Factors associated with sexually transmitted infection/HIV diagnosis among a predominantly university population in Brazil

2021 ◽  
pp. 095646242199725
Author(s):  
Isabella GO Bomfim ◽  
Sigrid DS dos Santos ◽  
Cíntia M Ruggiero ◽  
Anamaria A Napoleão ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Unprotected Sex ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Syphilis Infection ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Impact

In Brazil, the increasing prevalence of HIV infection in young people makes it critical to know its distribution in university communities. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the impact of STI/HIV testing campaigns on university campuses from 2013 to 2017. The participants took part in rapid testing for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C, and counseling sessions. A total of 2691 people participated in the campaigns. Of these, 79.4% were single, and 50.3% were women. The median age was 24 years old, and 77.9% of participants had ≥12 years of formal education. Most reported having unprotected sex in the last year (87.4%). The positivity rates for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus were 0.56%, 1.20%, 0.19%, and 0.11%, respectively. The characteristics associated with HIV infection were being men who have sex with men (MSM) (aOR = 12.06; 95% CI = 3.83–37.99) and having <12 years of schooling (aOR = 3.28; 95% CI = 1.03–10.38). Factors associated with syphilis seropositivity were older age (aOR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.03–1.09), multiple partners (aOR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.08–5.50), and being MSM (aOR = 5.40; 95% CI = 2.49–11.72). Positivity for hepatitis B tended to decrease with the years of testing ( p = 0.023) and for hepatitis C to increase with age ( p = 0.035). Our study observed a high vulnerability to HIV and syphilis infection in a university community, which needs an early prevention strategy, including regular testing, continuing sexual education, easy access to condoms, and pre- and postexposure HIV prophylaxis.

HIV infection among pregnant women in Burkina Faso: a nationwide serosurvey

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 646-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lassina Sangare ◽  
Nicolas Meda ◽  
Salif Lankoande ◽  
Eddy Van Dyck ◽  
Michel Cartoux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Syphilis Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hiv Surveillance ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Syphilis Serology

To determine the prevalence of HIV infection among pregnant women in Burkina Faso and to identify factors associated with HIV infection in this population, we performed in 4 antenatal clinics in 4 urban centres located in the centre, the north, the east and the south-west of the country cross-sectional serological surveys between 7 October 1994 and 7 February 1995 using unlinked anonymous HIV screening method. In the towns included in the study more than 94% of pregnant women attend at least 2 antenatal consultations. In each centre all pregnant women attending an antenatal consultation during a 2-week period were invited to take part in a study to measure the prevalence of syphilis. Women with positive syphilis serology were offered treatment free of charge. A total of 1294 pregnant women were recruited into the study. There were no refusals. Thirty-two women (2.5%) had positive syphilis serology. The overall seroprevalence of HIV infection was 8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.6-9.6). There was no evidence that the prevalence of syphilis or HIV infection varied between the 4 towns ( P =0.12 and 0.52 respectively). In logistic regression analyses only the presence of syphilis infection was associated with risk of HIV (odds ratio=3.4; 95% CI: 1.4-7.9). The prevalence of syphilis among pregnant women in Burkina Faso is relatively low compared with that of HIV infection. These results suggest that HIV epidemic in Burkina Faso is important and that there is an urgent need to intensify HIVprevention activities. The need for HIV surveillance in this sentinel population is urgent to follow the course of the epidemic and to measure the impact of interventions. One of the consequences of the high prevalence of HIV infection among pregnant women which requires greater attention in Burkina Faso is the increasing number of children who will be infected with HIV by vertical transmission.

