Optimization and Performance Evaluation of an Environmentally Friendly Fluorine-Free Foam Extinguishing Agent

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 884-893
Author(s):  
Guoqing Xiao ◽  
Lei Lei ◽  
Chunyan Chen ◽  
Yuanyuan Li ◽  
Wenquan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Expansion Ratio ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Silicone Surfactant ◽  
Drainage Time ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
And Performance

Fluorine-free foam fire extinguishing agents are environmentally friendly compared with aqueous film-forming foam fire extinguishing agents (AFFF). Design-Expert 11.0 software and the Box-Behnken design principle were used to optimize the foaming agent formulation which is the core of fluorine-free foam extinguishing agents and regression models of the expansion ratio (α), 50% drainage time (t50%) and surface tension (γ) were established. Furthermore, the optimal combination of foaming agent various factors (the mass fraction of APG0810, silicone surfactant, SDS and BS-12) were predicted by the regression models. The prediction results showed that when the mass fraction of APG0810, silicone surfactant, SDS and BS-12 were 2.0%, 0.242%, 0.116% and 0.349%, respectively, the comprehensive foaming agent performance was highest. The α, t50% and γ of the optimized foaming agent were 8.0, 376 s, and 24.1 mN/m, respectively. The fluorinefree foam fire extinguishing agent was prepared by compounding the optimized foaming agent with foam stabilizers and other additives, resulting in a surface tension of 24.3 mN/m and a spreading factor greater than zero. The, α, t50% and sealing time of the fluorine-free foam fire extinguishing agent were 7.6, 541 s, and 895 s, respectively, which were 8.6%, 16.1%, and 14% higher than commercial 6% AFFF.

Study on the Development and Performance of a New Concrete Antifoaming Agent

2021 ◽  
Vol 871 ◽  
pp. 357-362
Author(s):  
Ge Li Li ◽  
Yun Hui Fang ◽  
Chuan Deng Wu ◽  
You Zhe Shao ◽  
Yuan Qiang Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Gemini Surfactant ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mechanical Method ◽  
Silicone Surfactant ◽  
Silicone Surfactants ◽  
Antifoaming Agent ◽  
And Performance

Gemini surfactant acetylene glycol polyethers and polyhydrosilicone oil were used as raw materials to generate the acetylene glycol surfactants with defoaming, antifoaming properties, and polyether modification through a hydrolyzation reaction. A novel silicone surfactant based on acetylene glycol-modified polyoxysilane, which has the advantages of low surface tension and good water solubility. Its structure characterized by infrared. Finally, the new silicone surfactant prepared was emulsified with a composite emulsifier, and a new concrete defoamer was prepared by a mechanical method. The defoaming performance, foam suppression performance and surface tension were tested. The results showed that the new silicone surfactants contained functional groups of acetylene glycol and siloxane. The composite emulsifiers were Span40 and Tween60, which the HLB value was 10, the amount was 5% and the emulsification time was 30 minutes. The prepared new concrete defoamer has good defoaming and antifoaming properties with a low surface tension.

scholarly journals Characteristics of moisture release from layers of forest fuels with typical fire extinguishing agents

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-68
Author(s):  
Genii Kuznetsov ◽  
Konstantin Ponomarev ◽  
Arkadiy Zhakharevich ◽  
Svetlana Kropotova
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Forest Fuels ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
General Approximation ◽  
Research Findings

Typical fire extinguishing agents were considered: water; bischofite solutions (with a mass fraction of 5% and 10%); bentonite slurries (with a mass fraction of 5% and 10%); foaming agent emulsions (with a mass fraction of 5% and 10%). The heating temperature range of 150-400?? was chosen to correspond to the conditions of rapid thermal decomposition of forest fuels. The experimental research findings suggest that the rates of moisture release depend exponentially on the heating temperature. It was established that the rates of moisture release in the above temperature range may differ significantly for the forest fuels and fire extinguishing agents under study. Conditions were identified when the general approximation equations, presented in this paper, can be used to predict the vaporization characteristics of firefighting liquids.

