scholarly journals Cracking the Black Box: Capturing the Role of Expectation States in Status Processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Kalkhoff ◽  
David Melamed ◽  
Josh Pollock ◽  
Brennan Miller ◽  
Jon Overton ◽  
...  

A fundamental task for sociology is to uncover the mechanisms that produce and reproduce social inequalities. While status characteristics theory is the favored account of how social status contributes independently to the maintenance of inequality, it hinges on an unobserved construct, expectation states, in the middle of the causal chain between status and behavior. Efforts to test the mediation mechanism have been complicated by the implicit, often unconscious, nature of status expectations. To solve this “black box” problem, we offer a new conceptualization and research approach that capitalizes on the accuracy and precision of neurological measurement to shed new light on the biasing role of expectations in the status–behavior relationship. Results from an experimental study provide a unique illustration of ways in which social status is inscribed in the brain and how, in turn, these inscriptions are related to behavioral inequalities that emerge during interaction.

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Pavel Burgert

The article focuses on the chronological status of the distribution of ‘chocolate’ silicite originating from the area of south-east Poland in the prehistory of the Czech lands. The flow of ‘chocolate’ silicite across the Carpathian Mountains culminated in the period of the Stroke-Ornamented Ware culture (5100/5000–4500/4400 cal BC) in the area studied. Based on the analysis of the contexts of finds and the classification of the artefacts, the raw material is interpreted as an indicator of the presence of individuals or groups with an exclusive social status. Both the pattern of distribution and the status are common to other ‘exotic’ raw materials, especially for Carpathian obsidian, in the studied area in that same period. By comparing the spatial and chronological image expansion of both materials can lead to similar conclusions in their assessment


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-261
Author(s):  
Dr. Théophile Bindeouè Nassè ◽  
Naab Francis Xavier ◽  
Bismark Boateng ◽  
Nicolas Carbonell ◽  
Justice Agyei Ampofo ◽  
...  

Researchers' interest in consumer religiosity and behavior is explained by the fact that religion influences not only the social behavior of individuals, but also their consumption behavior. Most of the studies on the subject come from Western and Asian countries with a few of such studies been conducted in Africa and particularly in Ghana. The aim of this paper is to explore the concepts of religiosity and consumer behavior in Ghana, in order to consider the role of culture in the management and marketing of industrial products. Ghana is a country where religion plays an important role in shaping lives and ensuring community cohesion. However, a determined part of the believers contributes to increasing the consumption of industrial beverages, and the obliviousness in the marketing sector also seems to be a barrier that slows the production and consumption of non-alcoholic industrial beverages. The research approach is exploratory and qualitative. The collection of qualitative data is done with the aid of a SONY voice recorder through some semi-structured interviews. Then, the qualitative data are transcribed manually and verbatim analyzed. The results show that in the context of Ghana, religiosity of believers affects the behavior of the consumer and that consumer behavior towards non-alcoholic industrial beverages affects religiosity. Keywords: Religiosity, Consumer Behavior, Industrial Beverages, Consumption, Marketing, Ghana.


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.29) ◽  
pp. 639
Author(s):  
Fujica Anak Anggo ◽  
Louis Laja

The Sea Dayaks, better known as the Ibans, inhabit nearly the whole of Sarawak. The Ibans belong to the Proto-Malay groups and historically, they were from the Kapuas Valley in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. They migrated to Sarawak about fifteen generations ago in the mid 16th century (the 1630s). They went to the state through the Kumpang Valley and inhabit Batang Ai and then split to several places in Sarawak (Morgan, 1968). Although the Ibans have a social status in their traditional belief, they do not have a hierarchy of social status such as the Orang Ulu. However, they have elevated the status so-called Pengulu, Tuai Rumah, Tuai Burung, Lemambang, Manang, Beliau, Tukang Sabak, dan Indu Takar. The era of modernization has led to changes to the knowledge of the young generation, especially the younger generation of the Ibans who lack knowledge about the function and role of each rank status in their communities. Therefore, this study was conducted qualitatively through an interview with expert informants, observation, and documentation. This research was hoped to contribute to the general knowledge of the Iban community and other communities in the preservation of the function and role of each social status in the Iban community.  


2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-121
Author(s):  
Silvia Abad-Merino ◽  
John F. Dovidio ◽  
Carmen Tabernero ◽  
Ignacio González

Psychological research and theory have traditionally focused on bias and conflict between separate groups. Our central thesis is that the processes that shape hierarchical group relations within a society are distinctive and typically operate in ways that are frequently subtle rather than blatant. The challenges of detecting new subtle forms of bias are receiving considerable attention in the field of social psychology, internationally. Although explicit hostility toward minority groups seems to have faded in modern societies, cross-cultural data show that the status, resources, and the power of women and ethnic/racial minorities remain unequal. The present literature review integrates the findings of cross-cultural research showing the role of paternalistic legitimizing ideas and behavior for establishing, maintaining, and reinforcing group hierarchy and the disadvantage of members of traditionally underrepresented groups. Specifically, we explain how intergroup helping relations can be used as a mechanism to maintain social advantage in racial and gender relations. These theoretical and experimental insights help illuminate the dynamics of relations between socially linked groups and the nature of contemporary bias. We also highlight how this perspective suggests novel and productive directions for future research.


