Technological Change in US Coal Mining: Issues and Evidence

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe G. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Face ◽  
Coal Market ◽  
Product Homogeneity ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines recent developments and issues concerning technological change in US coal mining. First, factors that influence the rate of technological change, such as firm profit, industry structure, and investment are discussed with attention paid to economic conditions in the 1970s. This discussion concludes that characteristics such as geological variability, product homogeneity, and the high-cost long-term nature of investment required in coal mining result in lower levels of R&D in coal mining than in other industries. However, high rates of profit and the growth in coal demand in the 1970s resulted in growth in coal mining R&D throughout much of the 1970s. Second, evidence of technological change in coal mining in examined. Data concerning the employment of scientists and engineers and R&D expenditures are analyzed. More direct measures of technological change such as productivity indexes, are also examined. These data suggest that changes in the types of coal mine work activities (health, safety, and environment as opposed to coal removal) have resulted in reduced coal productivity in the face of increasing R&D. Given the relationship between sales, profit, investment, and R&D and technological change, the most beneficial means of advancing technology in coal mining would be a healthy, sustained rate of growth in the coal market. Even in favorable economic conditions, the coal industry is unlikely to undertake highly innovative R&D because of industry characteristics that are unaffected by economic variables. This gap in innovative R&D is a possible area of public sector involvement.

The Trend toward Total Quality Managment in Australian Coal Mining

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-340
Author(s):  
J.T. Jeffreys
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Competitive Edge ◽  
The Face ◽  
Coal Market ◽  
Australian Coal ◽  
Traditional Manufacturing

The paper examines the trends and techniques now being adopted by the Australian coal mining industry to improve efficiency and competitiveness in the face of an increasingly difficult international and domestic coal market. Quality Assurance certification to internationally accepted standards has been gained by some operators whilst many more companies are implementing varied forms of Total Quality Control concepts. These concepts now so well established in traditional manufacturing industries, have not previously been associated with the vagaries of the coal industry but are now being pursued by many in an effort to gain or retain a competitive edge. The paper also explains some of the actual processes being undertaken by the mining companies and outlines some of the systems being developed and utilised to undertake preliminary analysis and evaluation of existing and proposed management systems prior to implementing TQC systems.

Entrepreneurial Grit: Insights and Applications for New Ventures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Venture Performance ◽  
Entrepreneurial Passion ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Entrepreneurial Careers

The pursuit of entrepreneurship is often characterized by high levels of struggle and adversity, and even those who ultimately succeed in their entrepreneurial endeavors routinely experience failures and setbacks along the way. Therefore, it is likely that individuals who are more skilled at coping with, and conquering, such obstacles in their quest for success are more apt to enter, and be successful at, entrepreneurial careers. While several factors contribute to an individual’s ability to persevere through adversity and to continue to work to accomplish long-term goals, individual grit has garnered an increasing level of attention as a key element in such persistence, particularly in entrepreneurial contexts. Grit, conceptualized as an individual’s passion and perseverance in the pursuit of accomplishing long-term goals, can play several roles in the entrepreneurial process. While grit is a potential outcome of entrepreneurial passion, it also has important associations with several key entrepreneurial outcomes. For instance, given that entrepreneurship is linked with risk-taking, grit is an asset for individuals who chase entrepreneurial opportunities. Higher levels of risk incur a greater likelihood of failure, and the ability to persist with entrepreneurial initiatives in the face of failures is potentially bolstered by high levels of grit. Furthermore, persistence against adversity can often translate into improved venture performance as a result of entrepreneurs’ continued, focused efforts at developing and improving their new venture. Furthermore, grit may play an even more important role for individuals who face heightened levels of adversity during their entrepreneurial careers. Women and younger individuals often experience unique challenges that their counterparts who are men or older do not have to face. Therefore, having high levels of grit may be an advantage in women and youth. While the relationship between grit and entrepreneurship has gained considerable momentum as a topic of scholarly interest, there are important avenues available for future research to further develop understanding of the topic.

scholarly journals High-Minority Nursing Homes Disproportionately Affected by COVID-19 Deaths