scholarly journals Studying the Effects of Roads Geometry and Design Parameters on the Pavement Drainage System

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Mohammad Awwad
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Water Flow Velocity ◽  
The Road ◽  
Drainage Time ◽  
Operations And Maintenance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Good Drainage

Background: Water floods have a considerable impact on roads sustainability by creating roads cracks, breaking down and holes, and failure for some other parts. The existence of good drainage system serviced the road and draining the water resulted from rain floods is crucial. These significant influences can be classified as positive or negative, low, moderate, or high. Aim and Objectives: This paper discusses the water floods and rainfall effects on roads and highways in Jordan as well as the drainage system on road sustainability and performance. The main aim of this paper is to investigate and analyse water as rainfall or floods affecting roads and highways in Jordan. The importance of this study is represented by studying and analysing the effects of rainfall and water floods on road construction and sustainability in Jordan after the latest high rain sizes of this winter and water floods, which affect the roads and highways in a good percentage. The other importance of the study is represented in offering solutions to problems caused by the environmental effects, specially floods and high rainfall rates. Methodology: all data and information about status of Jordanian roads during winter and floods are collected from real cases of about 40 main and semi-main roads in Jordan.  Results and Conclusions: A good drainage system and repair operations and maintenance generally have a positive impact on road sustainability and survival age. The effects of slopes of the road and surface of the asphalt, rainfall intensity, and water flow velocity on drainage length and drainage time and water depth are discussed here. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091636 Full Text: PDF

scholarly journals Revisiting Gaussian copulas to handle endogenous regressors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Michael Becker ◽  
Dorian Proksch ◽  
Christian M. Ringle
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Gaussian Copula ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Validity Of Results ◽  
Endogenous Regressors ◽  
Copula Approach ◽  
Original Presentation ◽  
And Performance

AbstractMarketing researchers are increasingly taking advantage of the instrumental variable (IV)-free Gaussian copula approach. They use this method to identify and correct endogeneity when estimating regression models with non-experimental data. The Gaussian copula approach’s original presentation and performance demonstration via a series of simulation studies focused primarily on regression models without intercept. However, marketing and other disciplines’ researchers mainly use regression models with intercept. This research expands our knowledge of the Gaussian copula approach to regression models with intercept and to multilevel models. The results of our simulation studies reveal a fundamental bias and concerns about statistical power at smaller sample sizes and when the approach’s primary assumptions are not fully met. This key finding opposes the method’s potential advantages and raises concerns about its appropriate use in prior studies. As a remedy, we derive boundary conditions and guidelines that contribute to the Gaussian copula approach’s proper use. Thereby, this research contributes to ensuring the validity of results and conclusions of empirical research applying the Gaussian copula approach.

scholarly journals Discussion on the Design and Performance of the Whole Packaging Box of Environmentally Friendly Packaging Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Mengwei Xie
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Relative Deformation ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Opening Displacement ◽  
Base Paper ◽  
Value Range ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Positive Axis

More and more designers and companies in the packaging industry begin to pay attention to research on environmentally friendly packaging design. From studying the additional functions of packaging to starting to study the environmentally friendly materials of packaging, as well as the “zero-pollution” packaging advocated today, the traditional form and mode of packaging has changed. This article aims to study the design of the overall packaging box of environmentally friendly packaging materials and discuss its performance. In this paper, the platform construction method and the modulus definition classification method are used to calculate the positive axis stiffness of the single-layer board. The effect of coating process on the wear resistance of paper-based materials was studied, the wear resistance of box board base paper and coated box board under different temperatures and different humidity conditions was compared, and the optimal design variable value range was set. The experimental results show that after the first level of optimization, the overall mass of the structure is reduced from the initial 39.42 kg to 31.18 kg and the optimization efficiency is 20.90%; the maximum relative deformation of the flap structure has increased from 0.143 mm to 0.198 mm, despite having the maximum tension. The opening displacement has increased, but it still meets the sealing deformation requirements. The design and performance discussion of the overall packaging box of environmentally friendly packaging materials have been completed relatively well.

