Transposing bodies of knowledge and technique: Animal models at work in reproductive sciences

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie Friese ◽  
Adele E. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Changing Practices ◽  
Dynamic Relationships ◽  
Endangered Animals

A prominent feature of biological and biomedical research and therapeutics over the past century is the entanglement of human and other animal bodies in the making and remaking of knowledge, techniques and products. In this paper, we explore how animal models work in two different but interrelated situations: early/mid 20th-century reproductive sciences focused on human biomedicine; and early 21st-century assisted reproduction of endangered animals in zoos. We use the concept of ‘transposition’ to describe and compare how findings about different species, the infrastructures supporting different species and the body parts of different animal species have been mobilized at these sites. We show how such mobilizations create dynamic relationships in organizational, discursive and embodied ways. The two case studies illuminate the changing practices of modelling within the reproductive sciences, and the changing kinds of work animal models have done in those fields.

Why blackseed can be the cure for all illnesses except death

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Rashid Bhikha ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Vast Range ◽  
Regular Intake

The use of plants to prevent and treat illnesses has been known since time immemorial. Blackseed has been used in different civilizations around the world for centuries. The curative properties of blackseed were mentioned in the Bible and further elaborated on by Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) as “Hold on to the use of blackseed, as it has a remedy for every illness except death”. Extensive research conducted over the past century into the phytochemistry of blackseed has identified many active ingredients and confirmed its pharmacological action in the treatment of a vast range of illness conditions across the different systems of the body, including the prevention and treatment of cancer, and optimum functioning of the immune system. Furthermore, the Tibb philosophical principles highlight the ability of the body’s inherent self-healing capacity, known as Physis, and the intricate functioning of the human body, based on the temperamental and humoral theory. This paper emphasizes the importance of Physis, and its role in the maintenance and restoration of health with the regular intake of blackseed, highlighting why blackseed can be a cure for all illnesses except death. Keywords: Blackseed, phytochemistry, pharmacological action, Tibb philosophical principles.

scholarly journals Methodical aspects of the montbeliarde breed gene pool in Ukraine creation

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
A. P. Krugliak ◽  
T. O. Krugliak ◽  
A. A. Kirii
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
The Body ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Breeding Stock ◽  
The Past ◽  
Productivity Indices ◽  
Complex Forms ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Individual Fixation ◽  
Selection Of

The methodical aspects of the Montbeliarde breed gene pool in Ukraine are presented. The evaluation and selection of animals was carried out on the basis of the dairy productivity and tribal value of the ancestors, the type of exteriors, the overall development of the body, the period of cohort, and also the parentage. Selected and brought 100 heads of the cows of the Monglereid breed. As a result of growth, development, the type of body structure, the animals corresponded to the standard of breed requirements and were pregnant for 3–4 months. The parents type productivity indices (ISU) was 98–147. More than 50% of them were ranked in the top 20 best breeders. The milk productivity of the heifers mathers on 305 days of the first lactation ranged from 5300 to 9100 kg of milk, with a fat content of 3.9–4.4% and a protein of 3.3–3.7%.Genealogical structure of the herd (100 cows and 64 heifers, which were obtained at the farm PLAE "Zhatkivske") is represented by 5 genealogical bloodlines. The most numerous is the bloodline Charmant – Ideal – Helios 15.421 (26 cows and 13 heifers). The Charvant sire was quite widely used in the breeding stock virtually of all bloodlines. This line is developed through the bulls Corail 3971002640, Cardian 7191071104106 and Isangrin 6393018001 (scheme 1). No less numerous is the Pirates 11,695 (25 caws and 6 heifers) bloodline, which has two powerful sublines: Novac 17136 and Tabarin 3967923962. The development of these independent branches continues through the bulls: Rhum 7080007171, Ezozo 0189014533 Martien 7176060311 Cantadou, Verglas 3984014417, Leguyer 7495022208, Bois Levin 0186006232.From the genealogical bloodline Oceano 11594 have been 23 caws selected, from which already 13 heifers were received. The bloodline has been developed through the bulls: Faucon 3990016792, Natif 3997030107, Oxalin 2598012281. Oxbou. Based on the old bloodline Ideal 9128, a new bloodline Osiris – Orkan 78315, is developed through the bulls: Lusignan, Jardin 2574010156, Tilleul 3912920526, Boulogne 7086000198 and represented by 15 individuals.The most numerous in the past century in the breed, the Bravo 12.571 bloodline has narrowed significantly and is currently developing only through the branch Debount 2572016541, his sons: Tafia 2582003300 and Tartars 7082004021 and their grandsons: Polichinel 2199011839, Maldini 1596099083 and others. At the moment, it's a disappearing bloodline, so the best bulls as Ezozo 0189014533, Bois Le Vin 0186006232 and the most promising bulls from Pirate 11.695 bloodline are used widely on the cows of this line. The farm brought 6 heavens of this line, from which 3 daughters were taken. In order to prevent the rapid growth of inbreeding, in recent years, in the breed used cross the most distant lines. The average expectation of 31 firstborns for 305 days of lactation in the PLAE "Zhatkivske" was 7298 (limits 6544–8839) kg.Thus, the breeding stock imported into the PLAE "Zhatkivskoe" is rather high-yielding and reflects the gene pool of the Monglereid breed. A plan for individual fixation, which is implemented in the herd, is developed to provide linear breeding, which in the complex forms the basis for the creation of the Monglereid breeder.

