scholarly journals The Neural Bases of Status-Based Influence

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 237802311770969 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Melamed ◽  
Will Kalkhoff ◽  
Siqi Han ◽  
Xiangrui Li
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Status Characteristics Theory ◽  
Expectation States ◽  
Status Characteristics ◽  
Status Differences

Status characteristics theory provides a theoretical explanation for why social status promotes social influence in collectively oriented task groups. It argues that status differences produce differences in expectation states, which are anticipations of task-related contributions. Those with an expectation advantage are more influential, contribute more often to group discussions, and so on. The authors conducted the first experimental test of status characteristics theory while participants were in a magnetic resonance imaging machine. This permitted the measurement of neural activity in brain regions found to be associated with processing social status. The results indicate that neural activity does not explain the effect of status on behavior.

scholarly journals Neural substrates of propranolol-induced impairments in the reconsolidation of nicotine-associated memories in smokers

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Lin ◽  
Jiahui Deng ◽  
Kai Yuan ◽  
Qiandong Wang ◽  
Lin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Memory Reconsolidation ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Postcentral Gyrus ◽  
Propranolol Group ◽  
Propranolol Administration

AbstractThe majority of smokers relapse even after successfully quitting because of the craving to smoking after unexpectedly re-exposed to smoking-related cues. This conditioned craving is mediated by reward memories that are frequently experienced and stubbornly resistant to treatment. Reconsolidation theory posits that well-consolidated memories are destabilized after retrieval, and this process renders memories labile and vulnerable to amnestic intervention. This study tests the retrieval reconsolidation procedure to decrease nicotine craving among people who smoke. In this study, 52 male smokers received a single dose of propranolol (n = 27) or placebo (n = 25) before the reactivation of nicotine-associated memories to impair the reconsolidation process. Craving for smoking and neural activity in response to smoking-related cues served as primary outcomes. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed during the memory reconsolidation process. The disruption of reconsolidation by propranolol decreased craving for smoking. Reactivity of the postcentral gyrus in response to smoking-related cues also decreased in the propranolol group after the reconsolidation manipulation. Functional connectivity between the hippocampus and striatum was higher during memory reconsolidation in the propranolol group. Furthermore, the increase in coupling between the hippocampus and striatum positively correlated with the decrease in craving after the reconsolidation manipulation in the propranolol group. Propranolol administration before memory reactivation disrupted the reconsolidation of smoking-related memories in smokers by mediating brain regions that are involved in memory and reward processing. These findings demonstrate the noradrenergic regulation of memory reconsolidation in humans and suggest that adjunct propranolol administration can facilitate the treatment of nicotine dependence. The present study was pre-registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (registration no. ChiCTR1900024412).

Connectivity-Related Roles of Contralesional Brain Regions for Motor Performance Early after Stroke

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Hensel ◽  
Caroline Tscherpel ◽  
Jana Freytag ◽  
Stella Ritter ◽  
Anne K Rehme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus

Abstract Hemiparesis after stroke is associated with increased neural activity not only in the lesioned but also in the contralesional hemisphere. While most studies have focused on the role of contralesional primary motor cortex (M1) activity for motor performance, data on other areas within the unaffected hemisphere are scarce, especially early after stroke. We here combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to elucidate the contribution of contralesional M1, dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC), and anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS) for the stroke-affected hand within the first 10 days after stroke. We used “online” TMS to interfere with neural activity at subject-specific fMRI coordinates while recording 3D movement kinematics. Interfering with aIPS activity improved tapping performance in patients, but not healthy controls, suggesting a maladaptive role of this region early poststroke. Analyzing effective connectivity parameters using a Lasso prediction model revealed that behavioral TMS effects were predicted by the coupling of the stimulated aIPS with dPMC and ipsilesional M1. In conclusion, we found a strong link between patterns of frontoparietal connectivity and TMS effects, indicating a detrimental influence of the contralesional aIPS on motor performance early after stroke.

scholarly journals A protein-based biosensor for detecting calcium by magnetic resonance imaging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harun F. Ozbakir ◽  
Austin D.C. Miller ◽  
Kiara B. Fishman ◽  
André F. Martins ◽  
Tod E. Kippin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Biologically Relevant

