
Poppy Lintong
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Mucosa ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Acute Gastritis ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D ◽  
Mucosa Epithelium

Abstract: Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frustescens L ) is commonly in daily food. This study aimed to determine the effect of cayenne pepper to histopathological changes in gaster of Wistar rats induced by aspirin. This was an experimental study. Subjects were Wistar rats consisted of 5 rats as the negative control and 20 rats as the treatment group. Group A, the negative control group, was untreated; group B was treated with aspirin 21mg/day for 10 days; group C was treated with aspirin 21mg/day for 10 days together with cayenne pepper 84mg once daily; group D was treated with aspirin 21mg/day for 10 days followed by cayenne 84mg twice daily; and group E was treated with aspirin 21mg/day for 10 days and then was untreated for 3 days. The histopathological changes in group C showed a lot of inflammatory cells and erosion of gastric mucosa epithelium compared to group B, D, and E. Group D also showed inflammatory cells but no erosion as in group C. Group E had less inflammatory cells than group B, C, and D. Conclusion: Administration of aspirin 21mg/kg BW for 10 days led to acute gastritis in Wistar rat. Administration of aspirin together with cayenne 84mg/day led to acute gastritis and erosion of gastric mucosa epithelium. However, administration of cayenne pepper 168mg/day after aspirin led to acute gastritis without erosionKeywords: pepper, gaster, aspirinAbstrak : Cabe Rawit (Capsicum frustescens L.) banyak dijumpai dalam makanan sehari-hari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian cabe rawit terhadap gambaran histopatologik lambung tikus wistar yang diinduksi aspirin. Jenis penelitian ialah eksprimental. Subjek penelitian ialah tikus wistar, yang dibagi atas: 5 ekor untuk kontrol negatif dan 20 ekor untuk perlakuan. Kelompok A (kontrol negatif) tidak diberi perlakuan; kelompok B diberikan aspirin 21mg/hari selama 10 hari; kelompok C diberikan aspirin 21mg/hari selama 10 hari bersama cabe rawit 84mg sekali sehari; kelompok D diberikan aspirin 21mg/hari selama 10 hari kemudian dilanjutkan pemberian cabe rawit 84mg selama 3 hari 2 kali sehari; dan kelompok E diberikan aspirin 21mg/hari selama 10 hari kemudian tidak diberi perlakuan selama 3 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada kelompok C terlihat banyak sel-sel radang disertai erosi epitel mukosa lambung dibanding dengan kelompok B, D, dan E. Pada kelompok D pemberian aspirin dilanjutkan dengan cabe rawit dosis 2 kali sehari masih terdapat sel-sel radang tetapi tidak terjadi erosi seperti pada kelompok C. Kelompok E memiliki sel-sel radang yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan kelompok B, C, dan D. Simpulan: Pemberian aspirin 21mg/hari selama 10 hari menyebabkan gastritis akut pada tikus wistar. Pemberian aspirin bersama cabe rawit 84mg/hari menyebabkan gastritis akut erosi sedangkan pemberian cabe rawit 168mg/hari setelah diberi aspirin menyebabkan gastritis akut tanpa erosi.Kata kunci: cabe rawit, lambung, aspirin

scholarly journals Anti-inflammatory activity of acacia catechu-bark aqueous solution in aspirin induced gastric ulcer in rodents

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 5649
Author(s):  
Uzma Waseem ◽  
Syeda Rizwana Jafri ◽  
Sarah Khalid ◽  
Fauzia Qureshi ◽  
Nadia Majeed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Mucosa ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Gastric Injury ◽  
Medical Institute ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Group B ◽  
Acacia Catechu

Background: Aspirin is amongst the most widely used drugs and has many adverse effects on gastric mucosa. Anti-inflammatory properties of Acacia catechu have been established already. Objective was to evaluate the histopathological changes induced by aspirin in the stomach of albino rats and to assess the protective effect of different doses of Acacia catechu.Methods: Experimental study Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore for 21 days. Forty-eight adult albino rats, both males and female, were divided into four groups A, B, C and D randomly; each comprising of 12 rats. Group A was control, group B was given aspirin 100 mg/kg and group C and D were given aspirin 100 mg/kg along with Acacia catechu 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively by oral route. The rats from individual group were sacrificed on 3rd day, 7th day and 14th day and stomachs were examined under light microscope to observe the inflammatory cells infiltration.Results: Gross and microscopic findings on days 3, 7 and 14 were similar. Control groups A1, A2 and A3 showed normal healthy gastric mucosa and the least number of inflammatory cells. In group B, aspirin produced ulcerations and linear breaks; with highest inflammatory infiltrates. On microscopic examination, numerous inflammatory cells were noted. Group C and D rats had minimum ulcer index and fewer inflammatory cells.Conclusions: Acacia catechu has protective role against gastric injury by inhibiting inflammation. 

