Adolescent Exposure to Violence and Adult Violent Victimization and Offending

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Franzese ◽  
Scott Menard ◽  
Andrea J. Weiss ◽  
Herbert C. Covey
Keyword(s):  
Community Violence ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Violent Victimization ◽  
Parental Violence ◽  
Physically Abused ◽  
Youth Survey ◽  
Outcome Behaviors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adolescent Exposure

Research on the effects of child abuse and of childhood and adolescent exposure to domestic violence or community violence has generally, with some exceptions, found them to be related to subsequent negative behavioral outcomes, such as crime, delinquency, and substance abuse. This study uses longitudinal self-report data from the National Youth Survey Family Study to investigate how being physically abused by parents, witnessing violence between parents, and exposure to violence in the neighborhood are related to violent victimization and offending in middle adulthood, controlling for prior involvement in the outcome behaviors in adolescence. Physical abuse and witnessing parental violence appear to have little direct impact on adult violent offending and victimization net of the impact of adolescent violent victimization more generally; but adolescent exposure to neighborhood violence does appear to be predictive of adult violent victimization and offending for female respondents.

Adolescent Exposure to Violence and Adult Anxiety, Depression, and PTSD

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-201
Author(s):  
Herbert C. Covey ◽  
Leah McCoy Grubb ◽  
Robert J. Franzese ◽  
Scott Menard
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Parental Violence ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Adolescent Exposure

The present study investigates how adolescent exposure to violence (AEV), in the form of parental physical abuse, witnessing parental violence, and exposure to violence in the neighborhood, is related to adult anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder, controlling for more general adolescent violent victimization and for self-reports and parent reports of mental health problems in adolescence, on a national household-based probability sample of individuals who were adolescents in the mid-1970s and who were followed through early adulthood in the early 2000s. The results suggest that AEV is associated with mental health problems in adolescence but not, controlling for other variables, in adulthood, but there is continuity in mental health problems associated with AEV from adolescence to adulthood.

scholarly journals Ungdoms voldsutsatthet og foreldres landbakgrunn

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-195
Author(s):  
Patrick Lie Andersen ◽  
Ingrid Smette ◽  
Anja Bredal
Keyword(s):  
Family Structure ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Parental Violence ◽  
School Based ◽  
The Family ◽  
Living Together

Earlier studies from the Nordic countries have shown that youth from immigrant backgrounds are more likely to be exposed to parental violence compared with non-immigrant youth. However, few studies have investigated differences on a more detailed level and analyzed the risk after parents’ country of origin. Moreover, to what extent cultural, psychosocial, stress and resource-based factors can account for a relationship between parents’ country of origin and youths’ exposure to violence has not been investigated in a Norwegian context. Therefore, we first examine the prevalence of fear of and exposure to violence among young people from different immigrant backgrounds. Then we control for various factors that can be related to country differences. We use data from the Young in Oslo survey from 2018, a school-based self-report study conducted among youth aged 16–19. In the analyses, we distinguish between youth from major immigration countries and those from other geographic regions. Overall, and in line with earlier research, we find that a higher proportion of youth with immigrant backgrounds fear violence and have been subjected to violence by someone in the family, compared to youth with two Norwegian-born parents. However, the results show large variation in the level of exposure after parents’ country of origin. In addition, the results indicate that this variation is largely related to families’ socio-economic resources, but also, to some extent, family structure (parents living together or not). Few socio-economic resources and a weak economic situation indicate a higher exposure risk for all youth, including those with Norwegian-born parents. Even after controlling for socio-economic resources, family structure and religious affiliation, there is a higher risk of violence among youth with origin from some countries and regions.