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Weech-Maldonado ◽  
Justin Lord ◽  
Ganisher Davlyatov ◽  
Akbar Ghiasi ◽  
Gregory Orewa
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Nursing Facilities ◽  
Term Care ◽  
The Face ◽  
Facility Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Racial/ethnic disparities in healthcare have been highlighted by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Nursing Home COVID-19 Public File, this study examined the relationship between nursing home racial/ethnic mix and COVID-19 resident mortality. As of October 25, 2020, high minority nursing homes reported 6.5 COVID-19 deaths as compared to 2.6 deaths for nursing homes that had no racial/ethnic minorities. After controlling for interstate differences, facility-level resident characteristics, resource availability, and organizational characteristics, high-minority nursing homes had 61% more COVID-19 deaths [Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) = 1.61; p < 0.001] as compared to nursing facilities with no minorities. From a policy perspective, nursing homes, that serve primarily minority populations, may need additional resources, such as, funding for staffing and personal protective equipment in the face of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has sharpened the focus on healthcare disparities and societal inequalities in the delivery of long-term care.

scholarly journals Wine after the pandemic? All the doubts in a glass

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-71
Author(s):  
Daniele Vergamini ◽  
Fabio Bartolini ◽  
Gianluca Brunori
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Face ◽  
Wine Sector ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Related Trade

COVID-19 has triggered an unprecedented global crisis, the increasing recessions in many countries and related trade uncertainties are affecting the whole wine sector, from production to distribution, sales, and consumption. While the full recovery is still uncertain, and even worse scenarios are possible if it takes longer to bring back trust and financial stability on wine markets, the crisis risks to jeopardies recent developments and sustainability in wine territories. Developing from a mixed-method participatory research process that integrates recent economic prospective with diverse experience data, we offer a critical reflection made by researchers and stakeholders supporting several socio-economic narratives and policy implications in the light of the current crisis. Distinguishing between short and long-term implications, we offer a reflection on the policy needs to alleviate the ongoing suffering of the sector. The speed and scope of the pandemic crisis underscore the need for the wine sector to become more resilient by increasing the ability to cooperate and coordinate among supply chain actors and between policy levels. The latter offers a reflection on the balance between short-term interventions and the complementarity of post-2020 CAP measures to stabilize market and future incomes. We conclude that once the crisis abates, it will be necessary to reaffirm credible commitment and trust at all levels, not only with regard to the vineyard and the cellars but also on distribution, especially in the face of a changing demand that in the future will become more pressing for issues related to safety and sustainability.

scholarly journals Perspectives for the Transportless Mining Technology in Siberia and Far East Coal Deposits

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 01021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Markov ◽  
Juraj Janočko ◽  
Maxim Tyulenev ◽  
Yaroslav Litvin
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Far East ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
Coal Consumption ◽  
Coal Deposits ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Tyva Republic

In accordance with the long-term program for the coal industry development in Russia until 2030, the growth in the share of the Far East Federal District in the total coal production should be 2.5% compared to 2018. Production volumes in the Siberian Federal District to 2030 should reach 309.5 million tons. These numbers are planned to be achieved through the implementation of large-scale infrastructure projects for the development of new coal deposits with convenient mining and geological conditions, as well as the creation of new coal mining centres in Yakutia, Zabaykalsky region, Tyva Republic and other eastern regions of Russia. Taking into account the development of power generating facilities in Far East and Baikal region, coal consumption is planned to increase from 119 million tons in 2020 to 150 million tons per year in 2030. The realization of the planned indicators should be carried out taking into account the use of coal mining technologies that meet the mining and geological conditions of the deposits in this region. For a large number of coal fields in Eastern Siberia and Far East, transportless technology will be preferred.

scholarly journals The importance of metabolism in acid–base regulation and acid–base methodology

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 3005-3017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Otto Pörtner
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Control ◽  
Feedback Regulation ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Parameters ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Metabolism not only affects the acid–base status of an animal by means of proton stoichiometries but, by feedback regulation, acid–base parameters (pH, [Formula: see text], bicarbonate) influence metabolic rates and the pathways used. This leads to a significant contribution of metabolism to acid–base regulation under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The relationship between amino acid metabolism, urea synthesis, and [Formula: see text] excretion is discussed as an example important for steady-state metabolic acid–base regulation during aerobiosis. Generally, acid–base relevant metabolism may be regulated through the effect of acid–base disturbances on hormonal mediation, allosteric modulation of enzyme proteins, pH optima, and the levels of substrates or products, some of these being acid–base relevant substances like bicarbonate, CO2, inorganic phosphate, and NH3. During functional or environmental anaerobiosis the same relationships prevail. Metabolic proton accumulation is counterbalanced by phosphagen depletion and ammonia accumulation in adenylate catabolism. In addition, in integrated control of metabolic and acid–base status, long-term (mitochondrial) anaerobiosis leads to reductions in metabolic rate and increased removal of acidic groups. The importance of metabolic processes in acid–base methodology is discussed in terms of traditional concepts and recent developments.