scholarly journals Production and characterization of sophorolipids produced by Candida bombicola from coconut oil

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
Loan Quynh Le ◽  
Huy Duc Ngo ◽  
Khanh Quoc Hoang ◽  
Dung Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Dung Hoang Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Candida Bombicola ◽  
Lower Toxicity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Microbial Origin

The biosurfactants from microbial origin increasingly gained interests because of their application in many field and excellent properties compared to surfactants from chemical origin, such as the higher biodegradability, lower toxicity and environmentally friendly. Sophorolipids, biosurfactants of glycolipid groups are produced through the fermentation by nonpathogenic yeasts such as Candida bombicola. In this study, we investigated the production, surveyed properties of sophorolipids through fermentation by C. bombicola from coconut oil. The results showed that the yield of sophorolipid obtained after 7 days of culture was 14.6 g/L, the surface tension was 40 mN/m. The obtained sophorolipid showed ability to be resistant to some bacteria such as E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. Through DPPH experiment, sophorolipids showed the scavenging acitivity with IC50 = 1.4063 mg/mL. These results showed that sophorolipids could be applied in cosmetics.

scholarly journals Formulation and performance test of palm-based foaming agent concentrate for fire extinguisher application

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 012026 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Rivai ◽  
E Hambali ◽  
A Suryani ◽  
R Fitria ◽  
S Firmansyah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Test ◽  
Fire Extinguisher ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
And Performance

Preparation and properties of high melt strength PBS and its environmentally friendly foaming materials

2021 ◽  
pp. 026248932110536
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ming Zhou ◽  
Yi-Fan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Polymer Melt ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Graft Material ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Melt Strength ◽  
Blending Method

In order to improve the melt strength of Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) resin, the silane graft-crosslinked PBS copolyester materials were prepared by melt blending method with vinyltriethyl silane as graft material and benzyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. At the same time, the environmentally friendly compound foaming agent (citric acid and sodium bicarbonate) was used as foaming agent. The results showed that the tensile properties and melt strength of PBS resin were greatly improved after silane grafting and cross-linking, and the graft and cross-linking reaction between PBS resin and silane occurred, forming a three-dimensional space network structure, and the viscosity and elasticity of polymer melt was changed, which increased the entropy elasticity of the material and strengthened the polymer melt strength. The additional amount of compound foaming agent and the cross-linking degree of material had important influence on the diameter and distribution of PBS foaming material.

scholarly journals Cellulose Nanostructure-Based Biodegradable Nanocomposite Foams: A Brief Overview on the Recent Advancements and Perspectives

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motloung ◽  
Ojijo ◽  
Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Ray
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Polymer Foams ◽  
Crystallisation Kinetics ◽  
Thermal Insulating ◽  
Nanocomposite Foams ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Insulating Properties ◽  
Cellulose Nanostructure

The interest in designing new environmentally friendly materials has led to the development of biodegradable foams as a potential substitute to most currently used fossil fuel–derived polymer foams. Despite the possibility of developing biodegradable and environmentally friendly polymer foams, the challenge of foaming biopolymers still persists as they have very low melt strength and viscosity as well as low crystallisation kinetics. Studies have shown that the incorporation of cellulose nanostructure (CN) particles into biopolymers can enhance the foamability of these materials. In addition, the final properties and performance of the foamed products can be improved with the addition of these nanoparticles. They not only aid in foamability but also act as nucleating agents by controlling the morphological properties of the foamed material. Here, we provide a critical and accessible overview of the influence of CN particles on the properties of biodegradable foams; in particular, their rheological, thermal, mechanical, and flammability and thermal insulating properties and biodegradability.

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