Social–ecological factors associated with HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Jamaica

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen H Logie ◽  
Kathleen S Kenny ◽  
Ashley Lacombe-Duncan ◽  
Kandasi Levermore ◽  
Nicolette Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Multivariable Model ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Sexual Stigma ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Sex With Men

In Jamaica, where homosexuality is criminalized, scant research has examined associations between sexual stigma and HIV infection. The study objective was to examine correlates of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Jamaica. We conducted a cross-sectional tablet-based survey with MSM in Jamaica using chain referral sampling. We assessed socio-demographic, individual, social, and structural factors associated with HIV infection. A logit-link model, fit using backwards-stepwise regression, was used to estimate a final multivariable model. Among 498 participants (median age: 24, interquartile range: 22–28), 67 (13.5%) were HIV-positive. In the multivariable model, HIV infection was associated with increased odds of socio-demographic (older age, odds ratio [OR]: 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00–1.10]; residing in Kingston versus Ocho Rios [OR: 6.99, 95% CI 2.54–19.26]), individual (poor/fair versus excellent/good self-rated health [OR: 4.55, 95% CI: 1.81–11.42], sexually transmitted infection [STI] history [OR: 3.67, 95% CI: 1.61–8.38]), and structural (enacted sexual stigma [OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01–1.15], having a health care provider [OR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.06–4.66]) factors. This is among the first studies to demonstrate associations between sexual stigma and HIV infection in Jamaica. Findings underscore the need to integrate STI testing in the HIV care continuum and to address stigma and regional differences among MSM in Jamaica.

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients, Southern Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
Nahid T. Movaghar ◽  
Saber Mojarrad ◽  
Hadi R. Shahraki ◽  
Mohammadreza Nazari ◽  
Mahtab Hadadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fars Province ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Southern Iran

Background: Hemodialysis [HD] patients are more prone to blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis B virus [HBV], hepatitis C virus [HCV], and, to a lesser extent, Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV]. Chronic HBV and HCV infections are associated with liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and early graft failure after kidney transplantation. As there was no recent information, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infection in HD patients in Fars province, southern Iran. This could help health policymakers to run more effective infection control practices for reducing such blood-borne virus infections, if necessary. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 906 HD patients in Fars province, southern Iran. A total of 906 blood samples were obtained from patients and diagnostic tests of HBV, HCV, and HIV were done. Demographic data and some other information, such as duration of dialysis, were extracted from the patients’ medical records. Data were analyzed in SPSS, version 18. Results: Out of the patients enrolled in the study, 547 [60.4%] were male and 359 [39.6%] female. The mean ± SD age of the patients was 58.0 ± 15.8 years. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infection was 0.88%, 0.55% and 0.44%, respectively. HIV-infected subjects were significantly younger than the HIV-negative group [P <0.017]. Conclusion: It seems that Fars is among the provinces with low HBV and HCV prevalence in HD patients in comparison to other provinces of Iran. On the other hand, HIV prevalence here is higher than other provincial studies. Strict adherence to preventive infection control measures is recommended in HD centers.

scholarly journals Frequency and Risk Factors Associated with Positive Cases of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C in 100 Dialysis Dependent Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Riaz Gul ◽  
Ahmad Zeb ◽  
Naila Sher
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Hepatitis Infection

The main objective of the study was to determine the frequency of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in hemodialysis dependent patients who are positive for either type of hepatitis infection.Methodology:Study was conducted for duration of five months (1st Dec 2014- 23rd April 2015) at nephrology unit of Khyber teaching hospital and kidney center of Hayat Abad medical complex. Patients who were dependent on dialysis with renal failure due to any cause were targeted for the study. All patients who were found positive for either type of hepatitis infection were included in the study. All patients who were positive with hepatitis infection before the start of dialysis and those who came for the first time for dialysis were excluded from the study.A semi structured questionnaire with both open and close ended questions was used to collect the information from the patients. Written consent was taken from all the patients prior to the data collection after explaining purpose of the study. It was a cross sectional study and non-probability convenient sampling technique was adopted for the data collection. Total of hundred patients who were positive for hepatitis were taken as sample size. Patient’s record was also thoroughly checked as an adding tool for data collection. Apart from patients some inquiry was also done from the concerned staff working on dialysis machines.Results:Results of this study show that the prevalence of hepatitis infection is more in dialysis dependent patients as compared to the general population, and that among the positive cases the frequency of hepatitis C was more than hepatitis B. Common risk factors associated with increase prevalence of hepatitis infection among hemodialysis dependent patients are frequent blood transfusion without proper screening, lack of proper sterilization of dialysis machine and environment where dialysis is carried out. Close proximity of the patients with positive cases of hepatitis positive patients, previous surgical procedures carried out, history of hepatitis infection in family and decreased immunity of the dialysis patientsConclusions:Frequent dialysis leads to increase frequency of hepatitis C as compared to hepatitis B and unsterilized environment of the area around the machine and unscreened blood transfusion are the major contributors.