Sports Law in an Olympic Year: Citius, Altius, Fortius?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Anderson
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Sports Law ◽  
Global Industry ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Short Piece ◽  
History Of

AbstractIn 2012 London becomes the first city to host an Olympics for the third time. The contrast between the Games of 2012 and those of 1908 and 1948 could not be starker and form a background to some of the matters discussed in this short piece. Central to the discussion is the contention that the development of the body of law now known as sports law is related to the accelerated commercialisation of sport during the past century. In short, the business of modern sport is exactly that – a business; indeed, sport is now a global industry and the commodification of sport will be seen to an exaggerated effect in London throughout the summer of 2012. Accordingly, this article by Jack Anderson begins by giving an outline of the financial robustness of modern sport, epitomised by the Olympics, before presenting a brief history of the evolution of sports law. Thereafter various issues in contemporary sports law are identified and discussed. The conclusion attempts to bring all of these themes together in order to give an overview of the area as a discrete, vibrant, if still emerging, discipline of law.

Secular Changes in the Body Size of Non-Military Populations

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 616-616
Author(s):  
Howard W. Stoudt
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Military Populations ◽  
Maximum Body ◽  
Maximum Body Size

People are getting bigger. Overall increases in body size can be documented for various worldwide populations for which adequate anthropometric data are available. In Western Europe and North America the increase in adult stature over the past century has commonly approximated one centimeter per decade, though with some variability between different groups. Other body dimensions, as well as weight, have also been increasing in both men and women and in different ethnic groups. The most likely explanations for such increases in body size are improved nutrition and better health care during growth years. Since such factors tend to be associated with higher socio-economic status, it is these groups who have demonstrated the most marked increases in body size in recent years. Many upper socio-economic groups have already attained most or all of their maximum body size potential, and will experience little further increase. On the other hand, those presently less favored groups who can still benefit from improved nutrition and health care will continue to show increases in body size until they also have reached their maximum potential.

Percutaneous Abscess Drainage: Current Applications for Critically Ill Patients

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven B. Oglevie ◽  
Giovanna Casola ◽  
Eric van Sonnenberg ◽  
Horacio B. D'Agostino ◽  
Risteård OLaoide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critically Ill ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Organ System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Abscess Drainage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Percutaneous Abscess Drainage

Radiologically guided percutaneous abscess drainage (PAD) was first reported in 1977. Since this time, technological advances in imaging, improved catheter technology, and increased experience with the procedure have resulted in a tremendous expansion of the indications for PAD. This procedure currently has applications in nearly every organ system of the body. These changes have also contributed to improved success rates, with concurrent minimization of procedure-related complications. The advantages of PAD include simple, rapid performance; feasibility of bedside intensive care unit (ICU) performance; safety; avoidance of general anesthesia; and well-documented efficacy. This procedure has now become well entrenched in clinical medicine and probably ranks with the development of effective antibiotics as the most significant improvement in the treatment of abscesses in the past century. PAD is ideally suited for the treatment of critically ill ICU patients. We discuss technical developments over the past 15 years; general principles of patient preparation and catheters are also reviewed. Current applications of PAD in each organ system are discussed.

scholarly journals Evidence of a further emerging threat to lion conservation; targeted poaching for body parts

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 4099-4114 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. Everatt ◽  
R. Kokes ◽  
C. Lopez Pereira
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Current Conservation ◽  
Trophy Hunting ◽  
African Lion ◽  
By Catch ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The African lion, Panthera leo, has, like many of the world’s megafauna, become threatened with extinction over the past century. Loss of habitat and prey, persecution in retaliation of livestock depredation, by-catch by bushmeat poachers and unsustainable trophy hunting are all documented anthropogenic caused threats to lion conservation. Here we present data that indicate the emergence of a further threat to lion conservation: the targeted poaching of lions for body parts. We present lion abundance and mortality data from field surveys in southern Africa between 2011 and 2018 of a resident lion population. The targeted poaching of lions for body parts accounted for 35% of known human caused mortalities across the landscape and 61% of mortalities within Limpopo National Park with a clear increase in this pressure in 2014. Retaliatory killing for livestock conflict accounted for 51% of total mortalities, however in 48% of conflict cases body parts were also removed, suggesting that a demand for body parts may incentivize conflict related killing of lions. The use of poison was the most common means of killing lions and was recorded in 61% of mortalities. Teeth and claws were the body parts harvested most often from illegally killed animals in the study area, with an increase from 2014 onwards. This pressure threatens the viability of the species in our study area and the success of current conservation initiatives. We suggest that the results of this study be viewed as a warning to the global conservation community to be vigilant of the impact that illegal wildlife trade can have on the conservation of lions, just as a similar pressure has already had on other big cat populations.

