Chapter III. Some Aspects of the Present Inflation

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 38-51 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Price Indices ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Table 1 shows a set of cost and price indices, indicating their percentage rate of change in the four most recent years and their trend rate of increase in the preceding seven.

scholarly journals Hemogram as marker of in-hospital mortality in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. jim-2021-001810
Author(s):  
Alejandro López-Escobar ◽  
Rodrigo Madurga ◽  
José María Castellano ◽  
Santiago Ruiz de Aguiar ◽  
Sara Velázquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Increased Risk

The clinical impact of COVID-19 disease calls for the identification of routine variables to identify patients at increased risk of death. Current understanding of moderate-to-severe COVID-19 pathophysiology points toward an underlying cytokine release driving a hyperinflammatory and procoagulant state. In this scenario, white blood cells and platelets play a direct role as effectors of such inflammation and thrombotic response. We investigate whether hemogram-derived ratios such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and the systemic immune-inflammation index may help to identify patients at risk of fatal outcomes. Activated platelets and neutrophils may be playing a decisive role during the thromboinflammatory phase of COVID-19 so, in addition, we introduce and validate a novel marker, the neutrophil-to-platelet ratio (NPR).Two thousand and eighty-eight hospitalized patients with COVID-19 admitted at any of the hospitals of HM Hospitales group in Spain, from March 1 to June 10, 2020, were categorized according to the primary outcome of in-hospital death.Baseline values, as well as the rate of increase of the four ratios analyzed were significantly higher at hospital admission in patients who died than in those who were discharged (p<0.0001). In multivariable logistic regression models, NLR (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.08, p=0.00035) and NPR (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.36, p<0.0001) were significantly and independently associated with in-hospital mortality.According to our results, hemogram-derived ratios obtained at hospital admission, as well as the rate of change during hospitalization, may easily detect, primarily using NLR and the novel NPR, patients with COVID-19 at high risk of in-hospital mortality.

scholarly journals High-resolution glacial and deglacial record of atmospheric methane by continuous-flow and laser spectrometer analysis along the NEEM ice core

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 2579-2593 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chappellaz ◽  
C. Stowasser ◽  
T. Blunier ◽  
D. Baslev-Clausen ◽  
E. J. Brook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Cross Dating ◽  
Laser Spectroscopic

Abstract. The Greenland NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling) operation in 2010 provided the first opportunity to combine trace-gas measurements by laser spectroscopic instruments and continuous-flow analysis along a freshly drilled ice core in a field-based setting. We present the resulting atmospheric methane (CH4) record covering the time period from 107.7 to 9.5 ka b2k (thousand years before 2000 AD). Companion discrete CH4 measurements are required to transfer the laser spectroscopic data from a relative to an absolute scale. However, even on a relative scale, the high-resolution CH4 data set significantly improves our knowledge of past atmospheric methane concentration changes. New significant sub-millennial-scale features appear during interstadials and stadials, generally associated with similar changes in water isotopic ratios of the ice, a proxy for local temperature. In addition to the midpoint of Dansgaard–Oeschger (D/O) CH4 transitions usually used for cross-dating, sharp definition of the start and end of these events brings precise depth markers (with ±20 cm uncertainty) for further cross-dating with other palaeo- or ice core records, e.g. speleothems. The method also provides an estimate of CH4 rates of change. The onsets of D/O events in the methane signal show a more rapid rate of change than their endings. The rate of CH4 increase associated with the onsets of D/O events progressively declines from 1.7 to 0.6 ppbv yr−1 in the course of marine isotope stage 3. The largest observed rate of increase takes place at the onset of D/O event #21 and reaches 2.5 ppbv yr−1.

scholarly journals Increasing surface ozone concentrations in the background atmosphere of Southern China, 1994–2007

