Japanese children’s awareness of the effects of psychological taste experiences on biological processes

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 408-419
Author(s):  
Noriko Toyama

The present study examined Japanese children’s and adults’ awareness of the effects of psychological taste experiences on biological processes such as growth and illness. Studies 1 and 2 showed the following: (1) preschoolers tended to assume that good-tasting experiences would make one grow taller and gain more weight, while adults seldom accepted such ideas. Concerning illness, participants in all age groups were reluctant to accept the effects of taste experiences. (2) Process-dependent awareness (i.e., effects of psychological factors were assumed to depend on biological processes) was observed not only among young children, but also in older children and adults. Compared with younger children, adults’ responses were more process sensitive. (3) When adults explained why they assumed that different taste experiences would lead to different bodily states, they often relied on vitalistic causality. The use of vitalistic concepts was uncommon among children. Finally, (4) Japanese participants seem to be more likely than Americans to assume that bad-tasting experiences would make them non-resistant to a cold.

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S331-S331
Author(s):  
Alaina Ritter ◽  
Fahima Chowdhury ◽  
Rachel Becker ◽  
Taufiq Bhuiyan ◽  
Ashraful Khan ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Children less than 5 years old have the highest disease burden of cholera in endemic areas. While children develop serum vibriocidal antibody responses to cholera vaccines, they derive less protection from vaccination compared with adults. The aim of our study was to determine whether the vibriocidal immune responses to V. cholerae infection are equally accurate as markers of protection in all age groups. Methods Cholera patients and their household contacts, who are known to be at high risk of V. cholerae infection, were enrolled between 2001 and 2017 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Baseline vibriocidal titers were measured at the time of enrollment of household contacts, and participants were followed prospectively for development of V. cholerae infection. Results We studied 50 contacts < 5 years old (“young children”), 228 contacts 5–16 years old (“older children”), and 548 contacts > 16 years old (“adults”). The baseline serum vibriocidal titer was higher in contacts who remained uninfected from all age groups than in contacts who developed cholera during the follow-up period (young children: P = 0.0092; older children: P = 0.0003, adults: P = 0.0012). Conclusion We found that higher vibriocidal antibody titers were associated with protection against V. cholerae infection across all three age categories. These findings may help increase our understanding of the protective immune response against V. cholerae infection and have importance for future vaccine development strategies. Acknowledgments: This research was supported by Massachusetts General Hospital training grant T32AI007061. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Benear ◽  
Chi Ngo ◽  
Ingrid R. Olson ◽  
Nora Newcombe

Episodic memory consists of distinctive experiences, with specific spatiotemporal information about what happened maintained over time. These memories typically share overlapping elements in distinctive combinations. In this study, we evaluated: (1) whether overlapping elements pose a differential challenge for younger children; and (2) whether a sleep-filled delay stabilizes or even improves children’s episodic memories, and if so, whether effects vary by age. We compared memory for unique and overlapping pairs of visual stimuli, presented once to 4- and 6-year-old children, tested immediately and after a 24-hour delay. As expected, older children outperformed younger children, and both age groups performed worse on overlapping pairs. However, overlapping elements were not differentially problematic for young children, and a sleep-filled delay in testing resulted in decrements in memory performance, for both age groups on both pair types. Despite overall differences in accuracy, important aspects of episodic memory are similar across this key developmental period.


Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 1830-1830
Author(s):  
Brian V. Balgobind ◽  
Iris H. Hollink ◽  
Dirk Reinhardt ◽  
Jutta Bradtke ◽  
Andrea Teigler-Schlegel ◽  
...  

Abstract Young children (defined as <2 years old) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) do not differ in outcome when compared with older children with AML. Previously, distinct cytogenetic aberrations specific for AML in young children have been reported, such as t(7;12), and t(1;22), which is found exclusively in FAB M7. Moreover, young children with AML are characterized by a high frequency of 11q23-rearrangements. However, so far, no information is available on differences in the molecular genetic background of these two age groups. We therefore retrospectively investigated the distribution of different cytogenetic and molecular aberrations in a large cohort (n=435) of pediatric AML cases, of which 75 (17%) were young children. The predominant cytogenetic aberration in infant AML consisted of 11q23-rearrangements, which occurred in 44% of young children versus 17% in older children (p=<0.005), without differences in the distribution of 11q23-translocation partners. We also found significant differences in other cytogenetic subgroups of AML between young and older children, i.e. normal karyotype, 5% vs. 18%, respectively (p=0.008) and complex karyotype, 12% vs. 5% (p=0.03). t(7;12) (n=3) and t(8;16) (n=3) were only detected in young children, in contrast to t(15;17) (n=16) and t(8;21) (n=44), which were only seen in older children. Patients were also screened for molecular abnormalities, including the mutational hotspots of c-KIT (n=229), FLT3 (n=230), N-RAS (n=187), K-RAS (n=187), PTPN11 (n=216), MLL-partial tandem duplications (MLL-PTD) (n=240) and NPM1 (n=291). In the overall cohort, a significantly different age distribution was found for NPM1 mutations (0% young vs. 9% in older children; p=0.05) and FLT3-ITD (0% vs. 21%, respectively; p=0.005). Mutations in the other genes showed no clear correlation with age. Several non-random associations between molecular and cytogenetic abnormalities were detected. 89% of c-KIT mutations were associated with core-binding factor AML in children ≥2 years old. In young children, 2/4 c-KIT-mutated cases were associated with an MLL-rearrangement. NPM1 and FLT3-ITD mutations in older children were significantly correlated with normal karyotype AML (57% of NPM1 mutations, and 75% of FLT3/ITD; p=<0.005). In young children, 71% of RAS mutations were associated with an 11q23-rearrangement vs. 28% in older children (p=0.08). In older children however, 41% of the RAS mutations were associated with a normal karyotype. These data suggest that young children with AML are characterized by differences in the type and frequency of cytogenetic and molecular genetic abnormalities when compared with older children with AML, possibly reflecting differences in underlying biology between these age-groups. These differences may become clinically relevant in the era of molecularly targeted therapy.


