The gut, its microbiome, and the brain: connections and communications

2021 ◽  
Vol 131 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Gershon ◽  
Kara Gross Margolis
Keyword(s):  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections

A new method to predict anomaly in brain network based on graph deep learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 681-689
Author(s):  
Jalal Mirakhorli ◽  
Hamidreza Amindavar ◽  
Mojgan Mirakhorli
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
High Order ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Generative Adversarial Network ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging a neuroimaging technique which is used in brain disorders and dysfunction studies, has been improved in recent years by mapping the topology of the brain connections, named connectopic mapping. Based on the fact that healthy and unhealthy brain regions and functions differ slightly, studying the complex topology of the functional and structural networks in the human brain is too complicated considering the growth of evaluation measures. One of the applications of irregular graph deep learning is to analyze the human cognitive functions related to the gene expression and related distributed spatial patterns. Since a variety of brain solutions can be dynamically held in the neuronal networks of the brain with different activity patterns and functional connectivity, both node-centric and graph-centric tasks are involved in this application. In this study, we used an individual generative model and high order graph analysis for the region of interest recognition areas of the brain with abnormal connection during performing certain tasks and resting-state or decompose irregular observations. Accordingly, a high order framework of Variational Graph Autoencoder with a Gaussian distributer was proposed in the paper to analyze the functional data in brain imaging studies in which Generative Adversarial Network is employed for optimizing the latent space in the process of learning strong non-rigid graphs among large scale data. Furthermore, the possible modes of correlations were distinguished in abnormal brain connections. Our goal was to find the degree of correlation between the affected regions and their simultaneous occurrence over time. We can take advantage of this to diagnose brain diseases or show the ability of the nervous system to modify brain topology at all angles and brain plasticity according to input stimuli. In this study, we particularly focused on Alzheimer’s disease.

Neurodevelopment in the first three years: implications for child development, professional practice and policy

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danya Glaser
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline brain structure and development, the relationship between environment and brain development and implications for practice. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on a selected review of the literature and clinical experience. Findings – While genetics determine the sequence of brain maturation, the nature of brain development and functioning is determined by the young child's caregiving environment, to which the developing brain constantly adapts. The absence of input during sensitive periods may lead to later reduced functioning. There is an undoubted immediate equivalence between every mind function – emotion, cognition, behaviour and brain activity, although the precise location of this in the brain is only very partially determinable, since brain connections and function are extremely complex. Originality/value – This paper provides an overview of key issues in neurodevelopment relating to the development of young children, and implications for policy and practice.

scholarly journals Designing a model to detect the brain connections abnormalities in children with autism using 3D-cellular neural networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 391-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Askari ◽  
Seyed Kamaledin Setarehdan ◽  
Ali Sheikhani ◽  
Mohammad Reza Mohammadi ◽  
Mohammad Teshnehlab
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Cellular Neural Networks ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections

6. What do more intelligent brains look like?

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Ian J. Deary
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Total Brain Volume ◽  
Brain White Matter ◽  
Total Brain ◽  
Lothian Birth Cohort ◽  
Intelligence Test Scores ◽  
Intelligence Scores ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections

‘What do more intelligent brains look like?’ considers a study that used data from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 to test the strength of the correlation between the general intelligence scores of the participants and different measures of their brain’s structure. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure total brain volume, brain cortical thickness, brain white matter integrity (or health), and brain white matter hyperintensities. The study showed that people who have higher general intelligence tend to have larger brains, thicker grey matter on the surface of the brain, and healthier white matter brain connections. The associations are not strong, but some aspects of brain structure do relate to intelligence test scores.

Neuroscience at the Intersection of Mind and Brain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack M. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Health Practice ◽  
The Face ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections

This book makes complicated concepts and findings in modern neuroscience accessible to anyone with an interest in how the brain works. It explains in detail how every experience we have from the moment we are conceived changes our brains. Finally, it advances the idea that psychotherapy is a type of life experience that alters brain function and corrects aberrant brain connections. The chapters explore what makes our brains different from our nearest genetic neighbors; how life’s experiences affect the way genes in the brain are expressed and neurons connect with each other; why connections between different parts of the brain are important in both health and disease; what happens in the brains of animals and humans in the face of sudden fear, in depression, or when falling in love; and how medications and psychotherapies work. The book is based on cutting-edge research in neuroscience, psychiatry, and psychology and includes references to the scientific literature. Written by an author who studied human behavior and brain function for three decades, it is presented in a highly accessible manner, full of personal anecdotes and observations, and it touches on many of the controversies in contemporary mental health practice.