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 6217-6227 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Wang ◽  
X. L. Wei ◽  
A. J. Ding ◽  
C. N. Poon ◽  
K. S. Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
South China ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Background Ozone ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone is of great importance with regard to air quality, atmospheric chemistry, and climate change. In this paper we report the first continuous record of surface ozone in the background atmosphere of South China. The data were obtained from 1994 to 2007 at a coastal site in Hong Kong, which is strongly influenced by the outflow of Asian continental air during the winter and the inflow of maritime air from the subtropics in the summer. Three methods are used to derive the rate of change in ozone. A linear fit to the 14-year record shows that the ozone concentration increased by 0.58 ppbv/yr, whereas comparing means in years 1994–2000 and 2001–2007 gives an increase of 0.87 ppbv/yr for a 7-year period. The ozone changes in air masses from various source regions are also examined. Using local wind and carbon monoxide (CO) data to filter out local influence, we find that ozone increased by 0.94 ppbv/yr from 1994–2000 to 2001–2007 in air masses from Eastern China, with similar changes in the other two continent-influenced air-mass groups, but no statistically significant change in the marine air. An examination of the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) column obtained from GOME and SCIAMACHY reveals an increase in atmospheric NO2 in China's three fastest developing coastal regions, whereas NO2 in other parts of Asia decreased during the same period, and no obvious trend over the main shipping routes in the South China Sea was indicated. Thus the observed increase in background ozone in Hong Kong is most likely due to the increased emissions of NO2 (and possibly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well) in the upwind coastal regions of mainland China. The CO data at Hok Tsui showed less definitive changes compared to the satellite NO2 column. The increase in background ozone likely made a strong contribution (81%) to the rate of increase in "total ozone" at an urban site in Hong Kong, suggesting the need to consider distant sources when developing long-term strategies to mitigate local ozone pollution.

Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy by the rate of increase of choriogonadotropin in serum: diagnostic criteria compared

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 2097-2101 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Emancipator ◽  
J L Bock ◽  
M D Burke
Keyword(s):  
Ectopic Pregnancy ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Choriogonadotropin ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Sampling Intervals ◽  
Lower Limit Of Normal

Abstract We compare three methods for using the rate of change of human choriogonadotropin (hCG) concentration in serum to diagnose ectopic pregnancy. With Method I, the lower limit for the rate of increase of serum hCG in normal pregnancy is 66% per 48 h. With Method II, a different lower limit of normal is specified for each of four discrete sampling intervals of hCG. With Method III, the lower limit of normal is determined by a continuous discriminant function of the initial hCG concentration. If the initial hCG concentration is less than or equal to 2000 int. units/L (Second International Standard), all three methods have acceptable diagnostic efficiencies, and there are no statistically significant differences among conclusions from the methods. None of the three methods performs satisfactorily if the initial hCG concentration is greater than 2000 int. units/L. We recommend Method I because it is simpler than the other two.

The association between Medicare’s next generation sequencing (NGS), national coverage decision (NCD), and NGS utilization.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (29_suppl) ◽  
pp. 98-98
Author(s):  
William Bruce Wong ◽  
Daniel Sheinson ◽  
Sarika Ogale ◽  
Carlos Flores ◽  
Cary Philip Gross
Keyword(s):  
Metastatic Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs

98 Background: In 2018, Medicare released a NGS NCD memo which would facilitate reimbursement for NGS tests for patients (pts) with advanced or metastatic cancer who had not been previously tested using NGS for the same cancer and genetic content. We examined the association between the NCD and: a) NGS utilization trends in commercially-insured and Medicare pts and b) repeat NGS testing. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of pts with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC), metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), metastatic breast cancer (mBC) or advanced melanoma (aM), diagnosed 2011 (2013 for mCRC) through Dec. 2019 using the Flatiron Health EHR-derived de-identified database, comprising data from over 280 (largely community based) cancer clinics (~800 sites of care). Pts were classified as Medicare or Commercially insured based on age and insurance type, and grouped into quarters based on their advanced or metastatic diagnosis date. NGS testing rates per quarter were based on evidence of first NGS test within 60 days from diagnosis. We used an interrupted time series analysis to assess NGS utilization trends pre- and post-NCD policy effective date (March 2018). The frequency of repeat NGS testing was assessed among those pts with only 1 primary cancer. Results: The utilization analysis included 70,290 pts while the repeat NGS testing analysis included 51,385 pts. Across the 4 tumors combined, the use of NGS was < 1% in 2011 (both insurance types) and increased to 41% in commercially-insured pts and 37% in Medicare in 2019. In each tumor, NGS utilization was < 6% in Q1 2014; however, the rate of increase varied by tumor, with aNSCLC increasing to 58% in commercial and 48% in Medicare, while mBC and aM remained < 20% in Q4 2019. Among pts with aNSCLC, mCRC, or mBC, the quarterly rate of increase in NGS testing was higher post-NCD compared to pre-NCD (p < 0.05 for pre-post difference in rate of NGS increase within each cancer type). The difference in trends pre- and post-NCD was not significantly different between commercial and Medicare in any of the tumors (p > 0.05 within each cancer type). Repeat NGS testing increased over time from 17.8% (in Q3 2014 to Q2 2016) to 29.6% (in Q2 2018 to Q4 2019). Conclusions: NGS utilization trends significantly changed post-NCD, however the rate of change was not significantly different by insurance, indicating private insurers may also be following the guidance of the NCD. We observed an increase in repeat NGS testing, despite the NCD not covering repeat testing with the same NGS test.

