The archival turn in classical social psychology: Some recent reports

2020 ◽  
pp. 095935432092036
Author(s):  
Augustine Brannigan

Preservation of the research records of classical experiments in university archives has opened a new avenue of investigation for students of social psychology. In many cases, the records afford the observer with access to materials to explain the actual progress of the research as it transpired originally and permit the observer to assess the fidelity as well as the inconsistencies between what was accomplished and what was subsequently published in the scientific literature. This archival turn in psychological research can provide a fresh understanding of the significance of the original research exposing both its value and its apparent weaknesses. In this essay, I explore archival reassessments of the work of Milgram, Zimbardo, and Sherif.

Author(s):  
Tess Wilkinson-Ryan

This chapter presents a framework for understanding the most promising contributions of psychological methods and insights for private law. It focuses on two related domains of psychological research: cognitive and social psychology. Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes, which one might shorthand as “thinking.” Social psychology asks about the role of other people—actual, implied, or imagined—on mental states and human behavior. The chapter is oriented around five core psychological insights: calculation, motivation, emotion, social influence, and moral values. Legal scholarship by turns tries to explain legal decision-making, tries to calibrate incentives, and tries to justify its values and its means. Psychology speaks to these descriptive, prescriptive, and normative models of decision-making. The chapter then argues that psychological analysis of legal decision-making challenges the work that the idea of choice and preference is doing in private law, especially in the wake of the law and economics movement.


2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo de Castro Ribas Jr. ◽  
Maria Lucia Seidl de Moura ◽  
Isabela Dias Soares ◽  
Alessandra Aparecida do Nascimento Gomes ◽  
Marc H. Bornstein

This review has several objectives: To describe and discuss theoretical conceptions of the construct of socioeconomic status (SES) and to argue for its vital role in psychological research; to present and analyze procedures employed to measure SES and trends in their utilization; and to review and discuss the use of SES measures in Brazilian psychological literature. The relative position of individuals, families, and groups in a given hierarchy (frequently converted into a score produced by a scale) is what has usually been called SES. The main indicators and procedures used to measure SES are discussed in regard to its advantages and disadvantages. A review of the literature offers evidence of the importance of the SES in different psychological processes. A systematic evaluation of articles from the PsycARTICLES database was conducted and revealed that the percentage of articles published annually that employed socioeconomic status increased steadily and substantially from 1988 through 2000 and that SES has been consistently applied more in some research areas (e.g., developmental, clinical, social psychology). A content analysis of the use of SES in articles published from 1981 through 2001 in three prominent Brazilian psychology journals was conducted showing that reliable SES measures are not commonly used in the Brazilian psychological literature. The results of these reviews and analyses are discussed in terms of their implications for further progress of psychological literature, especially in Brazil, with regard SES.


2020 ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Viktorovich Zaitsev ◽  
Yuliya Viktorovna Selivanova

This article proves the results of the original research of psychological aspects of Internet employment of the youth. The subject of this study is interrelation between personal traits and coping strategies of the young Internet workers. Research methodology is based on perception of Internet work as a virtual remote labor activity, in the context of the Internet space, via its resources, and directly affecting the psycho-emotional and psychophysiological state of the employees. Methodological framework contains Ways of Coping Questionnaire by R. Lazarus, Failure Avoidance Motivation by T. Ehlers, Method of Diagnostics of Personal Creativity by E. Tunik, and EPQ methodology by G. Eysenck. The research involved 104 respondents. The novelty of the conducted psychological research consists in acquisition of the fundamentally new empirical results on specificity of personal traits of the young Internet employees that are important for the Russian and foreign science. The main conclusion lies in establishment of correlations between the scales: “Positive Revaluation” and “Extraversion”, “Confrontational Coping” and “Complexity” (of the activity. It is empirically proven that majority of young Internet employees are extraverts, with relative mental stability, of choleric and sanguine temperament, average motivation towards avoiding failures, and low proneness to conflict. Practical implementation of the obtained results increases the effectiveness of screening procedures and psychological support in the area of Internet employment.


2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Cécil J. W. Meulenberg

The purpose of this overview is to present the evidence that adherence to Mediterranean lifestyle components is beneficial for functional and cognitive health. Although Mediterranean diet is the principal component of this lifestyle, other components, like physical activity and socializing, form complex interactions and together they complete into the Mediterranean lifestyle. Individual components and their interactions have not been studied thoroughly, however, there is an increasing attention for these matters through scientific literature in original research, reviews and meta-analysis. This paper considers the recent knowledge and trends related to defining the indicators concerning these lifestyle components, as well as summarizes the health benefits induced by adherence to them and explains why Mediterranean lifestyle components are important for health.


2011 ◽  
pp. 1237-1244
Author(s):  
Robert A. Bartsch

This chapter examines how principles in social psychology can be applied to instructional technology. Two areas are discussed to explain why individuals would have a positive attitude towards instructional technology but not engage in consistent behaviors. Social psychological research demonstrates attitudes do not necessarily correlate with behaviors. Factors that moderate this relationship include attitude extremity, attitude importance, attitude accessibility, direct experience, attitude specificity, habits, and social norms. Additionally, if individuals cannot comprehend messages, they cannot develop their knowledge of instructional technology even if they wanted. To comprehend messages, individuals have to have the ability (i.e., both knowledge and time) to thoroughly process them. Examples are provided illustrating each of these concepts. The author hopes by examining the field of social psychology, new ideas, new understanding, and new areas of research can emerge in the field of instructional technology.


