Comparative Efficiencies of Conventional and Super-Swimfin Designs

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 495-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. McMurray
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Large Surface Area ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Significant Linear Correlation ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Submaximal Workload

One female and six male subjects were used to evaluate the effectiveness of four modern “super-swimfin” designs when compared to a set of conventional fins. Oxygen consumption and heart rates were measured at a predetermined submaximal workload using a swimming ergometer. Times for kicking 22.9 m were also compared. The results demonstrated that significantly less oxygen was consumed during the trials in which the vented super-fins of large surface area were used than when the conventional fins were used. Significant V̇O2differences were also noted between super-fins, with large surface area, inflexible, or venturi designs resulting in the consumption of more oxygen than the others. A statistically significant linear correlation (r = −.90) was computed when comparing oxygen consumption to fin surface area. Flexibility of the fins was noted to be directly related to the speed that could be attained (r = .90). It was concluded that only the super-fin designs that were vented and had a large surface area are more efficient than the conventional fins tested.

VI. Energy expenditure and climatic exposure of Yemenite and Kurdish Jews in Israel

1973 ◽  
Vol 266 (876) ◽  
pp. 127-140 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Jewish Women ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Activity Survey ◽  
Yemenite Jews ◽  
Male Subjects

The daily energy expenditure of Yemenite and Kurdish Jews has been assessed in summer and winter. The majority of the male subjects were engaged in farming; the women were mainly housewives. A timed activity survey was carried out on all subjects. The differences between summer and winter were, in general, small and the time spent by the men in different activities averaged for the two seasons were, for the Yemenite Jews 7.69 h lying, 7.16 h sitting, 7.6 h working. The Kurdish Jews spent 8.44 h lying, 6.4 h sitting and 7.4 h working. Energy expenditure was computed from the timed activity survey and measurements of oxygen consumption in a number of tasks. The energy expenditure of the men in the summer was 3 050 kcal (12760 kj) per day for both the Yemenite and the Kurdish Jews. In the winter, the Yemenite Jews expended 3000 kcal (12560 kj) and the Kurdish Jews 3110 kcal (13020 kj) per day. The Yemenite Jewish women expended 2280 kcal (9550 kj) per day in the summer and 2400 kcal (10040 kj) per day in the winter, and the Kurdish Jewish women expended 2250 kcal (9420 kj) per day in the summer and 2 390 kcal (10 000 kj) per day in the winter. Integrated heart rates were recorded in the two seasons, during the night and during the day. The night rates were significantly lower in the summer than in the winter. The average night rates were: summer, winter, beats/min beats/min Kurdish Jews men 56.3 60.9 women 63.0 70.6 Yemenite Jews men 60.4 65.6 women 66.6 70.5 The time spent out of doors in the daylight hours was 348 min/day in the summer and 347 min/day in the winter for the Yemenite Jewish men. The Kurdish Jewish men spent 401 min/day out of doors in the summer and 342 min/day out of doors in the winter. The Yemenite Jewish women were out of doors for 205 min/day in the summer and 243 min/day in the winter. The corresponding figures for the Kurdish Jewish women were 203 and 81 min/day.

Functional Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus Nanostructures towards Next-Generation Devices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengke Wang ◽  
Jun Zhu ◽  
You Zi ◽  
Zheng-Guang Wu ◽  
Haiguo Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Black Phosphorus ◽  
Large Surface Area ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Next Generation

In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) black phosphorus (BP) has been widely applied in many fields, such as (opto)electronics, transistors, catalysis and biomedical applications due to its large surface area, tunable...

Research on metallic chalcogen-functionalized monolayer-puckered V2CX2 (X = S, Se, and Te) as promising Li-ion battery anode materials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunmei Tang ◽  
Xiaoxu Wang ◽  
Shengli Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Anode Materials ◽  
Large Surface Area ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Battery Anode

Two-dimensional MXene nanomaterials are promising anode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their excellent conductivity, large surface area, and high Li capability.

scholarly journals Strategic use of nanotechnology in drug targeting and its consequences on human health: A focused review

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Maurya ◽  
Anurag Kumar Singh ◽  
Gaurav Mishra ◽  
Komal Kumari ◽  
Arati Rai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Drug Targeting ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Large Surface Area ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Disease Therapy ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Medical Benefits

Since the development of first lipid-based nanocarrier system, about 15% of the present pharmaceutical market uses nanomedicines to achieve medical benefits. Nanotechnology is an advanced area to meliorate the delivery of compounds for improved medical diagnosis and curing disease. Nanomedicines are gaining significant interest due to the ultra small size and large surface area to mass ratio. In this review, we discuss the potential of nanotechnology in delivering of active moieties for the disease therapy including their toxicity evidences. This communication will help the formulation scientists in understanding and exploring the new aspects of nanotechnology in the field of nanomedicine.

Synthesis of functional hollow WS2 particles with large surface area for Near-Infrared (NIR) triggered drug delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 875 ◽  
pp. 160034
Author(s):  
Na Liu ◽  
Fan Fan ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Qi Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Large Surface Area

Should CD138 Immunohistochemistry be Standard Recommended Practice for Bone Marrow Evaluation of Plasma Cell Neoplasms?