scholarly journals Family Proximity as a Moderator of Spousal Associations of Depression among Mexican Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 755-756
Author(s):  
Katie Newkirk ◽  
Maria Aranda ◽  
Catalina Mourgues-Codern ◽  
Ana Quiñones ◽  
Rafael Samper-Ternent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Mitigating Factors

Abstract Depression among older adults is a public health issue, and a large literature highlights the importance of close relationships as both a risk and protective factor for depression. Research in U.S. samples suggests that one spouse’s depressive symptoms can increase their partner’s depressive symptoms, especially for women (Kouros & Cummings, 2010; Tower & Kasl, 1996). Little is known about interpersonal associations in depression, mitigating factors, and the role of gender among older couples in Mexico. This study examined (1) the effects of an individual’s depressive symptoms on their spouse’s symptoms and 2) whether living close to family buffered depression associations using data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (n=4,071 dyads, age 50+ at initial interview). Depressive symptoms were measured in 2001, 2003, 2012, 2015, and 2018 using a modified 8-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. Multilevel modeling was used to fit a dual-intercept growth model (centered at 2012) of husbands’ and wives’ depressive symptoms over time, controlling for age and education. Results showed a partner effect for husbands and wives, such that having a spouse with greater depressive symptoms in 2001 was associated with greater subsequent depressive symptoms, but not with rate of change in symptoms, in 2012. There was also a moderation effect such that the deleterious effect of husbands’ depressive symptoms on wives’ symptoms, as well as rate of increase in symptoms, was higher when family lived nearby, suggesting family may potentially exacerbate depression associations among spouses rather than a buffering them as hypothesized.

Recent elevation increase on Lambert Glacier, Antarctica, from orbit cross-over analysis of satellite-radar altimetry

1994 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 26-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig S. Lingle ◽  
Li-her Lee ◽  
H. Jay zwally ◽  
Tim C. Selss
Keyword(s):  
Flow Direction ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Radar Altimetry ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Satellite Radar ◽  
Lambert Glacier ◽  
Satellite Radar Altimetry

The mean rate-of-change of the surface elevation on lower Lambert Glacier is measured with satellite-radar altimetry from the Geosat Exact Repeat Mission (ERM) (1987 89) and Seasat (1978), using orbit cross-over analysis. The measurement region extends 190km in the along-flow direction from 72.1° to 70.4° S, an area that includes the grounding zone of Lambert Glacier. The Geosat ERM and Seasat altimetry are referenced to GEM T2 orbits. The random-noise levels in the data are reduced by low-pass filtering. The orbit bias between the two satellites is estimated from cross-over differences over sea ice seaward of the calving front of the Amery Ice Shelf. The results show a mean rate of increase of the surface height on lower Lambert Glacier of 31±10 mm year-1during the decade from 1978 to 1987–89. The computation is also carried out independently using data not low-pass filtered but with orbit bias minimized by adjusting the Seasat and Geosat ERM orbits into a common ocean surface. The latter analysis shows a mean rate of increase of the surface height of 83 ± 9 mm year-1during the same time period. Cross-over analyses carried out using altimetry not low-pass filtered and with orbits not adjusted into a common ocean surface yield intermediate results. Taken together, the cross-over analyses show that the surface height on lower Lambert Glacier increased at a mean rate within the range 20–90 mm year-1during the decade 1978 to 1987–89.

scholarly journals Longitudinal changes in maternal anthropometry in relation to neonatal anthropometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 797-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J Pugh ◽  
Ana M Ortega-Villa ◽  
William Grobman ◽  
Stefanie N Hinkle ◽  
Roger B Newman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Infant Birth