2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stoyan V. Sgourev ◽  
Niek Althuizen

A key question in scholarship on evaluation is the extent to which the role of social construction is constrained by objective reality. This question is addressed in an analysis of the evaluation of artistic excellence. In an online experiment, we manipulate the subjective social status (both artwork and artist) and the degree of aesthetic complexity of the artwork. The results confirm the independent role of the objective aesthetic factor in art evaluation. Most importantly, we document an interaction between subjective and objective factors whereby aesthetic complexity serves as a credibility lever, amplifying or attenuating the credibility of the status labels. Excessive praise (i.e., a masterpiece by a world-famous artist) tends to reduce the appreciation of aesthetically simple artworks when status labels are questioned. However, the association of aesthetic complexity with the capacity to provoke thought may encourage respondents to take the paintings more seriously. Complexity is typically discouraged for standard products, but it can be instrumental in the process of singularization by stimulating visual exploration and sustaining interest over time.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beau A. Alward ◽  
Vibhav Laud ◽  
Christopher J. Skalnik ◽  
Ryan A. York ◽  
Scott Juntti ◽  
...  

AbstractSocial hierarchies are ubiquitous in social species and profoundly influence physiology and behavior. Androgens like testosterone have been strongly linked to social status, yet the molecular mechanisms regulating social status are not known. The African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni is a powerful model species for elucidating the role of androgens in social status given their rich social hierarchy and genetic tractability. Dominant A. burtoni males possess large testes, bright coloration, and perform aggressive and reproductive behaviors while non-dominant males do not. Social status in A. burtoni is in flux, however, as males alter their status depending on the social environment. Due to a teleost-specific whole-genome duplication, A. burtoni possess two androgen receptor (AR) paralogs, ARα and ARβ, providing a unique opportunity to disentangle the role of gene duplication in the evolution of social systems. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to generate AR mutant A. burtoni and performed a suite of experiments to interrogate the mechanistic basis of social dominance. We find that ARβ, but not ARα, is required for testes growth and bright coloration, while ARα, but not ARβ, is required for the performance of reproductive behavior and aggressive displays. Both receptors are required to reduce flees from females and either AR is sufficient for attacking males. Thus, social status in A. burtoni is inordinately dissociable and under the modular control of two AR paralogs. This type of non-redundancy may be important in facilitating social plasticity in A. burtoni and other species whose social status relies on social experience.Significance StatementSocial rank along a hierarchy determines physiological state and behavioral performance. A ubiquitous feature of social hierarchies is the communication of rank through non-physical signaling systems (e.g., coloration) and aggression, traits that correlate with the reproductive status of an individual. Despite the links identified between social status, physiology, and behavior, the molecular basis of social status is not known. Here, we genetically dissect social status in the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. We show that two distinct androgen receptor (AR) genes control social status in a highly modular manner. This type of coordination of social status may be fundamental across species that rely on social information to optimally guide physiology and behavior.


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 237802311770969 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Melamed ◽  
Will Kalkhoff ◽  
Siqi Han ◽  
Xiangrui Li

Status characteristics theory provides a theoretical explanation for why social status promotes social influence in collectively oriented task groups. It argues that status differences produce differences in expectation states, which are anticipations of task-related contributions. Those with an expectation advantage are more influential, contribute more often to group discussions, and so on. The authors conducted the first experimental test of status characteristics theory while participants were in a magnetic resonance imaging machine. This permitted the measurement of neural activity in brain regions found to be associated with processing social status. The results indicate that neural activity does not explain the effect of status on behavior.


2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Amri P Sihotang ◽  
Doddy Kridasaksana ◽  
A.Heru Nuswanto