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S110-S110
Author(s):  
A Vijayanarayanan ◽  
K Inamdar ◽  
M Menon ◽  
P Kuriakose
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Plasma Cell ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Protein Electrophoresis ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Cell Percentage ◽  
Significant Linear Correlation ◽  
Plasma Cell Neoplasms

Abstract Introduction/Objective Myeloma diagnosis by a pathologist requires 10% plasma cells (PC) or a biopsy proven plasmacytoma in addition to myeloma defining events. PC% > 60% is a biomarker of malignancy under this definition. WHO allows for assesment of plasma cell percentage either by aspirate count or by CD138 immunohistochemistry (IHC). There is lack of consensus on aspirate smear adequacy for PC% estimation. Uneven distribution of plasma cells, hemodilution and/or patchy infiltration can lead to gross underestimation. We compared PC% by aspirate count and CD138 IHC and established corelation with serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) values. Methods 67 myeloma cases were included after excluding cases with suboptimal or inadequate aspirate smears. Two hematopathologists evaluated the diagnostic marrow (therapy naive) for PC% by aspirate count and CD138 IHC on biopsy/clot section. Corresponding SPEP and Free light chain (FLC) values were obtained. Correlation coefficent was calculated using Pearson correlation coefficient (GraphPad Prism). Results The Ig subtypes included IgG (41/67) and IgA (17/67). 12 cases had available FLC values. Both average and median PC% by CD138 IHC was considerably higher (50%, 52%) compared to aspirate count (29%, 21%). However, PC% by aspirate smear count and CD138 IHC demonstrated a significant linear correlation (r=0.71, p60% by CD138 (and not by aspirate count). Conclusion CD138 IHC based PC% is consistently higher, nevertheless, statistically significant linear corelation is observed between aspirate count PC% and CD138 IHC. A significant linear correlation is observed between CD138 IHC and SPEP (IgG and IgA), however, no such correlation is observed with aspirate count. More cases were diagnosed as myeloma (11%) and higher propotion of cases (35%) had biomarker of malignancy i.e. PC% >60% by CD138 IHC. Based on these findings, we propose estimation of PC% by CD138 immunostain be a recommended standard practice for better clinicopathologic and biologic correlation.

Accelerating ion diffusion with unique three-dimensionally interconnected nanopores for self-membrane high-performance pseudocapacitors

Nanoscale ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (46) ◽  
pp. 18311-18317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Gao ◽  
Yuanjing Lin ◽  
Zehua Peng ◽  
Qingfeng Zhou ◽  
Zhiyong Fan
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Structural Stability ◽  
High Aspect Ratio ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rate Capability ◽  
Large Surface Area ◽  
Nanoporous Structure ◽  
Ion Diffusion

Three-dimensional interconnected nanoporous structure (3-D INPOS) possesses high aspect ratio, large surface area, as well as good structural stability. Profiting from its unique interconnected architecture, the 3-D INPOS pseudocapacitor achieves a largely enhanced capacitance and rate capability.

Transport of Ions and Molecules in Nanofluidic Devices

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohit Karnik ◽  
Chuanhua Duan ◽  
Kenneth Castelino ◽  
Rong Fan ◽  
Peidong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Charge ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Field Effect ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Surface Reactions ◽  
Molecular Transport ◽  
Large Surface Area ◽  
Ionic Concentrations ◽  
Nanofluidic Devices ◽  
Transport Of Ions

Interesting transport phenomena arise when fluids are confined to nanoscale dimensions in the range of 1–100 nm. We examine three distinct effects that influence ionic and molecular transport as the size of fluidic channels is decreased to the nanoscale. First, the length scale of electrostatic interactions in aqueous solutions becomes comparable to nanochannel size and the number of surface charges becomes comparable to the number of ions in the channel. Second, the size of the channel becomes comparable to the size of biomolecules such as proteins and DNA. Third, large surface area-to-volume ratios result in rapid rates of surface reactions and can dramatically affect transport of molecules through the channel. These phenomena enable us to control transport of ions and molecules in unique ways that are not possible in larger channels. Electrostatic interactions enable local control of ionic concentrations and transport inside nanochannels through field effect in a nanofluidic transistor, which is analogous to the metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor. Furthermore, by controlling surface charge in nanochannels, it is possible to create a nanofluidic diode that rectifies ionic transport through the channel. Biological binding events result in partial blockage of the channel, and can thus be sensed by a decrease in nanochannel conductance. At low ionic concentrations, the effect of biomolecular charge is dominant and it can lead to an increase in conductance. Surface reactions can also be used to control transport of molecules though the channel due to the large surface area-to-volume ratios. Rapid surface reactions enable a new technique of diffusion-limited patterning (DLP), which is useful for patterning of biomolecules and surface charge in nanochannels. These examples illustrate how electrostatic interactions, biomolecular size, and surface reactions can be used for controlling ionic and molecular transport through nanochannels. These phenomena may be useful for operations such as analyte focusing, pH and ionic concentration control, and biosensing in micro- and nanofluidic devices.

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