scholarly journals COVID-19 restrictions and changing sexual behaviours in HIV-negative MSM at high risk of HIV infection in London, UK

2021 ◽  
pp. sextrans-2020-054768
Author(s):  
Iain Hyndman ◽  
Diarmuid Nugent ◽  
Gary George Whitlock ◽  
Alan McOwan ◽  
Nicolò Girometti
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mental Well Being ◽  
Hiv Negative

ObjectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic and its related restrictions have affected attendance to and delivery of UK sexual healthcare services (SHS). We surveyed the impact on sexual behaviour of men having sex with men (MSM) to inform future SHS provision.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, anonymous, web-based survey among HIV-negative MSM at high risk of HIV infection who attended 56 Dean Street, a sexual health and HIV clinic. The survey was conducted over a 7-day period in August 2020. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behaviour and related mental well-being experienced during lockdown (defined as 23 March–30 June 2020) were extracted. Categorical and non-categorical variables were compared according to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use.Results814 MSM completed the questionnaire: 75% were PrEP users; 76% reported they have been sexually active, of which 76% reported sex outside their household. 75% reported fewer partners than prior to lockdown. Isolation/loneliness (48%) and anxiety/stress (27%) triggered sexual activity, and 73% had discussed COVID-19 transmission risks with their sexual partners. While 46% reported no change to emotions ordinarily experienced following sex, 20% reported guilt for breaching COVID-19 restrictions. 76% implemented one or more changes to their sexual behaviour, while 58% applied one or more steps to reduce COVID-19 transmission during sex. 36% accessed SHS and 30% reported difficulties in accessing testing/treatment. Of those who accessed SHS, 28% reported an STI diagnosis. PrEP users reported higher partner number, engagement in ‘chemsex’ and use of SHS than non-PrEP users.ConclusionsCOVID-19 restrictions had a considerable impact on sexual behaviour and mental well-being in our survey respondents. High rates of sexual activity and STI diagnoses were reported during lockdown. Changes to SHS provision for MSM must respond to high rates of psychological and STI-related morbidity and the challenges faced by this population in accessing services.

scholarly journals Factors Associated With Cannabis Use During the Reproductive Cycle: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study of Women in States With Recreational and Medical Cannabis Legalization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danica Loralyn Taylor ◽  
Janice F. Bell ◽  
Susan L. Adams ◽  
Christiana Drake
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Provider Education ◽  
Substance Use Prevention ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Adequacy Of Prenatal Care ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Passage of cannabis laws may impact cannabis use and the use of other substances. The suggested association is of particular concern in pregnant women where exposure to substances can cause harm to both the pregnant woman and fetus. The present study contributes to the minimal literature on factors associated with cannabis use during the preconception, prenatal, and postpartum periods including state legalization status, concurrent use of tobacco and e-cigarettes and adequacy of prenatal care. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using combined survey data from the 2016–2018 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) collected from 36,391 women. Logistic regression was used to estimate the impact of state-legalization, adequacy of prenatal care, and other substance use on cannabis use during the preconception, prenatal, and post-partum periods. Results In the preconception model, residence in a recreationally legal state (OR: 2.37; 95% CI, 2.04–2.75) or medically legal state (OR:3.32; 95% CI, 2.90–3.80) compared to a non-legal state was associated with higher odds of cannabis use. In the prenatal model, residence in a recreationally legal state was associated with higher odds of cannabis use (OR: 1.51; 95% CI, 1.29–1.79) whereas there was no association with residence in a medically legal state. Tobacco use including e-cigarettes and moderate prenatal alcohol use were also significantly associated with cannabis use. Conclusion Recreational cannabis legalization is associated with the use of cannabis prior to, during, and after pregnancy. Renewed clinical and policy efforts may be warranted to update prenatal substance use prevention programs, educational campaigns, and provider education as cannabis legalization evolves.