scholarly journals Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic, and Neurobehavioral Effects of a Leaf Extract of Avicennia marina on Autoimmune Diabetic Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mohammad K. Okla ◽  
Saud A. Alamri ◽  
Abdulrahman A. Alatar ◽  
Ahmed K. Hegazy ◽  
Abdullah A. Al-Ghamdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Group B

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that can affect the central nervous system and behavioral traits in animals. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes is considered an autoimmune disease. The aim of the current study was to determine whether supplementation with the alcoholic extract of Avicennia marina leaves could improve diabetes-associated pathological changes. The animals were divided into four groups: a control group (A), an A. marina receiving nondiabetic group (B), a diabetic group (C), and a DM group orally supplemented with A. marina alcoholic leaf extract (D). The DM group of animals receiving the alcoholic extract of A. marina leaves had reduced blood glucose levels, improved blood picture, and organ functions. This group also showed improvement in locomotory behavior. The results of this study showed that supplementation with the alcoholic extract of A. marina leaves reduced oxidative stress and blood sugar levels, protected the liver, and improved the neurobehavioral changes associated with diabetes in mice. Introducing alcoholic leaf extract of A. marina to diabetic mice decreased inflammatory cells aggregation, vacuolation, and hemorrhage. Additionally, a positive effect of the alcoholic leaf extract on the histopathological changes was observed in the testicular tissue of treated mice.

scholarly journals Chaihu-Shugan-San Decoction Modulates Intestinal Microbe Dysbiosis and Alleviates Chronic Metabolic Inflammation in NAFLD Rats via the NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinji Liang ◽  
Yupei Zhang ◽  
Yuanjun Deng ◽  
Shu Liang ◽  
Yifang He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nlrp3 Inflammasome ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inflammatory Factor ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Metabolic Inflammation ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Total Fat

We evaluate the effects of the Chaihu-Shugan-San decoction on intestinal microbe dysbiosis and chronic metabolic inflammation via the NLRP3 pathway in NAFLD rats that were fed a high-fat diet. Twenty-four SD rats (male, six weeks old, 200 ± 20 g) were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group (NC group), high-fat diet-fed group (HFD group), and Chaihu-Shugan-San decoction intervention group (CH group). The NC group rats were given standard feed, the HFD group rats were all fed a high-fat diet (83% standard feed + 10% lard oil + 5% sucrose + 1.5% cholesterol + 0.5% cholate), and the CH group rats were given a HFD plus Chaihu-Shugan-San at 9.6 g•kg−1•d−1. Body composition, serum and liver lipids, inflammatory markers, intestinal microbial population, and the NLRP3 pathway-associated protein were assessed. The results showed that Chaihu-Shugan-San decoction significantly reduced body weight and total fat mass and the levels of serum LPS, TG, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18, as well as liver TC, TG, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 (P <0.05). The abundance of Enterobacteriaceae (0.375% versus 0.064%,P< 0.05), Staphylococcaceae families (0.049% versus 0.016%,P< 0.05) andVeillonellagenus (0.096% versus 0.009%,P <0.01) significantly decreased, whereas the abundance ofAnaeroplasmagenus (0.0005% versus 0.0178%,P <0.01) significantly increased. The expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 were changed significantly (P< 0.05). In summary, the Chaihu-Shugan-San decoction modulated intestinal microbe dysbiosis, reduced fat accumulation, and alleviated inflammatory factor expression, which are all processes related to the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in NAFLD rats.

scholarly journals The Effect of Implant Origin Differences on Peritoneal Endometriosis in an Endometriosis Mouse Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Sutrisno Sutrisno ◽  
Sri Andarini ◽  
I Wayan Arsan Wiyasa ◽  
Umi Kulsum ◽  
Noerhamdani Noerhamdani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltration ◽  
Presence Data ◽  
Peritoneal Endometriosis ◽  
Group B

