Charles Bell (1774–1842) and Natural Theology

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
Sean Hughes ◽  
Christopher Gardner-Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Body ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Natural Theology ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
The World ◽  
William Paley

Sir Charles Bell, a 19th century surgeon, anatomist and artist, was heavily influenced by the religious practice of Natural Theology, a belief which implied that the world is created by an Intelligent Designer. In the 18th century, William Paley, later Rector of Bishop Wearmouth, wrote the seminal book about Natural Theology. Charles Bell who practised in London and Edinburgh used his artistic skills to underline his teaching of anatomy and surgery. Later, Bell wrote one of the eight Bridgewater Treatises on the Hand. Bell went on to illustrate the final edition of Paley’s Natural Theology in which he demonstrated that proof of Design were to be found in the animal frame, reflecting his earlier work on art and human structure. It is concluded that Charles Bell and William Paley’s ideals were in harmony with each other, holding the same belief about Creation. This paper argues that Bell’s understanding and devotion to Natural Theology allowed him to accurately explain function, realism and expression in the human body, all revealing the direct influence of the Divine Creator.

scholarly journals Wesley in Oxford and the Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight: The Study about the Root of Methodism to the World, and the Foundation of Kwansei-Gakuin in Japan

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Kawanishi Takao
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Round Table ◽  
King Arthur ◽  
Spiritual Power ◽  
The World ◽  
Methodist Episcopal Church ◽  
New States ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract John Wesley (1703-91）is known as the founder of Methodism in his time of Oxford University’s Scholar. However, about his Methodical religious theory, he got more spiritual and important influence from other continents not only Oxford in Great Britain but also Europe and America. Through Wesley’s experience and awakening in those continents, Methodism became the new religion with Revival by the spiritual power of “Holy Grail”. By this research using Multidisciplinary approach about the study of Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight, - from King Arthur and Knights of the Round Table in the Medieval Period, and in 18th century Wesley, who went to America in the way on ship where he met the Moravian Church group also called Herrnhut having root of Pietisms, got important impression in his life. After this awakening, he went to meet Herrnhut supervisor Zinzendorf (1700-60) in Germany who had root of a noble house in the Holy Roman Empire, - and to Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight Opera “Parsifal” by Richard Wagner at Bayreuth near Herrnhut’s land in the 19th century, Wesley’s Methodism is able to reach new states with the legend, such as the historical meaning of Christianity not only Protestantism but also Catholicism. I wish to point out Wesley’s Methodism has very close to Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight. In addition, after the circulation in America, in the late 19th century Methodism spread toward Africa, and Asian Continents. Especially in Japan, by Methodist Episcopal Church South, Methodism landed in the Kansai-area such international port city Kobe. Methodist missionary Walter Russel Lambuth (1854-1921) who entered into Japan founded English schools to do his missionary works. Afterward, one of them became Kwansei-Gakuin University in Kobe. Moreover, Lambuth such as Parsifal with Wesley’s theories went around the world to spread Methodism with the Spirit’s the Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight as World Citizen.

Lumen in obscuris: The Winding Road of Modern Endoscopy

Nuncius ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Pogliano
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Medical Gaze

AbstractThe historical process leading to the recent invention of endoscopic capsules that are swallowed and travel through the alimentary canal, or to virtual voyages inside the human body one of the last amazing digital technologies has been long and winding. This essay seeks to retrace some steps of that process, since the second half of the 18th century. Numerous medical practitioners, technicians, and instrument makers aimed to explore inner body parts and interspaces by means of the sense of sight. In the mid-19th century Endoscope was called the instrument that would allow to bring light into unknown recesses and visualize them; urethra and bladder were the organs at first investigated, but soon the medical gaze proceeded to penetrate the esophagus and the stomach, not without several obstacles to be overcome.

scholarly journals Daži agrāk aktuāli akadēmiskās dzīves aspekti: venia legendi un privātdocenta statuss pasaulē un Rīgas Politehnikumā (1862–1896)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 9-29
Author(s):  
Māris Baltiņš
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Pētījumā aplūkots privātdocenta statuss, kas pasaulē tika ieviests 18. gadsimtā un, sākot no 19. gadsimta otrās puses līdz Otrā pasaules kara beigām, pastāvēja arī Latvijā. Privātdocenta statuss salīdzināts ar citu pasaules valstu, galvenokārt vācu tipa universitātēm. Jēdzienu «venia legendi» un «privātdocents» skaidrojumi ar piemēriem no Rīgas Politehnikuma (RP) mācībspēku darbības atspoguļo šos jēdzienus no dažādiem aspektiem, lai 21. gadsimtā būtu saprotams to lietojums iepriekšējos gadsimtos. Autors pētījumam izmantojis arhīvu dokumentus un bibliotēku krājumus, balstoties ne tikai Latvijas, bet arī Krievijas, Vācijas un citu valstu zinātnieku atziņās. The study examines the status of a private docent, the academic position which was introduced across the world in the 18th century and which also existed in Latvia from the second half of the 19th century until the end of World War II. The status of the private docent as it used to be understood in Latvia is compared with other countries, mainly considering German-type universities. Definition of the terms «venia legendi» and «private docent» providing examples of academic activity of the lecturers of Riga Polytechnicum (RP) allow considering these concepts from various perspectives in order to make their meaning and usage in the previous centuries transparent for the users in the 21st century. Conducting the present research, the author has used archival documents and library collections, the theoretical framework includes the findings of not only the Latvian scientists, but also researchers from Russia, Germany and other countries.