scholarly journals The Triple Threat of Cryptococcosis: It’s the Body Site, the Strain, and/or the Host

mBio ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Perfect
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Human Immune

ABSTRACT Cryptococcosis is the leading invasive fungal infection in the world today. Over the past century, the causative agents, Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, have risen from the status of medical curiosities to common but life-threatening central nervous system pathogens. In an elegant experimental pathobiology study of these two organisms carried out by Ngamskulrungroj et al., there are three matters that merit further discussion. First is the question of whether there is a variable specific pathobiology for each yeast strain. Does it make biological and clinical sense to designate C. neoformans and C. gattii as two separate species? Second is the matter of how the organisms differ pathologically at the site of infection. Finally, there is the possibility that the human immune system responds differently to each species. Although no single study can provide definitive mechanistic answers to the important questions, this experimental pathology study and its discussion clearly frame the issues to be dissected.

scholarly journals From the microbiome to the central nervous system, an update on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis in childhood

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B Janowski ◽  
Jason G Newland
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Meningitis In Children ◽  
Intrapartum Antibiotic ◽  
Dynamic Relationships

In the past century, advances in antibiotics and vaccination have dramatically altered the incidence and clinical outcomes of bacterial meningitis. We review the shifting epidemiology of meningitis in children, including after the implementation of vaccines that target common meningitic pathogens and the introduction of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis offered to mothers colonized withStreptococcus agalactiae. We also discuss what is currently known about the pathogenesis of meningitis. Recent studies of the human microbiome have illustrated dynamic relationships of bacterial and viral populations with the host, which may potentiate the risk of bacterial meningitis.

scholarly journals ETNOZOLOOGI UNTUK RITUAL ADAT MASYARAKAT DAYAK KAYAAN DI DESA PADUA MENDALAM KECAMATAN PUTUSSIBAU UTARA KABUPATEN KAPUAS HULU

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelius Mering ◽  
M Sofwan Anwari ◽  
Hafiz Ardian
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Body ◽  
Local People ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Snowball Sampling Technique

The local People of Kalimantan until now still depend on nature, they uilize flora and fauna for daily needs. Dayak Kayaan community in Padua Mendalam Village, Putussibau Utara District, Kapuas Hulu Regency have diversity in the utilization of animal Species including the use of animals for traditional rituals. The purpose of this study was to collect data of animals species that used for traditional rituals Dayak Kayaan people in Padua Mendalam Village, Putussibau Utara District, Kapuas Hulu District. Data collection with survey method and interviews with selected respondents using snowball sampling technique. The results there were 9 species from 9 families, every species of family consisted of only 1 species. The body parts used for traditional rituals are blood, the whole body, tail, head, feathers an shells. How to use every part of the body has a difference depending on the type of traditional rituals performed.Keyword : Ethnozoology For Traditional Rituals Community Dayak Kayaan.

Spin reversal of the rattleback: theory and experiment

1988 ◽  
Vol 418 (1854) ◽  
pp. 165-197 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Spin Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Spin Direction ◽  
The Past ◽  
Spin Reversal ◽  
Observed Behaviour ◽  
Theory And Experiment

The behaviour of a top known variously as the rattleback, celt or wobblestone is studied. When spun on a flat, smooth, horizontal surface, self-induced oscillations about a horizontal axis eventually consume the initial spin energy; once the spinning has ceased, the oscillations decay and the body spins in the opposite direction. Many rattlebacks seem to be spin biased, reversing spin direction only once and only if the initial spin has the proper sense; others reverse readily from either initial spin direction. Analysis and simulation papers appearing over the past century have attempted, respectively, to explain and qualitatively predict the top’s possible behaviours, and to reconcile observed behaviour with various numerical models. In this work, the two broad theories proposed to explain the spin bias, one which neglects slipping and dissipation and one which incorporates these effects, are critically investigated by several means. The validity of the no-slip assumption is questioned. A numerical model which allows for aerodynamic effects and dry friction due to spinning and slipping is developed. The complicated equations of the numerical model are simplified by analysing the transfer of energy between the spin and oscillations. A comprehensive explanation of the behaviour based on this simplified spin model and the realistic limits of the no-slip motion is proposed. Finally, the predictions of the ‘complete’ numerical model and the simplified model are compared with experimental data.

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