scholarly journals A Feedforward Loop Governs The Relationship Between Lipid Metabolism And Longevity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole K. Littlejohn ◽  
Nicolas Seban ◽  
Supriya Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Model System ◽  
Mitochondrial Stress ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Nuclear Transcription Factor ◽  
Feedforward Loop ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYThe relationship between lipid metabolism and longevity remains unclear. In particular although fat oxidation is essential for weight loss, whether it is remains beneficial when sustained for long periods, and the extent to which it may alter lifespan remains an important unanswered question. Here we develop an experimental handle in the C. elegans model system, that uncovers the mechanisms that connect long-term fat oxidation with longevity. We find that sustained □-oxidation, via activation of the conserved triglyceride lipase ATGL-1, triggers a feedforward transcriptional loop that involves the mito-nuclear transcription factor ATFS-1, and a previously unknown and highly conserved repressor of ATGL-1 called HLH-11/AP4. This feedforward loop orchestrates the dual control of fat oxidation and lifespan protection, shielding the organism from life-shortening mitochondrial stress in the face of continuous fat oxidation. Thus, we uncover one mechanism by which fat oxidation can be sustained for long periods without deleterious effects on longevity.

scholarly journals Contratti a lungo termine e rimedi correttivi

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Lucchesi
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
European Contract ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Operation ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
European Contract Law

In long-term contracts the topic of contingencies and corrective remedies is particularly important. The BGB (§ 313) and texts that derive from supranational bodies, such as The Principles of European Contract Law, the UNIDROIT Principles and the Draft Common Frame of Reference set out remedies in order to adapt the contract in the event of contingencies and other preconditions. Similar forms of protection are not provided for by the Italian Civil Code, whose remedies in the face of events stemming from a contingency often do not manage to meet the interest to preserve the relationship. The development of the sources highlights in particular the remedy of compensation and specific enforcement of the obligation to conclude a contract set out in art. 2932 of the Italian Civil Code, with important new features with respect to the past. After the direction taken by case law which accepts compensation for damage in the presence of a concluded and valid contract, the compensation remedy assumes the function of correcting the contract and not just upholding the economic operation. In short, what emerges from the compensation and specific protection are facts and operating techniques that justify and enable correction of a contract.

Scientific and Technological Basis for the Production of Fuel Briquettes from Coal Waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
T.V. Shevchenko ◽  
Yu.V. Ustinova ◽  
A.M. Popov ◽  
Sh.A. Fairushin ◽  
Ya.A. Novikov
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
Ecological Problem ◽  
Coal Waste ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Technological Basis ◽  
Coal Fuel ◽  
Selection Of

The long-term work experience of domestic specialists in the formation of coal fuel briquettes from carbon-containing waste of coal mining and coal benefication was generalized. Scientific approaches to the selection of coal materials, binding systems and special technological additives for the production of high-quality briquettes with various properties were presented. Organizational methods of solving this complicated ecological problem of the coal industry were formulated.

scholarly journals Diversity of cetaceans as tool in monitoring environmental impacts of seismic surveys

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiano Leite Parente ◽  
Janaína Pauline de Araújo ◽  
Maria Elisabeth de Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Information ◽  
Seismic Survey ◽  
Seismic Surveys ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Face ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
Oceanographic Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

New information about the effects of seismic surveys on cetaceans is causing increasing concern about the impact of this type of activity on marine life. The effects described include behavioral responses and changes in vocalization patterns, diversion of migratory routes, damage to the auditory system, and an increase in strandings. Although such effects could affect the diversity of species in areas where seismic research has been carried out, there is no scientific information on this subject. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between seismic surveys, oceanographic data and diversity of cetaceans recorded in Brazil following the stepping up of seismic survey activities between 1999 and 2004. The study is based on oceanographic data from the Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA Project), sightings made during seismic surveys, progress reports from Brazilian research projects to the International Whaling Commission, Brazilian seismic survey reports available at the Escritório de Licenciamento de Petróleo e Nuclear of the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (ELPN-Ibama) and complementary data from the webpage of the Agencia Nacional de Petróleo e Gás Natural (ANP). The results suggest a decrease in the diversity of species in the face of an increase in the number of seismic surveys during the years 2000 and 2001, even though there was no significant change in oceanographic patterns in this period, and that a relationship exists between diversity of cetaceans and intensity of seismic surveys between 1999 and 2004. It is recommended that data collection be improved in order to evaluate this hypothesis properly. The results suggest that species diversity might be used as a long-term indicator of the impact of seismic surveys on cetaceans.

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