Retrouver le temple du sacré : la logique des extrêmes dans le roman de Durtal

2013 ◽  
pp. 108-115
Author(s):  
Eléonore Sibourg
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Spiritual Belief ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Primitive Form ◽  
Belief In God ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

In the late 19th century a reversal of the values linked to the sacred and the profane can be observed. As Religion retreats, Positivism and faith in Progress fill the gap left by the abandoned spiritual belief. A nostalgia for transcendence arises amongst writers. Naturalism turns out to be sterile, but, sill, a belief in God seems to have become impossible. It is in this context that Huysmans writes his novels. The Durtal tetralogy in particular focuses on this theme: desperate, the main character wanders around Catholicism, seeking a sense of the Sacred. He first explores the world of Satanism before the conversion. But even when faith is regained, problems are not solved. In the religious domain itself, Durtal condemns the sacralization of the profane. Henceforth, the Durtal tetralogy manifests itself as a novel of the in-between: from brothel to church, between up-above and down-below, between almighty materialism and bourgeois Catholicism, this misanthropic writer prays for a renewed and primitive form of religious practice in which the individual can access the Sacred again. The quest for the supernatural, through a questioning of contemporary society, becomes a quest for Identity.

scholarly journals Gli erbari aretini da Andrea Cesalpino ai giorni nostri

2008 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Natural History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
University Museum ◽  
Over Time

The production of this book has been made possible by the collaboration of a number of scholars and the generosity of the Arezzo Provincial Authority. It provides detailed descriptions of the contents of precious botanical collections amassed by natives of Arezzo, or simply conserved in institutions situated within the territory. The book provides an overview of both herbals of dried plants and painted herbals from the sixteenth century up to the present, starting from the one created in 1563 by the Arezzo doctor Andrea Cesalpino. The first herbal in the world to be organised through systematic criteria, this collection is now in the Botanical Section of the Florence University Museum of Natural History, together with another small eighteenth-century herbal produced by a pharmacist from Cortona, Agostino Coltellini. Conserved in Cortona itself is another eighteenth-century herbal, this one painted by Mattia Moneti, while in Castiglion Fiorentino and Poppi respectively are the intriguing collections of the Hortus siccus pisanus (18th century) and of the Biblioteca Rilliana (late 17th century). Also described in the book is a herbal from the Convent of La Verna (18th century) and the Egyptian herbal of Jacob Corinaldi (19th century), conserved in Montevarchi. Finally there are also the modern herbals, illustrating the continuity over time of a practice that is the foundation of all systematic study. The book is in fact rounded off by an anastatic reprint of the description of the Cesalpino herbal published in 1858, which is still a seminal work for studies such as those contained in this collection.

scholarly journals Contribution of Russian zoologists to the collecting and first descriptions of the World avian fauna

2018 ◽  
Vol 322 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Payevsky
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Geographical Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Descriptions

A brief overview is given of the formation of museum collections of birds in Russia, collected as a result of academic expeditions around the world and across Russia. The imperishable value of zoological collections, concentrated in zoological museums and institutes, is underlined. The results of expeditions are described in chronology, beginning with 18th century (they were conducted under the auspices of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Imperial Russian Geographical Society): the First Siberian expedition (D.G. Messershmidt), the First Kamchatka and the Great Northern expeditions (V.I. Bering, А.I. Chirikov, G.F. Müller, G.V. Stöller, I.G. Gmelin, S.P. Krasheninnikov), Great academic expeditions across Russia (P.S. Pallas, S.G. Gmelin, I.A. Güldenstädt, I.I. Lepyokhin, I.P. Falk, I.G. Georgi), round-the-world sea expeditions (I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky, F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev, F.G. Kittlitz and A.K. Mertens), as well as expeditions to Brazil (G. I. Langsdorf and E.P. Menetries) and expedition of I.G. Voznesensky in Russian America, the Commanders and Kamchatka. Reference is made to the importance of zoological expeditions of K.F. von Baer, A.F. Middendorf, G.I. Radde, N.A. Severtsov, M.N. Bogdanov, G.E. and M.E. Grumm-Grzhimailo. Particular attention is paid to the great Asian campaigns to Central Asia in the late XIX – early XX century of NM. Przevalsky, V.I. Roborovsky, P.K. Kozlov, G.N. Potanin, M.V. Pevtsov, B.L. Grombchevsky, M.A. Pyltsov and N.A. Zarudny. The contribution of the ornithologists of Russia M.N.Bogdanov, M.M. Berezovsky, M.A. Menzbir, V.L. Bianchi, F.D. Pleske, V.I. Dybowski, V.A. Godlewski, M.I. Jankowski, V.K. Taczanowski, P.P. Sushkin and S.A. Buturlin to the bird systematics at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of XX century is described. In conclusion, it is said about the unique value of zoological collections for the study of taxonomy and phylogeny, including on the basis of molecular genetic studies.