ABSTRACTCalcium-responsive contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offer an attractive approach to noninvasively image neural activity with wide coverage in deep brain regions. However, current MRI sensors for calcium are based on synthetic architectures fundamentally incompatible with genetic technologies for in vivo delivery and targeting. Here, we present a protein-based MRI sensor for calcium, derived from a calcium-binding protein known as calprotectin. Calcium-binding causes calprotectin to sequester manganese. We demonstrate that this mechanism allows calprotectin to alter T1 and T2 weighted contrast in response to biologically relevant calcium concentrations. Corresponding changes in relaxation times are comparable to synthetic calcium sensors and exceed those of previous protein-based MRI sensors for other neurochemical targets. The biological applicability of calprotectin was established by detecting calcium in lysates prepared from a neuronal cell line. Calprotectin thus represents a promising path towards imaging neural activity by combining the benefits of MRI and protein sensors.

Gender and Interpersonal Task Behaviors: Status Expectation Accounts

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Wagner ◽  
Joseph Berger
Keyword(s):  
Gender Typing ◽  
Direct Function ◽  
Status Characteristics Theory ◽  
Status Characteristics ◽  
Gender Status ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Status Differences ◽  
Status Position ◽  
Task Behaviors

In this paper we argue for the utility of status characteristics theory (Berger et al. 1977) in accounting for research concerned with gender differences in interpersonal task situations. We state and defend a basic status argument that differences in stereotypical gender task behaviors are a direct function of status differences or of attempts to cope with status differences. We show support for this argument in several areas of research: the influence, participation and performer evaluations of group members; their relative performance-reactor profiles; the relation of these behavioral profiles to the assignment of personality traits; the correlation of status position with the gender typing of tasks (i.e., male-identified, female-identified, or neutral); the relationship between gender status and salient information about other statuses; the role of expectations for rewards; and the emergence of mechanisms for coping with the implication of a low gender status position. We conclude that status characteristics theory can provide a set of interrelated explanations of the relationship of gender to interpersonal task behaviors.

Talking with Me or Talking at Me? The Impact of Status Characteristics on Doctor-Patient Interaction

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Mitchell Peck ◽  
Sonya Conner
Keyword(s):  
Talcott Parsons ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Status Characteristics Theory ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Patient Interaction ◽  
Status Characteristics ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Status Differences

Over the last two decades, the way doctors and patients interact has changed. There has been a shift away from what Talcott Parsons described as a paternalistic model of interaction to a more collaborative, participatory, patient-centered model of interaction. Yet not all interactions between doctors and patients are collaborative. Using status characteristics theory, the authors hypothesized that medical encounters are more likely to be physician dominated when the status differences between doctors and patients are higher. They tested hypotheses about race, gender, and socioeconomic status differences between doctors and patients. The authors found support for the hypotheses, especially regarding status differences for race and gender. Doctor-patient interactions were most physician-centered when doctors had higher status than patients on race (white versus non-white) and gender (male versus female)

On the origin of sustained negative BOLD response

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (9) ◽  
pp. 2339-2342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Moraschi ◽  
Mauro DiNuzzo ◽  
Federico Giove
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Bold Response ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Negative Bold

Several brain regions exhibit a sustained negative BOLD response (NBR) during specific tasks, as assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. The origin of the NBR and the relationships between the vascular/metabolic dynamics and the underlying neural activity are highly debated. Converging evidence indicates that NBR, in human and non-human primates, can be interpreted in terms of decrease in neuronal activity under its basal level, rather than a purely vascular phenomenon. However, the scarcity of direct experimental evidence suggests caution and encourages the ongoing utilization of multimodal approaches in the investigation of this effect.

scholarly journals Cracking the Black Box: Capturing the Role of Expectation States in Status Processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Kalkhoff ◽  
David Melamed ◽  
Josh Pollock ◽  
Brennan Miller ◽  
Jon Overton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Causal Chain ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Status Characteristics Theory ◽  
Expectation States ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Behavior