Experiences and Perceived Benefits of a Youth Skateboarding Program in South Africa: From the Physical to Emotional and Beyond

2021 ◽  
pp. 074355842110529
Author(s):  
Katherine Sorsdahl ◽  
Thandi Davies ◽  
Charl Jensel ◽  
Dallas Oberholzer ◽  
Lillian Gelberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Community Violence ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Life Skills ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Perceived Benefits ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Physically Abused ◽  
Framework Approach

This study aimed to assess the mental health needs and risk behaviors of adolescents attending an afterschool life-skills skateboarding program, to evaluate the perceived benefits of the program, and to identify potential modifications required to meet the identified needs. Program participants were from three gang- and poverty-affected urban communities in Cape Town, South Africa. Seventy-six adolescents aged between 10 and 19 years old (83% male) completed a self-report survey, and 24 adolescents and 19 key influencers participated in in-depth interviews and focus groups. Descriptive analyses were conducted on survey data and a framework approach was used to analyze qualitative data. 72% of the adolescents reported symptoms of moderate to severe anxiety and/or depressive symptoms, 66% had experienced food insecurity, 45% had been physically abused at home, 47% had been bullied, and 59% had used alcohol. Benefits of the program included experiencing a sense of belonging to a skateboarding subculture, protection from gang recruitment and community violence, physical and emotional benefits of exercise, mentors as positive role models, and learning life skills. Recommendations to improve the program were to include information on depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts and grief, and to include stress management and emotion regulation skills.

The Impact of Exposure To Violence On a Trajectory of (Declining) Parental Monitoring

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1411-1428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Spano ◽  
Craig Rivera ◽  
Alexander T. Vazsonyi ◽  
John M. Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Community Violence ◽  
Parental Monitoring ◽  
African American Youth ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Community Violence Exposure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Transactional Model ◽  
Ecological Transactional Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Five waves of longitudinal data collected from 348 African American youth living in extreme poverty are used to examine the impact of exposure to violence on parenting over time. Semiparametric group-based modeling is used to identify trajectories of parental monitoring and exposure to violence from Time 1 (T1) to Time 5 (T5). Results indicate that for youth (a) 48% had a trajectory of declining parental monitoring and (b) 7% had sharply increasing exposure to violence from T1 to T5. Multivariate findings are consistent with the ecological—transactional model of community violence. Exposure to violence T1 was a precursor of a trajectory of declining parental monitoring T1 to T5. Youth with a trajectory of stable and sharply increasing exposure to violence were more than 200% more likely to have declining parental monitoring T1 to T5. The theoretical implications of these findings as well as areas for future research are also discussed.

Beliefs as Mediators of Relations Between Exposure to Violence and Physical Aggression During Early Adolescence

2021 ◽  
pp. 027243162110367
Author(s):  
Albert D. Farrell ◽  
Sarah Pittman ◽  
Amie F. Bettencourt ◽  
Krista R. Mehari ◽  
Courtney Dunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Community Violence ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Negative Life Events ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Proactive Aggression ◽  
Violent Victimization ◽  
Witnessing Violence ◽  
School Year

This study examined beliefs about aggression and self-efficacy for nonviolent responses as mediators of longitudinal relations between exposure to violence and physical aggression. Participants were a predominantly African American (79%) sample of 2705 early adolescents from three middle schools within urban neighborhoods with high rates of violence. Participants completed measures across four waves (fall, winter, spring, and summer) within a school year. Beliefs supporting proactive aggression, beliefs against fighting, and self-efficacy for nonviolence partially mediated relations between witnessing violence and physical aggression. Indirect effects for beliefs supporting proactive aggression and self-efficacy were maintained after controlling for victimization and negative life events. Beliefs supporting proactive aggression mediated the effects of violent victimization on physical aggression, but these effects were not significant after controlling for witnessing violence and negative life events. The findings underscore the importance of examining the unique pathways from witnessing community violence versus violent victimization to physical aggression.

Relationship Between Multiple Exposures to Violence and Coping Strategies Among African-American Mothers

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hope M. Hill ◽  
Stephanie R. Hawkins ◽  
Manuel Raposo ◽  
Peggy Carr
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Community Violence ◽  
College Education ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
African American Mothers ◽  
Multiple Exposures ◽  
Urban America ◽  
The Impact

This exploratory study examined the relationship between coping strategies of 136 African-American mothers, their exposure to community violence, and their interpersonal victimization. It is suggested that the disproportionate victimization of African-American women produces a cumulative triple threat for those who live amidst conditions of community violence in the following manner: a) exposure through daily living in the midst of unpredictable community violence; b) exposure to violence from witnessing violence in the neighborhood; and c) exposure to violence from disproportionately high rates of personal victimization. The findings suggest that coping strategies are used differentially as a function of the amount of violence within the social context, and the education and financial resources of the mothers. Mothers who live in lower-violence areas with college education preferred activism as a coping strategy, whereas those in high-violence areas with comparable incomes and education preferred reliance on prayer and instituting safety practices. Coping strategies differed based on whether mothers had been physical victims and witnesses to violence or had no personal experience with violence. This study lays the groundwork for a model of exploring the impact of the cumulative effects of violence on African-American mothers parenting in urban America.