2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 1317-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Leung ◽  
Mohammad Arif Rahman ◽  
M. Mohasin ◽  
M. Asrafuzzaman Riyadh ◽  
Sweta M. Patel ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTChildren bear a large component of the global burden of cholera. Despite this, little is known about immune responses to cholera in children, especially those under 5 years of age. Cholera vaccine studies have demonstrated lower long-term protective efficacy in young children than in older children and adults. Memory B cell (MBC) responses may correlate with duration of protection following infection and vaccination. Here we report a comparison of immune responses in young children (3 to 5 years of age;n= 17), older children (6 to 17 years of age;n= 17), and adults (18 to 60 years of age;n= 68) hospitalized with cholera in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We found that young children had lower baseline vibriocidal antibody titers and higher fold increases in titer between day 2 and day 7 than adults. Young children had higher baseline IgG plasma antibody levels toVibrio choleraeantigens, although the magnitudes of responses at days 7 and 30 were similar across age groups. As a surrogate marker for mucosal immune responses, we assessed day 7 antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses. These were comparable across age groups, although there was a trend for older age groups to have higher levels of lipopolysaccharide-specific IgA ASC responses. All age groups developed comparable MBC responses toV. choleraelipopolysaccharide and cholera toxin B subunit at day 30. These findings suggest that young children are able to mount robust vibriocidal, plasma antibody, ASC, and MBC responses againstV. choleraeO1, suggesting that under an optimal vaccination strategy, young children could achieve protective efficacy comparable to that induced in adults.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Klein ◽  
Billie Forehand ◽  
Janice Oliveri ◽  
Charlotte J. Patterson ◽  
Janis B. Kupersmidt ◽  
...  

Candy and bubble gum cigarettes are packaged to resemble cigarette brands, and so they may encourage young children to smoke. Two studies of the role of these products in the development of children's attitudes and behaviors toward smoking were conducted. In the first study, six focus group interviews were conducted with 25 children in three age groups (4 through 5, 6 through 8, and 9 through 11 years old). Children in each group were shown five candy and snack foods and asked about their opinions and experiences with each item. In the second study, 195 seventh-grade students in a southeastern city school system were surveyed about their cigarette smoking and candy cigarette use. In the focus groups, candy cigarettes were recognized by most children. Young children played with the candy cigarettes more than with other candy or snack items and made general references to smoking behaviors. Older children made favorable references to smoking behavior; most knew which stores sold candy cigarettes, and many had chosen to buy and use these items, despite parental disapproval. Candy cigarettes may play a role in the development of children's attitudes toward smoking as an acceptable, favorable, or normative behavior. Elimination of these products should be part of efforts to prevent initiation of smoking by children.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Demont ◽  
N. Petrica ◽  
I. Bardoulat ◽  
S. Duret ◽  
L. Watier ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of infant and child hospitalizations. The study objective is to estimate the RSV-associated hospitalizations and economic burden in young children in France to inform future preventive strategies. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of RSV-associated hospitalizations data from the French Hospital database (PMSI-MCO) which covers the entire French population. All children aged < 5 years hospitalized with RSV ICD-10 codes (J210, J219, J45, J121, J205, R062) from 2010 to 2018, were included. Descriptive analyses were conducted by RSV seasons (Oct to March), by respiratory years (July to June) and per age groups. Results On average 45,225 RSV-associated hospitalizations (range: 43,715 – 54,616) per season was reported in France, 69% among children < 1 year old. This represents 28% of all-cause hospitalizations that occurred among children < 1 year old, and less than 10% of all-cause hospitalizations in older children. Number of RSV-associated hospitalizations were similar for infants born during (Oct-March) or outside (April–September) their first RSV season. The highest risk being reported for infants born from September through November. The associated hospitalization cost increased between 2010 - 11 and 2017–18, from €93.2 million to €124.1 million, respectively, and infants < 1 year old represented 80% of the economic burden. Conclusion RSV is an important cause of child hospitalization in France. The burden on healthcare system is mainly driven by < 1 year olds, and preventive strategies should be implemented before the first RSV season.


