The trajectory of geomorphology

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Church
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Historical Interpretation ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Absolute Dating ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Living Organisms

Modern geomorphology was founded in the nineteenth century as an exercise of historical interpretation of landscapes. After the mid-twentieth century it dominantly became a quest to understand the processes by which landscapes are modified. This focused attention on the measurement of sediment fluxes on synoptic timescales and on a reductionist, Newtonian programme of construction of low-order theories about those fluxes, largely imported from engineering science. The period also saw the emergence of an applied geomorphology. Toward the end of the twentieth century the subject was dramatically transformed by improved technologies for remote sensing and surveying of Earth’s surface, the advent of personal computation and of large-scale computation, and important developments of absolute dating techniques. These technical innovations in turn promoted recognition of geomorphology as a ‘system science’ and facilitated the reintegration of tectonics into geomorphology, opening the way for a renewed consideration of the history of the landscape. Finally, increasing recognition of the dominance of human agency in contemporary modification of Earth’s terrestrial surface has become a significant theme. Important influences on the continuing development of the subject will include the search for physically sound laws for material fluxes; reconciling geomorphological information and process representations across spatial and temporal scales, in both observation and theory; comprehending complexity in geomorphological processes and landform histories; incorporating the geomorphological role of living organisms, particularly micro-organisms; understanding the role of climate in geomorphology, both in the contemporary changing climate and in the long term; and fully admitting the now dominant role of humans as geomorphic agents. Geomorphology is simultaneously developing in diverse directions: on one hand, it is becoming a more rigorous geophysical science — a significant part of a larger earth science discipline; on another, it is becoming more concerned with human social and economic values, with environmental change, conservation ethics, with the human impact on environment, and with issues of social justice and equity.

The Impact of Quantitative Easing on Emerging Markets – Literature Review

e-Finanse ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Piotr Bartkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Quantitative Easing ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sufficient Precision

AbstractThe article presents the results of the review of the empirical literature regarding the impact of quantitative easing (QE) on emerging markets (EMs). The subject is of interest to policymakers and researchers due to the increasingly larger role of EMs in the world economy and the large-scale capital flows occurring after 2009. The review is conducted in a systematic manner and takes into consideration different methodological choices, samples and measurement issues. The paper puts the summarized results in the context of transmission channels identified in the literature. There are few distinct methodological approaches present in the literature. While there is a consensus regarding the direction of the impact of QE on EMs, its size and durability have not yet been assessed with sufficient precision. In addition, there are clear gaps in the empirical findings, not least related to relative underrepresentation of the CEE region (in particular, Poland).

ARBITRARY WITHHOLDING OF CONSENT TO HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE IN SITUATIONS OF DISASTER

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandesh Sivakumaran
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
The State ◽  
Medical Assistance ◽  
State Practice ◽  
Subject Specific ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
External Assistance ◽  
The Subject

AbstractFollowing a large-scale disaster, such as a major earthquake, tsunami or cyclone, tens of thousands of persons are often displaced, suffer from food shortages and in need of medical assistance. In situations in which the State affected by the disaster does not meet the needs of the affected persons itself, humanitarian assistance from outside the State might be required. This article considers the role of consent to external humanitarian assistance on the part of the affected State. As there is no single overarching treaty in the area of humanitarian assistance in situations of disaster, the article explores the role of consent in the various disaster-specific, subject-specific and region-specific treaties as well as in the soft law instruments in the area. Although the instruments take seemingly different approaches to the subject, a common standard is identified, namely that consent on the part of the affected State is required before external assistance can be provided but that consent cannot be arbitrarily withheld. The article then goes on to give content to the arbitrary withholding standard, breaking it down into its substantive and procedural elements. These include the meaning of the term ‘arbitrary’; the requirement to provide a reason for the withholding of consent; legitimate grounds for withholding consent; and the actor that assesses the justification. Regard is had for State practice in the context of disasters as well as other areas of the law in which similar tests are used.