Author(s):  
Robert A. Bartsch

This chapter examines how principles in social psychology can be applied to instructional technology. Two areas are discussed to explain why individuals would have a positive attitude towards instructional technology but not engage in consistent behaviors. Social psychological research demonstrates attitudes do not necessarily correlate with behaviors. Factors that moderate this relationship include attitude extremity, attitude importance, attitude accessibility, direct experience, attitude specificity, habits, and social norms. Additionally, if individuals cannot comprehend messages, they cannot develop their knowledge of instructional technology even if they wanted. To comprehend messages, individuals have to have the ability (i.e., both knowledge and time) to thoroughly process them. Examples are provided illustrating each of these concepts. The author hopes by examining the field of social psychology, new ideas, new understanding, and new areas of research can emerge in the field of instructional technology.


1977 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Reardon ◽  
Suzanne Prescott

This study is a follow up on the study done by Sara Schwabacher (1972). All the articles in this study were taken from the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1974, volume 30, and were reviewed for sex of subjects, type of conclusions drawn, and whether sex was mentioned in the abstract, introduction, or methods section. These results were compared to the Schwabacher study in order to discover if the conditions noted in her study continue to prevail, or whether there has been a change in scientific sampling and reporting procedures. Contrary to the previous study, the percentage of all male studies show a sharp drop of 15% while all female studies rose 22%. When comparing the amount of single sex studies overgeneralized, all-male studies remained proportionately the same, whereas overgeneralized all-female studies showed an increase of 35.5%. In addition more both-sex articles checked for sex differences than previously reported. The authors discuss the results in relation to the women's movement and scientific decision making. Three suggestions for scientific reporting and procedures are made.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (21) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
I. V. Firsova

In the reviewed article on the basis of the study of scientific literature, the author attempts to analyze the main approaches to the issue of professional socialization of the future teacher-pedagogue, which is differently interpreted in psychological and pedagogical circles. Therefore, finding out its content and structure is relevant and requires a clear definition. Particular attention has been paid to studying the connection of this category with the phenomena of self-actualization and self-consciousness of the individual, which are increasingly becoming the object of psychological research. The purpose of this article is to analyze the approaches of the paradigm of psychological and pedagogical research to determine the content and structure of the professional socialization of the personality of the future teacher-pedagogue. The process of professional socialization of the individual in the unity of various planes of the implementation of elements of self-consciousness has been considered; the structure and basic mechanisms of socialization of the personality have been determined; the tendencies of psychological and pedagogical scientific thought regarding the interpretation of the category of professional socialization have been researched. It has been found out that the professional socialization of the future teacher-pedagogue has its own specificity, which manifests itself primarily in reducing self-actualization and increasing prosociality.Key words: personality, socialization, professional socialization, professional socialization of future teacher-pedagogue.Фирсова И. В. Содержание и структура категории «профессиональная социализация будущего преподавателя-педагога» / Центральноукраинский государственный педагогический университет имени Владимира Винниченко, Кропивницький, Украина.В рецензируемой статье на основе изучения научной литературы автором предпринимается попытка анализа основных подходов к вопросу профессиональной социализации будущего преподавателя-педагога, которая неоднозначно толкуется в психологических и педагогических кругах, поэтому выяснение ее содержания и структуры является актуальным и требующим четкого определения. Особое внимание уделяется изучению связи этой категории с феноменами самоактуализации и самосознания личности, что все чаще становятся объектом психологических исследований. Целью этой статьи является анализ подходов парадигмы психолого-педагогических исследований к определению содержания и структуры категории профессиональной социализации личности будущего преподавателя-педагога, которая реализована путем решения следующих задач: рассмотрен процесс профессиональной социализации личности в единстве различных плоскостей осуществления элементов самосознания; определена структура и основные механизмы социализации личности; исследованы тенденции психолого-педагогической научной мысли относительно толкования категории профессиональной социализации. Сделано вывод, что профессиональная социализация педагога имеет свою специфику, которая проявляется прежде всего в снижении самоактуализации и усилении просоциальности.Ключевые слова: личность, социализация, профессиональная социализация, профессиональная социализация будущего преподавателя-педагога.


Author(s):  
Inna Shinkarenko ◽  
Nataliya Davydova

The article deals with highlighting the victim of the crime role and the victim's personality socio-psychological structure. Victimology, which emerged at the legal and social psychology intersection, has to identify qualitative and quantitative characteristics and other issues related to the personality and physical, moral or property damage victim’s behavior. In the course of the research, the definitions of victimhood available in the scientific literature are analyzed, and several main approaches to this phenomenon are identified. Becouse of existing scientific opinion generalization, the work defines victimhood as a potential ability to be a victim of a crime as a result of negative personal qualities interaction with external factors, as well as the some people tendency to become the victims of a crime.


Author(s):  
Sharon Centeno-Leyva ◽  
Sergio Dominguez-Lara

Background: In recent years, psychological science has suffered a crisis of confidence that has been marked by the low rate of replicability demonstrated in collaborative projects that attempted to quantify this problem, evidencing the difficulty in making replications and the existence of a possible excess of false positives published in the scientific literature. Method: This opinion article aimed to review the panorama of the replicability crisis in psychology, as well as its possible causes. Conclusions: It began from the state of the replicability crisis, then some possible causes and their repercussions on the advancement of psychological science were highlighted, discussing various associated issues, such as individual biases on the part of researchers, the lack of incentives to replicability studies and the priority standards that journals would currently have for novel and positive studies. Finally, the existing alternatives to reverse this situation are mentioned, among them the opening to new statistical approaches, the restructuring of incentives, and the development of editorial policies that facilitate the means for replication.


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