Are carboxyhaemoglobin levels and distance of the corpse from the site of explosion linked? Results from the retrospective analysis of a terroristic attack

2021 ◽  
pp. 002581722110523
Author(s):  
Simone Cappelletti ◽  
Daria Piacentino ◽  
Federica Umani Ronchi ◽  
Costantino Ciallella
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Toxicological Data

We present a retrospective analysis of a terrorist attack with incendiary grenades. We tried to analyse the correlation between carboxyhaemoglobin levels and distance of the corpse from the explosion site to check whether there is a direct relationship between them. In most fatal cases caused by grenade explosions reported in literature, death results from disruptive injuries or following multiorgan complications of the trauma, but here the terrorists used incendiary grenades causing serious burns to the victims with flames at the site of explosion. As a result, the external injuries were not fatal for most victims, especially those further from the explosion site where the flames and carbon monoxide from the fire played a significant role in causing death. The convergence of circumstantial data, autopsy results, and toxicological data led us to conclude that a direct link between the carboxyhaemoglobin level and distance from the site of explosion could not be made. Understanding the limitation of the value of linking such data is important both for police and forensic pathologists as this can reduce potential errors in reconstructing the dynamics of the event.

scholarly journals RELIGIOUS SCHOLARS (‘ULAMĀ’) AND POLITICAL LEADERS (UMARĀ’) IN THE CLASSICAL MALAY TEXTS: A COMPARATIVE RELIGION APPROACH

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd. Noh Bin Abdul Jalil
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Comparative Religion ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Special Position ◽  
Malay Archipelago ◽  
Close Relationship

This paper aims in analyzing the roles of religious scholars (‘ulamā’) and political leaders (umarā’) during the Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic periods in the Malay Archipelago. Different roles have been entrusted to the religious authorities by the Malay rulers. During the period of Indian cultural and religious dominance, religious scholars had a special position at the court and played a significant role in maintaining the legitimacy of the king. Close relationship between religious scholars and the Malay rulers is also evident after the coming of Islam to the archipelago. Once again, religious authorities had been entrusted with a special role by the ruling elite. However, the new Muslim scholars took on a significantly different role with regard to functions from that of their Hindu-Buddhist predecessors. Analysis on the roles of both authorities will be made based on evidence found in two classical Malay texts namely the Sejarah Melayu and Bustān al-Salātīn. This paper concludes how, after the spread of Islam to the Malay Archipelago relationship between religious scholars and secular leaders changed drastically. Religious scholars (‘ulamā’) maintained a less direct relationship with political leaders compared to the role of the Brahmin of the devaraja cult. They merely acted as moral advisors to the rulers who would decide whether to accept or to reject religious advice presented to them based on the needs at that time.     

ASSESSMENT OF THE TOXIC INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTANTS IN THE SARATOV REGION DURING THE FOREST FIRES

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Karetnikova ◽  
E. S. Terekhina ◽  
N. V. Shlyapnikov ◽  
A. A. Voitovich
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Saratov Region ◽  
Permissible Levels

The article is devoted to the hygienic assessment of the potential risk of general toxic effects for the health of the population in the Saratov region as a result of action of pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitrogen mono - and dioxides, ammonia, dust, formaldehyde) during forest fires. The relevance of this work is due to the significant role of forest fires in air pollution and the special vulnerability of the Saratov region to forest fires. The results of the study allow to judge the significant role of forest fires in air pollution in the Saratov region: there are significant excesses of the hygienic permissible levels of maximum single and average daily concentrations of pollutants (nitrogen mono- and dioxides, ammonia, dust, formaldehyde), which create an unfavorable environmental situation, contribute to the development and progression of many human diseases.

scholarly journals Catalyst Initiation in the Oscillatory Carbonylation Reaction

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Novakovic ◽  
Julie Parker
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Potassium Iodide ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Reaction Network ◽  
Oxidative Carbonylation ◽  
Heat Of Reaction ◽  
Oscillatory Reaction ◽  
Oscillatory Behaviour ◽  
Carbonylation Reaction

Palladium(II) iodide is used as a catalyst in the phenylacetylene oxidative carbonylation reaction that has demonstrated oscillatory behaviour in both pH and heat of reaction. In an attempt to extract the reaction network responsible for the oscillatory nature of this reaction, the system was divided into smaller parts and they were studied. This paper focuses on understanding the reaction network responsible for the initial reactions of palladium(II) iodide within this oscillatory reaction. The species researched include methanol, palladium(II) iodide, potassium iodide, and carbon monoxide. Several chemical reactions were considered and applied in a modelling study. The study revealed the significant role played by traces of water contained in the standard HPLC grade methanol used.

scholarly journals Islamophobia and Media: The Framing of Muslims and Islam in International Media

2017 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidra Rahman ◽  
Dr. Ayesha Qamar
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
International Level ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Media Reporting ◽  
International Media ◽  
Clear Image ◽  
The World ◽  
The Media ◽  
Set Up