Objectives: This study aimed to observe the difference in the area of endometriosis lesions and the histopathology of inflammatory cells and granuloma masses in an endometriosis mouse model treated with endometrial cell implants, endometrioma capsules, and adenomyosis tissue. Materials and Methods: This is an experimental study with posttest-only research design which was conducted with the control group. Thirty-two mice (Mus musculus) were injected with 0.2 mL/mice cyclosporin A and then were divided into three groups which were injected with endometrial tissue from the uterine cavity (group A), endometriosis from endometrioma capsule (group B), and endometriosis from adenomyosis (group C). The injection was done slowly into the peritoneal cavity, 0.1 mL each, and followed by intramuscularly Ethinyl estradiol, 0.2 μG/mice. On the 15th days, mice were dissected to observe the peritoneal endometriosis implant and microscopic examination with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining to determine the inflammatory cell infiltration and mass granuloma presence. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 19. Results: The study obtained that the area of implanted endometriosis lesions in group C covered a larger area of endometriosis implants than other groups (P < 0.05). The peritoneal damage in group C was the most severe based on the Klopfleisch method (P < 0.05), with mass granuloma and massive infiltration of inflammatory cells and fibrous connective tissue formation occurring in muscle tissue. Conclusions: The implantation of adenomyosis cell tissue is the best method to develop mice model of endometriosis based on its inflammatory infiltration, the extent of lesion implant, and granuloma mass

scholarly journals A study of effect of topical anaesthetics on injection pain during immunization in infants

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1463
Author(s):  
Magesh Kumar ◽  
V. Venkateshwar
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Group ◽  
Injection Pain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Topical Anesthetic ◽  
Vaccine Injection ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group B

Background: Immunization is a necessary aspect of health care of children and injections are there for unavoidable. Many factors affect injection pain during immunization in infants. This study aims to see the effect of use of local anesthetics delivered by various modes for attenuation of vaccine related injection pain in infants and to compare them.Methods: An Open Label Four-Arm Randomized Control Trial of 300 healthy infants of age group 6 weeks to 6 months reported to immunization clinic for immunization with DPT-HiB-Hepatitis B combination vaccine were taken for study. The enrolled subjects were allocated into control group and intervention group (who were applied some form of local anesthesia).Results: Among the four groups of the patients studied we observed a statistical difference in the mean pain scores of the patients recorded at 15 second, 60 second and 5 min after vaccine injection (p value 0.0024 - 0.000). Group A (Infants with topical occlusive LA cream) showed minimum pain scores values at 15 second, 60 second and 5 min after vaccine injection, followed by Group C (Infants with topical LA spray with vapocoolant) whereas Control group (Infants not received any local anaesthesia) and Group B (Infants with topical LA spray without vapocoolant) exhibited the maximum pain scores.Conclusions: Topical occlusive local anesthetic cream and topical LA spray with vapocoolent, were found to be better than topical LA spray without vapocoolant or no topical anesthetic. Use of topical occlusive LA cream led to a lowest pain score. There was no significant difference in the profile of side effects following injection in the four group.

scholarly journals Histology and Immunohistochemistry of Radial Arteries Are Suggestive of an Interaction between Calcification and Early Atherosclerotic Lesions in Chronic Kidney Disease

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1156
Author(s):  
Aikaterini Lysitska ◽  
Nikiforos Galanis ◽  
Ioannis Skandalos ◽  
Christina Nikolaidou ◽  
Sophia Briza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Vascular Calcification ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Background and Objectives: recent studies suggest an implication of immune mechanisms in atherosclerotic disease. In this paper, the interaction between inflammation, calcification, and atherosclerosis on the vessel walls of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is described and evaluated. Materials and Methods: patients with stage V CKD, either on pre-dialysis (group A) or on hemodialysis (HD) for at least 2 years (group B), in whom a radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula (RCAVF) was created, were included in the study. The control group included healthy volunteers who received radial artery surgery after an accident. The expressions of inflammatory cells, myofibroblasts, and vascular calcification regulators on the vascular wall were estimated, and, moreover, morphometric analysis was performed. Results: the expressions of CD68(+) cells, matrix carboxyglutamic acid proteins (MGPs), the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB (RANK) and RANK ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG), were significantly increased in CKD patients compared to the controls p = 0.02; p = 0.006; p = 0.01; and p = 0.006, respectively. In morphometric analysis, the I/M and L/I ratios had significant differences between CKD patients and the controls 0.3534 ± 0.20 vs. 0.1520 ± 0.865, p = 0.003, and 2.1709 ± 1.568 vs. 4.9958 ± 3.2975, p = 0.03, respectively. The independent variables correlated with the degree of vascular calcification were the intensity of CD34(+), aSMA(+) cells, and OPG, R2 = 0.76, p < 0.0001, and, with intima-media thickness (IMT), the severity of RANKL expression R2 = 0.3, p < 0.0001. Conclusion: atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in CKD seem to be strongly regulated by an immunological and inflammatory activation on the vascular wall.

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