Brain Interconnections

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2059-2067
Author(s):  
Alejandro Dueñas ◽  
Juan Carlos Aldaz Rosas ◽  
Francisco Jiménez Hernández ◽  
M. M. A. Ortiz Caloca
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Signal Quality ◽  
Lumped Elements ◽  
Electrical Connections ◽  
Very High Frequencies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections

The interaction brain-machine is now an indissoluble fact. The repercussions this fact will have in future are presently unimaginable. As mentioned in [1] the nerve axon can now be modeled by a cable or a planar high speed interconnection, no matter what kind of interconnection will be used.  The brain development is clearly shown in a stupendous book of the SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE treating the brain and the nervous system. An extraction of the brain development chapter is here included to show the relationship among the physiological brain connections [2] and the high speed electrical connections [1]. On the other hand, because of the massive volume of information storage now a day the synchronization clock speeds are all in the range of GHz almost reaching the THz. At these very high frequencies the behavior of the interconnects are more like that of a transmission line, and hence distortion, delay, and phase shift-effects caused by phenomena like cross talk, ringing, and overshoot are present and may be undesirable for the performance of a circuit or system. Thus, the interconnects do not have to be considered like simple conductors or lumped elements. All this gives rise to a new emerging discipline known as signal integrity. This discipline is extremely important to maintain the signal quality on microstrip circuits [3]. In this discipline the correct timing and signal quality preservation preventing transients and false switching are studied in order to avoid excessive delays.

scholarly journals Different Modes of Low-Frequency Focused Ultrasound-Mediated Attenuation of Epilepsy Based on the Topological Theory

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1001
Author(s):  
Minjian Zhang ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Yafei Liu ◽  
Rongyu Tang ◽  
Yiran Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Functional Brain Network ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections

Epilepsy is common brain dysfunction, where abnormal synchronized activities can be observed across multiple brain regions. Low-frequency focused pulsed ultrasound has been proven to modulate the epileptic brain network. In this study, we used two modes of low-intensity focused ultrasound (pulsed-wave and continuous-wave) to sonicate the brains of KA-induced epileptic rats, analyzed the EEG functional brain connections to explore their respective effect on the epileptic brain network, and discuss the mechanism of ultrasound neuromodulation. By comparing the brain network characteristics before and after sonication, we found that two modes of ultrasound both significantly affected the functional brain network, especially in the low-frequency band below 12 Hz. After two modes of sonication, the power spectral density of the EEG signals and the connection strength of the brain network were significantly reduced, but there was no significant difference between the two modes. Our results indicated that the ultrasound neuromodulation could effectively regulate the epileptic brain connections. The ultrasound-mediated attenuation of epilepsy was independent of modes of ultrasound.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BRAIN ELECTRIC ACTIVITY IN COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. E. Dik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Electric Activity ◽  
Bioelectrical Activity ◽  
Recurrence Plots ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Functional Load ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quantitative Indicators ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections

Based on the analysis of joint recurrence plots of the brain’s response to functional load in the form of rhythmic photostimulation, quantitative indicators of changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain of patients with moderate cognitive impairments were revealed before and after the method of therapy associated with the formation of stable functional brain connections. It has been shown that such therapy, leading to an improvement in the condition of patients, correlates with changes in the indicators of joint recurrence plots of the bioelectrical activity of the brain and photostimulus.

scholarly journals Brain, Depression, Epigenetics: New Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 163-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Romanchuk ◽  
V. Pyatin ◽  
A. Volobuev ◽  
S. Bulgakova ◽  
E. Treneva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Methods ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
The World ◽  
Multimodal Methods ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Abstract. Depression is a destructive syndrome, with allostatic overload and transient dysregulation of neurological, metabolic and immunological status functions, as well as reprogramming in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Depression causes pathological changes in the secretion and motility of the digestive system, and failure of bidirectional intestinal-brain connections modify the intestinal microbiota. Chronic depression destabilizes the “cognitive and visceral brain”. The neuroendocrine component of the new neural network brain models and controls molecular, functional, behavioral and Autonomous responses in response to the formation (creation, cultivation) of a new healthy biomicrobiota. Constant self-organization of functional systems of the body is provided by homeostatic regulation in the framework of deterministic and stochastic science. The architecture and functions of the brain support efficient energy regulation. The internal model of the brain negatively affects the development and maintenance of depression. For example, mood, motor, autonomic, immune, metabolic, and circadian dysregulations indicate a Central problem with ineffective energy regulation. Depression is an internal pattern associated with distress, mental withdrawal from the world, and physical withdrawal from the world. Allostasis and depression, allostatic dysregulation and instantaneous distress are based on the fundamental multidisciplinary role of metabolism. The author's work in the creation of a new protective functional and epigenetic nutrition, the clinical application of strategic combined and hybrid methods and tools in the neurorehabilitation of the circadian system, the use of artificial intelligence in the functioning of the “cognitive brain” and “visceral brain” and the “brain-microbiota” neural networks are promising applications in personalized medicine. Psychoneuroimmunological communications and neuroendocrinological multimodal methods can significantly increase the duration of an active and high-quality healthy life.

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