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the association of longitudinal changes in maternal anthropometric measures with neonatal anthropometry and to assess to what extent late-gestational changes in maternal anthropometry are associated with neonatal body composition.DesignIn a prospective cohort of pregnant women, maternal anthropometry was measured at six study visits across pregnancy and after birth, neonates were measured and fat and lean mass calculated. We estimated maternal anthropometric trajectories and separately assessed rate of change in the second (15–28 weeks) and third trimester (28–39 weeks) in relation to neonatal anthropometry. We investigated the extent to which tertiles of third-trimester maternal anthropometry change were associated with neonatal outcomes.SettingWomen were recruited from twelve US sites (2009–2013).ParticipantsNon-obese women with singleton pregnancies (n 2334).ResultsA higher rate of increase in gestational weight gain was associated with larger-birth-weight infants with greater lean and fat mass. In contrast, higher rates of increase in maternal anthropometry measures were not associated with infant birth weight but were associated with decreased neonatal lean mass. In the third trimester, women in the tertile of lowest change in triceps skinfold (−0·57 to −0·06 mm per week) had neonates with 35·8 g more lean mass than neonates of mothers in the middle tertile of rate of change (−0·05 to 0·06 mm per week).ConclusionsThe rate of change in third-trimester maternal anthropometry measures may be related to neonatal lean and fat mass yet have a negligible impact on infant birth weight, indicating that neonatal anthropometry may provide additional information over birth weight alone.

scholarly journals The Association between Fast Increase in Bone Turnover During the Menopause Transition and Subsequent Fracture

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. e1440-e1448
Author(s):  
Albert Shieh ◽  
Gail A Greendale ◽  
Jane A Cauley ◽  
Arun S Karlamangla
Keyword(s):  
Bone Turnover ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Incident Fracture ◽  
Normal Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Subsequent Fracture ◽  
Menopause Transition ◽  
Early Postmenopause

Abstract Context Bone turnover increases rapidly during the menopause transition (MT) and plateaus above premenopausal levels in early postmenopause. It is uncertain whether higher bone turnover is associated with fracture in midlife women with near-normal bone mineral density (BMD). Objective Examine whether faster increases in bone turnover during the MT (2 years before to 2 years after the final menstrual period [FMP]), and greater bone turnover during early postmenopause (≥2 years after the FMP) are risk factors for subsequent fracture, accounting for BMD. Design and Setting The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation, a longitudinal cohort study of the MT. Participants A total of 484 women (initially pre- or early perimenopausal, who transitioned to postmenopause) with bone turnover (urine collagen type I N-telopeptide), BMD, and fracture data. Main Outcome Measure Incident fracture after the MT. Results Adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, fracture before the MT, cigarette use, body mass index, and study site in Cox proportional hazards regression, each SD increment in the rate of increase in bone turnover during the MT was associated with 24% greater hazard of incident fracture in postmenopause (P = .008). Accounting for the same covariates, each SD increment in bone turnover during early postmenopause was associated with a 27% greater hazard of fracture (P = .01). Associations remained significant after controlling for MT rate of change and early postmenopausal level of BMD. Conclusion Faster increases in bone turnover during the MT and greater bone turnover in early postmenopause forecast future fractures.

Plasma gonadotropin, 17β-estradiol, and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one levels during luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue and gonadotropin induced ovulation in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 824-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen Van Der Kraak ◽  
Helen M. Dye ◽  
Edward M. Donaldson ◽  
George A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Induced Ovulation ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Estradiol Levels

Intraperitoneal injections of des Gly10-(D-Ala6) luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ethylamide (LH-RHA DAla6) alone and in combination with partially purified chinook salmon gonadotropin (SG-G100) were shown to be highly effective means of inducing ovulation in coho salmon. Two injections of LH-RHA DAla6 72 h apart or LH-RHA DAla6 injected with or 72 h following an injection of SG-G100 induced ovulation in 6–10 days. The induction of ovulation was associated with the duration rather than the initial magnitude of the increase in plasma gonadotropin levels. Plasma 17β-estradiol levels decreased whereas plasma 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17α20βP) levels increased in response to elevated plasma gonadotropin levels. The time of ovulation was related to the magnitude and rate of change in plasma 17β-estradiol and 17α20βP levels. Ovulation occurred following a reduction of plasma 17β-estradiol levels to less than 2 ng/mL and this decline preceded or was concomitant with an increase in plasma 17αt20βP levels to 450–500 ng/mL. 17α20βP levels in fish which underwent oocyte maturation but not ovulation were lower (100 ng/mL), suggesting that high levels of 17α20βP may have a direct role in ovulation. Changes in 17β-estradiol production appear to determine the time of ovulation by influencing the magnitude and rate of increase of plasma 17α20βP levels.

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