scholarly journals Virological Factors Associated with Failure to the Latest Generation of Direct Acting Agents (DAA) and Re-Treatment Strategy: A Narrative Review

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 432
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Onorato ◽  
Mariantonietta Pisaturo ◽  
Mario Starace ◽  
Carmine Minichini ◽  
Alessandra Di Fraia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Direct Acting Antiviral ◽  
Direct Acting ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Direct Acting Antiviral Agents

The availability of all oral direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs) has revolutionized the management of HCV infections in recent years, allowing to achieve a sustained virological response (SVR) in more than 95% of cases, irrespective of hepatitis C Virus (HCV) genotype or staging of liver disease. Although rare, the failure to the latest-generation regimens (grazoprevir/elbasvir, sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, pibrentasvir/glecaprevir) represents a serious clinical problem, since the data available in the literature on the virological characteristics and management of these patients are few. The aim of the present narrative review was to provide an overview of the impact of baseline RASs in patients treated with the latest-generation DAAs and to analyze the efficacy of the available retreatment strategies in those who have failed these regimens.

scholarly journals The impact of arthritis on the physical function of a rural Maya-Yucateco community and factors associated with its prevalence: a cross sectional, community-based study

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adalberto Loyola-Sanchez ◽  
Julie Richardson ◽  
Ingris Pelaez-Ballestas ◽  
José Alvarez-Nemegyei ◽  
John N. Lavis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Function ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Impact

Prevalence and family factors associated with loneliness during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study from South India

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
G. Sanjana ◽  
Vijaya Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
South India ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Southern India ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Family Discord ◽  
The Impact

Background: Loneliness can affect anyone at any point in their life. It can be detrimental to the wellbeing and quality of life of individuals and communities. In the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, loneliness is considered as a public health crisis. Hence, the objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of loneliness and family related factors associated with loneliness among general population in south India. Materials and Methods: The study employed a crosssectional online survey design. The data was collected in the first phase of the lockdown in 2020 from adults in Southern India. Socio-demographic profile and family related variables were collected using a semistructured proforma. Loneliness was assessed by UCLA loneliness scale. Results: Of 573 total respondents to the survey, aged between 18-65 years, 43% were male and 57% were female. The overall prevalence of loneliness was 63% (358/573). No significant gender differences were observed in the prevalence of loneliness. Family discord was associated with higher rates of loneliness (p less than 0.01). Other factors associated were younger age and being single. Conclusion: Rates of loneliness during the COVID-19 lockdown were high in Southern India. Findings suggest that interventions should prioritize younger people. Increasing social support and improving interpersonal skills, which in turn would help reduce family discord and may reduce the impact of COVID-19 on loneliness.

scholarly journals The Impact of Universal Infant Hepatitis B Immunization on Reducing the Hepatitis B Carrier Rate in Pregnant Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 220 (7) ◽  
pp. 1118-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Ju Su ◽  
Shu-Fong Chen ◽  
Chin-Hui Yang ◽  
Pei-Hung Chuang ◽  
Hsiu-Fang Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Carrier Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hbv Vaccine ◽  
Hbv Vaccination ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Universal Infant

Abstract Background The hepatitis B virus (HBV) status of pregnant women affects HBV vaccine failure in their offspring. This study is aimed to investigate the impact of the universal infant HBV vaccination program on the long-term hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) rate in pregnant women. Methods Using the National Immunization Information System, we examined a 32-year period of cross-sectional data on a maternal HBsAg and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) screening program launched in July 1984. An age-period-cohort model analysis of 940 180 pregnant women screened for July 1996–June 1997 and the years 2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016 was applied. Results The annual HBsAg- and HBeAg-seropositive rates decreased from 13.4% and 6.4%, respectively, for the period 1984–1985 to 5.9% and 1.0% in 2016 (P for both trends < .0001). Pregnant women with birth years after July 1986 (the HBV vaccination cohort) had the lowest relative risk (0.27 [95% confidence interval, .26–.28]) of HBsAg positivity compared with birth years before June 1984. Conclusions The birth cohort effect in relation to the universal infant HBV immunization program has effectively reduced the HBV carrier rate in pregnant women and the burden of perinatal HBV infection on the next generation.

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