Planning or Improvisation

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
Alasdair Roberts
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Governance Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Imperfect Knowledge

This chapter assesses the role of planning in the design of governance strategies. Enthusiasm for large-scale planning—also known as overall, comprehensive, long-term, economic, or social planning—boomed and collapsed in twentieth century. At the start of that century, progressive reformers seized on planning as the remedy for the United States' social and economic woes. By the end of the twentieth century, enthusiasm for large-scale planning had collapsed. Plans could be made, but they were unlikely to be obeyed, and even if they were obeyed, they were unlikely to work as predicted. The chapter then explains that leaders should make plans while being realistic about the limits of planning. It is necessary to exercise foresight, set priorities, and design policies that seem likely to accomplish those priorities. Simply by doing this, leaders encourage coordination among individuals and businesses, through conversation about goals and tactics. Neither is imperfect knowledge a total barrier to planning. There is no “law” of unintended consequences: it is not inevitable that government actions will produce entirely unexpected results. The more appropriate stance is modesty about what is known and what can be achieved. Plans that launch big schemes on brittle assumptions are more likely to fail. Plans that proceed more tentatively, that allow room for testing, learning, and adjustment, are less likely to collapse in the face of unexpected results.

Self and Self-Representation in the Long Twentieth Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 295-316
Author(s):  
Christopher Peacocke
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Self ◽  
First Person ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Person Concept

Six issues are salient in discussions of the first person since 1900: immunity to error through misidentification; the possibility of survival without survival of one’s body; the elusiveness of the self; the role of the first person attitudes in the explanation of action; the first person component in mental concepts; and the role of the first person simulation in explaining the actions of others. Since 1900, there have been accounts both of the nature of the first person concept, and accounts of the nature of subjects of experience. This paper discusses the achievements and limitations of these accounts in addressing the preceding six issues. These issues are also assessed against a wider range of possibilities, both for the first person and for the subject to which it refers, than are considered in this literature.

The Origin of the Judges’ Rules

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-53
Author(s):  
Mike McConville ◽  
Luke Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Home Office ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
Police Forces

The point at which the liberty of the subject can be subject to interference by force of the law is a critical issue and one reliant on the integrity of judicial oversight. Focusing on the start of the twentieth century, this chapter addresses the discontinuities in the then existing rules relating to the interrogation of suspected persons (embodied by the Judges’ Rules of 1912, whose obscure origins are discussed) and the divergent responses of different police forces to the cautioning and questioning process. From this it explores how the need for closer formal regulation arose and the role of Home Office officials (the very same as those involved in the Adolph Beck case) in drafting the first revision of the Judges’ Rules in 1918 which were to remain in force for almost fifty years. These inapt and inexpertly drafted Rules thereafter laid the foundations for policing regulation in jurisdictions around the world.

scholarly journals The Impact of Mobile Phone Uses in the Developing World

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain K. Cibangu ◽  
Mark Hepworth ◽  
Donna Champion
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, the rise of information and communication technologies (ICTs) contrasted with the dire living conditions of the world's poorest has been the subject of debate among industry and academia. However, despite the amount of writings produced on mobile phones, Western bias is surprisingly unbridledly prevailing alongside the fêted dissemination of mobile phones. Expansive literature tends to present the rapid adoption of mobile phones among rural individuals, with little to no indication of how local values and voices are respected or promoted. We undertook semi-structured interviews with 16 rural chiefs to inquire into ways in which mobile phones enabled socio-economic development in the rural Congo. Rather than using quantitative, large-scale, or top-down data, we sought to give voice to chiefs themselves about the role of mobile phones. We found that Western bias dominates the literature and deployment of mobile phones more than usually acknowledged. We suggested some paths forward, while bringing the African communal Utu or Ubuntu culture to the center stage.

scholarly journals Combined Forces: Thinking and/or Feeling? How News Consumption Affects Anti-Muslim Attitudes through Perceptions and Emotions about the Economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Jacobs ◽  
Mark Boukes ◽  
Rens Vliegenthart
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
News Consumption ◽  
Group Conflict Theory ◽  
News Outlet