The focus of this research paper is to explain the negative representation of Islam and Muslims in an international media. The media in all over the world is considered most influential medium, which is shaped the views of people related to every section of societies. The media perform a significant role in constructing the listener angle and attitude related to any complication that emerges in the whole world. In this context, the audiences accept as true and have expectation from media to represent a clear image relate any type of affair which is happening at both national and international surface. In western media, Muslims represented as an “other alien” an international level. After the incident of 9/11, Muslims and Islam have recognized as backward and violent culture and religion. Muslims communities and their families are mostly victims and targeted by non-Muslims, victimization of veiled Muslims female and religious men in public places, as victims and targeted against the law. In present days Islam and Muslims are represented as a terrorist, illiterate, extremist and backward in international media. Although the framing of Muslims and Islam, particularly after the 7/7 bombing, 9/11 terrorist attack and Paris attack, a large number of study and research set up, that an internationally the inclination of media reporting is highly observed negativity toward Islam and Muslims, by affiliating it with extremism and terrorism.

It Began with Gymnastics…

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-56
Author(s):  
Vladan Vukašinović ◽  
Violeta Šiljak ◽  
Sonja Kocić ◽  
Saša Vajić
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Basic Hypothesis ◽  
The Military ◽  
Insight Into

Summary The goal of this research was to provide insight into and systematisation of data relevant for the emergence and development of gymnastics in the Principality, and later Kingdom of Serbia, based on a review of monographic and serially published sources. The basic hypothesis was founded on the expectation that a direct link would be established between gymnastics, as the pivot of the programme, as well as its forms of physical exercise, and the emergence and development of organised physical exercising system in the civilian gymnastic and Sokol associations. In this research the historical method was applied. The results presented in this paper showed that gymnastics was the first and the chief component of the military and school physical exercising programs, as well as the significant role of gymnastics in the development of civilian gymnastic, Army and Sokol associations, and in the popularisation and development of modern sports at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century in Serbia. The development of gymnastics was accompanied by the provision of suitable exercising conditions, the organisation of professional courses for the gymnastics teachers and the publishing of appropriate literature.

Cyanide: critical issues in diagnosis and treatment

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
F J Baud
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Situation ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Cyanide Poisoning ◽  
Rescue Workers ◽  
Fire Victims ◽  
In Fire

The concern of a terrorist attack using cyanide, as well as the gradual awareness of cyanide poisoning in fire victims, has resulted in a renewed interest in the diagnosis and treatment of cyanide poisoning. The formerly academic presentation of cyanide poisoning must be replaced by more useful knowledge, which will allow emergency physicians and rescue workers to strongly suspect cyanide poisoning at the scene. Human cyanide poisonings may result from exposure to cyanide, its salts, or cyanogenic compounds, while residential fires are the most common condition of exposure. In fire victims, recognition of the cyanide toxidrome has been hampered by the short half-life in blood and poor stability of cyanide. In contrast, carboxyhemoglobin, as a marker of carbon monoxide poisoning, is easily measured and long-lasting. No evidence supports the assumption of the arbitrary fixed lethal thresholds of 50% for carboxyhemoglobin, and 3 mg/L for cyanide, in fire victims. Preliminary data, drawn when comparing pure carbon monoxide and pure cyanide poisonings, suggest that a cyanide toxidrome can be defined considering signs and symptoms induced by cyanide and carbon monoxide, respectively. Prospective studies in fire victims may provide value in clarifying signs and symptoms related to both toxicants. Cyanide can induce a lifethreatening poisoning from which a full recovery is possible. A number of experimentally efficient antidotes to cyanide exist, whose clinical use has been hampered due to serious side effects. The availability of potentially safer antidotes unveils the possibility of their value as first-line treatment, even in a complex clinical situation, where diagnosis is rapid and presumptive.

A Tale of Two Antiquities: A Fresh Evaluation of the Relationship between the Ancient Histories of T. Flavius Josephus and Dionysius of Halicarnassus

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 475-497
Author(s):  
J. Andrew Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Jewish Tradition ◽  
Careful Attention ◽  
Dionysius Of Halicarnassus ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractAlthough it was once widely held that Josephus’s historical work,Jewish Antiquities, is modelled after theRoman Antiquitiesof Dionysius of Halicarnassus, recent years have seen some reject this view and others develop the suggestion that Josephus treats Dionysius’s work as a foil. This article provides a fresh evaluation of this debate by giving careful attention to each of the areas that have played a significant role in the discussion. After examining the areas of the basic similarities highlighted by Henry St. John Thackeray, style, historiography, general content and themes, and apologetic arguments, the essay concludes that features of the works’ content and apologetic arguments provide the strongest evidence for a direct relationship, and that the specifics of these features support the view that Josephus modeled aspects of his work after that of Dionysius and also intended to imply the superiority of the Jewish tradition over that of Rome.

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