A fundamental task for sociology is to uncover the mechanisms that produce and reproduce social inequalities. While status characteristics theory is the favored account of how social status contributes independently to the maintenance of inequality, it hinges on an unobserved construct, expectation states, in the middle of the causal chain between status and behavior. Efforts to test the mediation mechanism have been complicated by the implicit, often unconscious, nature of status expectations. To solve this “black box” problem, we offer a new conceptualization and research approach that capitalizes on the accuracy and precision of neurological measurement to shed new light on the biasing role of expectations in the status–behavior relationship. Results from an experimental study provide a unique illustration of ways in which social status is inscribed in the brain and how, in turn, these inscriptions are related to behavioral inequalities that emerge during interaction.

Examining Medical Interview Asymmetry Using the Expectation States Approach

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Gallagher ◽  
Stanford W. Gregory ◽  
Alison J. Bianchi ◽  
Paul J. Hartung ◽  
Sarah Harkness
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Standardized Patients ◽  
Medical Interview ◽  
Status Characteristics Theory ◽  
Power Differential ◽  
Clinical Interviews ◽  
Expectation States ◽  
Status Characteristics ◽  
The Status ◽  
Status Difference

In this study we examine medical interview asymmetry using the expectation states approach. Physicians lead clinical interviews because of a feature inherent in those interviews, namely the status difference between doctor and patient. This power differential varies: it is greatest when the biomedical aspects of the interview are emphasized. These observations are consistent with status characteristics theory (SCT), which is based on the expectation states approach to understanding the emergence of power-prestige orders in groups facing shared tasks. From an SCT perspective, when the required scope conditions are met the status characteristics of doctor and patient trigger expectation states that result in inequalities relevant to the biomedical tasks of the interview. We examine interactions between medical students and standardized patients from the perspective of SCT. We observe the emergence of vocal spectrum inequalities when the interview task is biomedical. Other nonverbal behavioral outcomes emerge as well, which are consistent with the asymmetry literature.

scholarly journals Comparing three models of arousal in the human brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadeel Haj-Ali ◽  
Adam K Anderson ◽  
Assaf Kron
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Affective Stimuli ◽  
Core Affect ◽  
Arousal Model ◽  
Parametric Modulation

Abstract The bipolar valence–arousal model is assumed by many to be an underlying structure of conscious experience of core affect and emotion. In this work, we compare three versions of the bipolar valence–arousal model at the neural domain, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Specifically, we systematically contrast three models of arousal: model 1—‘arousal as a separate quale from valence’, model 2—‘arousal as intensity of bipolar valence’ and model 3—‘arousal as a linear combination of unipolar pleasant and unpleasant’. Using parametric modulation analysis, we estimated the ability of each model to predict activation in arousal-related brain regions, in response to affective stimuli. The results suggest that arousal is not separable from valence in its ability to predict arousal-related neural activity. The relevance of the results to the theory of conscious affect is discussed.

scholarly journals Twitches, Blinks, and Fidgets: Important Generators of Ongoing Neural Activity

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Drew ◽  
Aaron T. Winder ◽  
Qingguang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
The Brain

Animals and humans continuously engage in small, spontaneous motor actions, such as blinking, whisking, and postural adjustments (“fidgeting”). These movements are accompanied by changes in neural activity in sensory and motor regions of the brain. The frequency of these motions varies in time, is affected by sensory stimuli, arousal levels, and pathology. These fidgeting behaviors can be entrained by sensory stimuli. Fidgeting behaviors will cause distributed, bilateral functional activation in the 0.01 to 0.1 Hz frequency range that will show up in functional magnetic resonance imaging and wide-field calcium neuroimaging studies, and will contribute to the observed functional connectivity among brain regions. However, despite the large potential of these behaviors to drive brain-wide activity, these fidget-like behaviors are rarely monitored. We argue that studies of spontaneous and evoked brain dynamics in awake animals and humans should closely monitor these fidgeting behaviors. Differences in these fidgeting behaviors due to arousal or pathology will “contaminate” ongoing neural activity, and lead to apparent differences in functional connectivity. Monitoring and accounting for the brain-wide activations by these behaviors is essential during experiments to differentiate fidget-driven activity from internally driven neural dynamics.

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