Marketized Mentality, Street Codes and Violence

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052095964
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Baron
Keyword(s):  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Homeless Youth ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Violent Victimization ◽  
Marginal Populations ◽  
Peer Association ◽  
The Impact

The article examines the recent individual level extensions to Institutional Anomie Theory. It explores if a marketized mentality is important to the development of a violent street code that encourages violence as a method of self-enhancement, as well as a factor directly leading to violence. Further, it investigates if the impact of the marketized mentality on violence is moderated by risk-taking and violent peers. It controls for other important factors associated with violence including physical abuse, homelessness, violent victimization, and social bonds. The research utilizes self-report data from interviews with 400 Canadian homeless youth aged 16–24. Results from the OLS regressions indicated that a marketized mentality, along with risk-taking, violent peers, violent victimization, and social bonds predicted levels of support for the street code. The marketized mentality had a direct effect on violence, as well as an indirect effect through the street code. The effect of marketized mentality on violence was also stronger at higher levels of risk-taking and violent peer association. Physical abuse, violent victimization, risk-taking, and violent peers also had direct effects on violence. The findings suggest that a marketized mentality can be adopted even in economically marginal populations leading to the development of violent strategies to fulfill goals. Avenues for future research are offered.

The Stereotype Threat Effect

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Moritz ◽  
Insa Happach ◽  
Karla Spirandelli ◽  
Tania M. Lincoln ◽  
Fabrice Berna
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Threat Effect ◽  
Efficacy Expectations ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Neurocognitive deficits in patients with mental disorders are partially due to secondary influences. “Stereotype threat” denotes the phenomenon that performance is compromised when a participant is confronted with a devaluing stereotype. The present study examined the impact of stereotype threat on neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia. Seventy-seven participants with a self-reported diagnosis of schizophrenia were randomly assigned to either an experimental condition involving stereotype threat activation or a control condition in an online study. Participants completed memory and attention tests as well as questionnaires on motivation, self-efficacy expectations, cognitive complaints, and self-stigmatization. Contrary to our prediction, the two groups showed no significant differences regarding neuropsychological performance and self-report measures. Limitations, such as a possibly too weak threat cue, are discussed and recommendations for future studies are outlined.

Research Participation Experiences of Informants of Suicide and Control Cases

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 238-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. C. Wong ◽  
Wincy S. C. Chan ◽  
Philip S. L. Beh ◽  
Fiona W. S. Yau ◽  
Paul S. F. Yip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Research Participation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Psychological Autopsy ◽  
Autopsy Study ◽  
The People ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Background: Ethical issues have been raised about using the psychological autopsy approach in the study of suicide. The impact on informants of control cases who participated in case-control psychological autopsy studies has not been investigated. Aims: (1) To investigate whether informants of suicide cases recruited by two approaches (coroners’ court and public mortuaries) respond differently to the initial contact by the research team. (2) To explore the reactions, reasons for participation, and comments of both the informants of suicide and control cases to psychological autopsy interviews. (3) To investigate the impact of the interviews on informants of suicide cases about a month after the interviews. Methods: A self-report questionnaire was used for the informants of both suicide and control cases. Telephone follow-up interviews were conducted with the informants of suicide cases. Results: The majority of the informants of suicide cases, regardless of the initial route of contact, as well as the control cases were positive about being approached to take part in the study. A minority of informants of suicide and control cases found the experience of talking about their family member to be more upsetting than expected. The telephone follow-up interviews showed that none of the informants of suicide cases reported being distressed by the psychological autopsy interviews. Limitations: The acceptance rate for our original psychological autopsy study was modest. Conclusions: The findings of this study are useful for future participants and researchers in measuring the potential benefits and risks of participating in similar sensitive research. Psychological autopsy interviews may be utilized as an active engagement approach to reach out to the people bereaved by suicide, especially in places where the postvention work is underdeveloped.

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