<p>Posisi perempuan di mata hukum saat ini belum mendapatkan tempat yang menguntungkan. Walaupun perempuan sudah mempunyai status sosial yang cukup mulia, tetapi mereka masih perlu mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih tentang sosial, politik dan hukum.Keadaan ini juga sangat berpengaruh terhadap kaum perempuan yang menuntut pelepasan diri dari nilai-nilai hukum yang bersifat diskriminatif antara, peran, hak, dan kewenangan kaum lelaki dibanding dengan kaum perempuan. Mereka berpendapat bahwa hukum  itu tidak memberi peran hak dan derajat yang sama antara pria dengan perempuan dalam kehidupan, sosial budaya, politik,ekonomi dan juga dalam kehidupan rumah tangga serta harta perkawinan dan warisan.Berpijak dari yang telah diuraikan penelitian iniakan mengkaji bagaimanakah  Kedudukan Janda  Cerai Mati  pada masyarakat bagaimanakah Perlindungan HukumTerhadapKedudukanJanda  Cerai MatiMenurut Hukum Islam, Undang-Undang Perkawinan, danHukum Nasrani yang BerbasisNilaiKeadilan.TujuanPenelitianUntuk mengetahui bagaimana kedudukan Janda cerai mati pada Masyarakat danUntuk mengetahui bagaimana perlindungan hokum terhadap janda cerai mati menurut hukum Islam, Undang-Undang Perkawinan, danHukum Nasrani yang Berbasis Keadian.Metode pendekatan yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah metode yuridis normatif. Kedudukan janda cerai mati disebagian masyarakat masih dipandang cenderung negatif. Budaya Patriarki yang dianut dalam masyarakat seakan mengakibatkan posisi janda ditempatkan dalam posisi rendah dibandingkan dengan mereka yang bersuami. Perlindungan hukum terhadap kedudukan janda memiliki konsep yang berbeda-beda.</p><p> </p><p>Position woman in the eyes of the previous law are currently favorable for Places Not to get. Although Women Already have Social Status Sufficient noble, but they Still Need to get a greater understanding of the social, political and singer hukum.Keadaan Also very influential Against Women Yang demanded the Company Company Yourself From Values That law is discriminatory BETWEEN, Role, rights, and authority of men compared to women. They argue that the role of the law WAS NOT Giving equal rights and degrees The man BETWEEN THE Women hearts of life, social, cultural, political, economic and domestic life hearts Also And Marriage And warisan.Berpijak treasure of which has been described iniakan study examines how the Status Widow Divorced dead ON 'community how divorce MatiMenurut HukumTerhadapKedudukanJanda Protection of Islamic Law, Marriage Law, Christian danHukum The BerbasisNilaiKeadilan.TujuanPenelitianUntuk know how to position ON society widow die divorce danUntuk know how legal protection against divorcee die * According to Islamic law, the Marriage Act, The Christian danHukum Keadian.Metode based Research approach The Singer Was used hearts normative method. Position divorcee die disebagian 'society is still seen tend to be negative. The patriarchal culture embraced hearts' As if society resulted POSITION POSITION hearts widow placed more low compared to those who get married. Legal protection against notch widow has different concept.</p>


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Olivos ◽  
Peng Wang

Sociological research has long shown that cultural participation is socially stratified. We build on this literature to discuss the role of the subjective and objective dimensions of stratification, and how they are linked to practices of social distinction through cultural consumption. The aim of this study is to understand (1) the effect of subjective and objective social status on patterns of cultural participation, and (2) the implications of the status inconsistency between objective and subjective social status. We use a probabilistic and representative sample of the Chilean urban population over the age of 18. Latent class analyses show that a significant proportion of Chileans can be considered cultural omnivores. Multinomial diagonal reference models suggest that omnivorousness is positively predicted by subjective and objective social status. Moreover, regarding inconsistency, objective social status is prominent in the explanation of omnivorousness for both status-underestimating (SSSOSS). These findings provide important insights for discussing the implications of status inconsistency on cultural consumption.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Orias

Cybercrime or crime at cyberspace has many forms or shapes, but from that all existing’s forms, hacking is a forms that gets a lot of attention at the UN Congress X in Vienna st hacking is The first crime, also seen from The technical aspects, hacking have excess. First, The man who hacking must be can do other forms of cybercrime with ability to enter into computer system and then broke that system. Second, technically the quality of the hacking result from hacking that more seriously if compared with other forms of cybercrime, such as viruses and The Trojan Horse. Computer media and cyber world becomes most targets that attack by hackers because regarded as media that common owned by all levels of society. As that becomes problem in this research is how an arrangement crime of Virus and The Trojan Horse, and how the law enforcements tackling crime of Virus and The Trojan Horse. Research approach used normative juridical, the collected data both primary and secondary data examine by juridical review with not eliminate other nonjuridical element. This approach leads to laws and regulations as a major study of law and behavior of the perpetrator that wrongly use technology and information as concrete support to strengthening that juridical analysis. Result of research indicated that the role of law enforcement in handling crimes of Viruses and Trojan Horse that exercised so far was still very minimal.This cause many obstacles found by law enforcements, the existing statuary barriers, constraints of investigation, and the resistance of the people themselves.The most important thing is the system verification in order to cope with the crime of Viruses and Trojan Horse through repair or revision of existing statuary barriers, whether Law No.11 Year 2008 and The other regulation that related with The crimes of Viruses and The Trojan Horse.Keyword : Criminal Act, Cyberspace, Viruses, and The Trojan Horse


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