scholarly journals Efforts to maintain Latvian identity in Augšbebri village, Omsk region

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Ināra Antiņa
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Russian Territory ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Sixth Generation ◽  
The World

Driven by various motives, Latvian emigrants and exiles have been voluntarily or involuntarily choosing various regions of the world as their new home. Siberia is one such region – the first Latvian exiles were deported to this remote Russian territory already in the 18th century and a new wave of settlers moved there on their own accord in search of a better life in the early 19th century. Some of the Latvian villages have survived in Russia to this day. Augšbebri (Bobrovka) village in the Tara district, Omsk region, is one of them. Augšbebri village was founded in 1897 when the first settlers from Latvia registered as residents there. The modern-day residents of Augšbebri are the sixth generation of ethnic Latvians living in Siberia. The villagers have preserved their Latvian language skills and traditions, but are concerned about the younger generation’s ability to maintain their Latvian identity, because only few young people use Latvian in their day-to-day communication. The villagers’ efforts to maintain their language skills, traditions and Latvian identity in their adopted homeland are especially admirable at a time when so many Latvians leave their native country and establish Latvian communities in foreign countries in attempts to preserve their identity.

2. Imperialism, genocide, and the ‘science’ of race

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-33
Author(s):  
Ali Rattansi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Darwinism ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Human Variation ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

The term ‘race’ entered English early in the 16th century, referring to family, lineage, and breed. In the 18th-century Enlightenment, the idea of race became incorporated into more systematic meditations on the nature of the world. ‘Imperialism, genocide, and the “science” of race’ explains how doctrines of race gained considerable strength with the growing slave trade, and how, in the 19th century, a range of theories emerged that explained all human variation on the basis of innate racial characteristics. The idea of nation also played a crucial role in the origins and development of racial thinking. The impact of imperialism, the rise of eugenics, social Darwinism, and the racial genocide of the Nazis are also outlined.

Jazz and Jazz Theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 228-309
Author(s):  
Stuart Smith
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Jazz Theory

The question “what is jazz?” has been asked regularly since the origins of this music in the early 20th century. Over this time, jazz has undergone many changes, but certain characteristics—such as a particular kind of syncopated rhythm, improvisation, and tonal harmony—have remained more or less constant. The central theme of this chapter is that these constant features constitute a common jazz practice analogous the common practice that underlay European art (“classical”) music from the mid-18th century to the end of 19th century. While the common practice in jazz is no longer at the creative cutting edge, the tradition it represents is alive and well. All of the major styles within this tradition are still performed by skilled jazz artists around the world. Jazz Theory follows.

scholarly journals Poetic cosmogony in poems of Russian poets of the 18th – early 19th century

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 04017
Author(s):  
Alexej Petrov ◽  
Angelina Dubskikh ◽  
Aleksandr Soldatchenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Religion And Theology ◽  
Literature And Philosophy ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The World ◽  
Science Philosophy

The research is significant due to the undiminishing interest shown by philosophers, philologists and culture experts to an eternal question of all times – the creation of the world by God. This aspect demands special consideration. That is why, the article aims to define the cosmogony as a part of the historiosophy, more precisely, the poetic cosmogony as a part of the artistic historiosophy. To achieve this aim, it is necessary to answer the following questions: 1) what is the fundamental principle of the world (universe), and is the poet focused on this particular problem? 2) what does this fundamental principle consist of? what are the constituents of the world? 3) how does it show itself? where is it situated? where does it exist? how did the world come into existence? The answers to these questions can be provided not only by religion and theology but also by science, philosophy and mythology. The analysis is carried out on the material of cosmogonical poems of four Russian 18th–19th century poets: “World’s Creation. Panegyric Song” (1779–1782) by А. N. Radishchev, “Reflection on World’s Creation Based on the First Chapter of Genesis” (1784, 1804) and “The Fate of the Ancient World or the Flood” (1789, 1804) by S. S. Bobrov, “Matter” (1796) by P. А. Slovtsov, “Song to the Creator” (“Pesn’ Sotvorivshemu vsja”) (1817) by S. А. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov. The conducted research found out, that all authors of the above writings put into verse versions of the so-called cosmogonic myths reputable for them, which describe how the universe originated, more or less. Four poets rely in their cosmogenesis reflections on some myth invariants to be found in the Old Testament [6], but these are the variants, and sometimes even concepts, alternating to the Bible determine an individual diversity of historiosophical constructs of our “metaphysical” poets. The material from this article can be used in teaching the following disciplines: history, 18th-century Russian literature and philosophy.

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