This study develops a model that contributes to our understanding of the complex relationship between economic motivations and anti-Muslim attitudes by analyzing the underexplored role of news consumption. Using a large-scale Dutch panel dataset ( n = 2694), we test a structural equation model theoretically grounded in group conflict theory, in which the relationship between news consumption and anti-Muslim attitudes is mediated by perceptions and emotions about the economy. Findings offer sound empirical support for the hypothesized model: news consumption increases pessimistic economic perceptions and negative emotions about the economy, which in turn strengthens anti-Muslim attitudes. The mechanism, however, largely depends on the type of news outlet and genre: watching television seems more decisive than reading newspapers; moreover, especially exposure to soft and popular news formats plays a dominant role.

scholarly journals Plasticity of Sensorimotor Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan R. Buch ◽  
Sook-Lei Liew ◽  
Leonardo G. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
System Organization ◽  
Basic Feature ◽  
Intrinsic Variability ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Large Scale Network ◽  
Scale Network

Redundancy is an important feature of the motor system, as abundant degrees of freedom are prominent at every level of organization across the central and peripheral nervous systems, and musculoskeletal system. This basic feature results in a system that is both flexible and robust, and which can be sustainably adapted through plasticity mechanisms in response to intrinsic organismal changes and dynamic environments. While much early work of motor system organization has focused on synaptic-based plasticity processes that are driven via experience, recent investigations of neuron–glia interactions, epigenetic mechanisms and large-scale network dynamics have revealed a plethora of plasticity mechanisms that support motor system organization across multiple, overlapping spatial and temporal scales. Furthermore, an important role of these mechanisms is the regulation of intrinsic variability. Here, we review several of these mechanisms and discuss their potential role in neurorehabilitation.

scholarly journals The interaction of theater and cinematography in Uzbekistan culture in the first half of the xx century

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 94-104
Author(s):  
Amina Azizova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Scientific Problem ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Factors Of Influence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Image Type ◽  
Creative Life

The form, typology, essence and causes of the interaction between theater and cinema in the world is one of the priorities in the field, and a number of scientific studies have been conducted on the subject. In world experience, during the development of cinematography, it has been used the help of theatrical figures in overcoming the problems of acting, directing and dramaturgy. The study of theater and cinema as the main types of artistic worldview, in which the relationship between the two independent arts, exchanges of actors, process of interaction, individual characteristics were assessed, and it was considered as a new phenomenon. The article studies issues, causes and factors of influence of the same process in 1920–1930. The interaction of Uzbek theater and cinema, the study of creative ties, see it as a scientific problem has attracted attention in recent years. The article examines the role of Uzbek stage leaders in the development of screen art as a separate process, as well as the phenomenon of interaction between theater and cinema. The author explores a new creative life, a biography of a stage actor in cinema, opened for theater actors on the eve of the twentieth century. The art of filmmaking, which has been fighting for the actor for half a century, studies on facts that have attracted theater performers. Theatrical art has proven to be a model for cinematography in terms of decorating, makeup, music, lighting, and acting. Keywords: theater, actor, cinema, director, genre, image, type, role, phenomenon, screen art, character.

scholarly journals Re-evaluating the roles of the cleaning process in the conservation of paintings

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 14-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Manuel Barros García
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Original Work ◽  
Cleaning Process ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
The Subject

At a time when defining the conservation of cultural heritage is undergoing important changes, it is necessary to rethink the roles of the cleaning process applied to paintings. Throughout the nineteenth and the twentieth century, the cleaning of paintings was the subject of continuous controversy which developed both in the academic field and in the pages of newspapers. In general, attempts have been made to define, one way or another, exactly what the role of cleaning should be. Four of these roles have been (and still are): cleaning as a conservation procedure, as revelation (of the original work or of the artist’s intent), as aesthetic presentation, and as a way of improving legibility. This article reviews these roles, their limitations and also raises a number of questions and issues in order to re-evaluate cleaning, taking into account contributions by the new theories of conservation. 

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