1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1222-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Katz ◽  
Clarissa Kripke ◽  
Paula Tallal

Three experiments investigated anticipatory lingual and labial coarticulation in the [sV] productions of children and adults. Acoustic, perceptual, and video data were used to trace the development of intrasyllabic coarticulation in the speech of adults and children (ages 3, 5, and 8 years). Although children show greater variability in their articulatory patterns than adults, the data do not support claims that young children produce a greater degree of intrasyllabic coarticulation than older children or adults. Rather, the acoustic and video data suggest that young children and adults produce similar patterns of anticipatory coarticulation, and the perceptual data indicate that coarticulatory cues in the speech of 3-year-old children are less perceptible than those of the other age groups.


2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (s2) ◽  
pp. S366-S377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vítor Pires Lopes ◽  
Linda Saraiva ◽  
Celina Gonçalves ◽  
Luis P. Rodrigues

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between actual (AMC) and perceived (PMC) motor competence in Portuguese children. A total of 200 children (111 [0.55%] girls) aged 5–9 years old participated in the study. The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence (PMSC) and the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD2) were used to assess PMC and AMC, respectively. Mann-Whiney U was used to test the differences between sexes and age groups. The association between TGMD2 and PMSC scores was analyzed through Spearman correlation. Boys and girls of all ages showed to have high PMC. Independent of sex, mean values for each TGMD2 subtest increased throughout the age groups with older children having significantly higher mean scores than younger ones. In general, boys and girls showed similar PMC and AMC, independent of age. Weak to moderate and some negative correlations (0.24 < r < −0.40) were found between PMC and AMC scores for all age and sex groups. In conclusion, there appears to be little relationship between actual and perceived motor competence in Portuguese young children.


2021 ◽  
Vol 186 (7-8) ◽  
pp. e743-e748
Author(s):  
Ashley E Sam ◽  
Mitchell T Hamele ◽  
Renée I Matos ◽  
Angela M Fagiana ◽  
Matthew A Borgman ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM) has over 375,000 military personnel, civilian employees, and their dependents. Routine pediatric care is available in theater, but pediatric subspecialty, surgical, and intensive care often require patient movement. Transfer is frequently performed by military air evacuation teams and intermittently augmented by civilian services. Pediatric care requires special training and equipment, yet most transports are staffed by non-pediatric specialists. We seek to describe the epidemiology of pediatric transport missions in INDOPACOM. Methods A retrospective review of all patients less than 18 years old transported within INDOPACOM and logged into the Transportation Command Regulating and Command and Control Evacuation System (TRAC2ES) database from June 2008 through June 2018 was conducted. Data are reported using descriptive statistics. Patients were categorized into four age groups: neonatal (&lt;31 days), infant (31-364 days), young children (1 to &lt;8 years), and older children (8-17 years). Results During the study period, 687 out of 4,217 (16.3%) transports were children. Median age was 4 years (interquartile range 6 months to 8 years) and 654 patients (95.2%) were transported via military fixed-wing aircraft. There were 219 (31.9%) neonates, 162 (23.6%) infants, 133 (19.4%) young children, and 173 (25.2%) older children. Most common diagnoses encountered were respiratory, cardiac, or abdominal, although older children had a higher percentage of psychiatric diagnoses (28%). Mechanical ventilation was used in 118 (17.2%) patients, and 75 (63.6%) of these patients were neonates. Conclusions Within TRAC2ES, nearly one in six encounters were patients aged &lt;18 years, with neonates or infants representing nearly one of three pediatric encounters. Slightly more than one in six pediatric patients required intubation for transport. The data suggest the need for appropriately trained transport teams and equipment be provided to support these missions.


2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-537
Author(s):  
Lorenz von Seidlein ◽  
Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn ◽  
Podjanee Jittmala ◽  
Sasithon Pukrittayakamee

RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced vaccine to prevent malaria. It is safe and moderately effective. A large pivotal phase III trial in over 15 000 young children in sub-Saharan Africa completed in 2014 showed that the vaccine could protect around one-third of children (aged 5–17 months) and one-fourth of infants (aged 6–12 weeks) from uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The European Medicines Agency approved licensing and programmatic roll-out of the RTSS vaccine in malaria endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO is planning further studies in a large Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme, in more than 400 000 young African children. With the changing malaria epidemiology in Africa resulting in older children at risk, alternative modes of employment are under evaluation, for example the use of RTS,S/AS01 in older children as part of seasonal malaria prophylaxis. Another strategy is combining mass drug administrations with mass vaccine campaigns for all age groups in regional malaria elimination campaigns. A phase II trial is ongoing to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the RTSS in combination with antimalarial drugs in Thailand. Such novel approaches aim to extract the maximum benefit from the well-documented, short-lasting protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01.


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