Comparative Studies of Using Nano Zerovalent Iron, Activated Carbon, and Green Synthesized Nano Zerovalent Iron for Textile Wastewater Color Removal Using Artificial Intelligence, Regression Analysis, Adsorption Isotherm, and Kinetic Studies

Daily, a big extent of colored, partially treated textile effluents drained into the sanitation systems causing serious environmental concerns. Therefore, the decolorization treatment process of wastewater is crucial to improve effluent quality. In the present study, 3 different sorbent materials, nano zerovalent iron (nZVI), activated carbon (AC), and green-synthesized nano zerovalent iron (GT-nZVI), have been prepared for raw textile wastewater decolourization. The prepared nanomaterials were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. In addition, the effect of different operating parameters such as pH, contact time, and stirring rate on the color removal efficiency was extensively studied to identify the optimum removal conditions. The reaction temperature, adsorbent dose, and initial color concentration were fixed during the experiments at room temperature, 0.7 g/L, and 350 and 50 mg/L Pt/Co color unit, respectively. Moreover, adsorption and reaction kinetics were analyzed using different isotherms and models. For simulating the adsorption process, artificial neural network (ANN) data were compatible with the result of regression analysis derived from response surface methodology (RSM) optimization. Our results showed the higher ability of nZVI, AC, and GT-nZVI in textile wastewater color removal. At pH 5, contact time 50 minutes, and stirring rate 150 rpm, nZVI showed good color removal efficiency of about 71% and 99% for initial color concentrations of 350 and 50 mg/L Pt/Co color unit, respectively. While slightly higher color removal ability of about 72% and 100% was achieved by using AC at pH 8, contact time 70 minutes, and stirring rate 250 rpm. Finally, the largest ability of color removal about 85% and 100% was recorded for GT-nZVI at pH 7, contact time 40 minutes, and stirring rate 150 rpm. This work shows the enhanced color removal ability of GT-nZVI as a potential textile wastewater decolourization material, opening the way for many industrial and environmental applications.

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Ozonation application in activated sludge systems for a textile mill effluent

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2002.0439 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 45 (12) ◽

pp. 305-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

D. Orhon ◽

H. Dulkadiroğlu ◽

S. Doğruel ◽

I. Kabdaşli ◽

S. Sozen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Textile Industry ◽

Contact Time ◽

Biological Treatment ◽

Textile Wastewater ◽

Color Removal ◽

Flux Rate ◽

Textile Mill ◽

Treatment Results ◽

Cod Reduction ◽

Activated Sludge Systems

The study investigates the effect of partial ozonation of textile wastewater, both at the inlet (pre-ozonation) and the outlet (post-ozonation) of biological treatment, for the optimization of COD and color removals, both typical polluting parameters associated with the textile industry. Pre-ozonation provides at optimum contact time of 15 minutes 85% color removal, but only 19% COD reduction. Removal of the soluble inert COD fraction remains at 7%, indicating selective preference of ozone for simpler compounds. Post-ozonation is much more effective on the breakdown of refractory organic compounds and on color removal efficiency. Ozonation after biological treatment results in almost complete color removal and a 14% soluble inert COD reduction. The polishing effect of post-ozonation also proves quite attractive from an economical standpoint, involving approximately 50% of the ozone utilization at the same ozone flux rate and contact time, yet providing a lower soluble residual COD level.

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Extraction of Zirconium From Iraqi Bauxite Ore

Engineering and Technology Journal ◽

10.30684/etj.v38i10a.523 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (10A) ◽

pp. 1421-1429

Author(s):

Israa A. Aziz ◽

Moayyed G. Jalhoom ◽

Muhanad A. Kheriallah

Keyword(s):

Nitric Acid ◽

Contact Time ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Solid Ratio ◽

Second Stage ◽

Stirring Rate ◽

Bauxite Ore ◽

Three Stages ◽

Hydrometallurgical Method

This research is devoted to the study of the extraction of zirconium from Iraqi Bauxite Ore by using hydrometallurgical method. The chemical analysis was done to the bauxite ore by using X-ray florescence, X-ray diffraction and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Zirconium Extraction was performed via three stages; the first stage is leaching of bauxite with sodium hydroxide for alumina leaching. The second stage is leaching of zirconium species from the remained powder produced from stage one after washing with deionized water and, nitric acid (HNO3 solutions). The results of the first stage has reflected the recovery of 42.27 % of Al2O3 which has been leached 100°C temperature, 7.5 molar of NaOH, liquid to solid ratio of 20/1, and stirring rate 450 rpm. The highest leaching percent of zirconium (Zr%) from the red mud approached 98.48 % at 100°C temperature, 7 molar acid concentration, 120 min. contact time, solid to liquid ratio (S/L) of 16/1, and stirring rate of 450 rpm. 99.47% recovery of zirconium was accomplished from nitric acid solutions by use of 3molar tri-n-butylephosphate (TBP)in kerosene at ,contact time for 6 min, and organic to aqueous phase (O/A) of 4/1.

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CuO Coated Electrochemically Generated Textile Wastewater Sludge and CuO Coated GAC as Potential Nano-adsorbents for Color Removal from Real Textile Wastewater

Oriental Journal Of Chemistry ◽

10.13005/ojc/3404056 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 2144-2151

Author(s):

Srikantha H, S. Mahesh ◽

Sahana M

Keyword(s):

Contact Time ◽

Cell Voltage ◽

Textile Wastewater ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Wastewater Sludge ◽

Color Removal ◽

Batch Adsorption ◽

Batch Mode ◽

Nano Adsorbent

A laboratory scale setup was used to remove color from real textile wastewater (TWW) using nano CuO coated electrochemically generated sludge and nano CuO coated GAC. ECC studies were conducted in batch-mode to generate sludge treating real TWW using pre-optimized 4SS electrodes using a 1.5L reactor operated at cell voltage of 18V and current density 180A/m2 at an agitation speed of 500rpm for 60min electrolysis time. SEM, FTIR and XRD analysis confirmed CuO material successfully coated/decorated on electrochemically generated sludge of size ~0.3-0.5mm and GAC of size ~0.5mm. To check the color removal efficiencies from TWW the batch adsorption studies were conducted for adsorbent dose, stirring time and pH. The optimal operating conditions achieved at pH-4, dose of 0.6g/L and 30min contact time for CuO-sludge nano-adsorbent achieving 50-55% color removal. Similarly, for CuO-GAC nano-adsorbent the optimal conditions obtained at pH-4, 0.5 g/L dose and 20min contact time achieving ~100% removal.

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Adsorption by Granular Activated Carbon and Nano Zerovalent Iron from Wastewater: A Study on Removal of Selenomethionine and Selenocysteine

Water ◽

10.3390/w13010023 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Stanley Onyinye Okonji ◽

Linlong Yu ◽

John Albino Dominic ◽

David Pernitsky ◽

Gopal Achari

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Granular Activated Carbon ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Zerovalent Iron ◽

Driving Mechanism ◽

Organic Selenium ◽

Nano Zerovalent Iron

Selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenocysteine (SeCys) are the most common forms of organic selenium, which is often found in the effluent of industrial wastewater. These organic selenium compounds are toxic, bioavailable and most likely to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. This study investigated the use of two adsorbent candidates (granular activated carbon (GAC) and nano zerovalent iron (nZVI)) as treatment technologies for SeMet and SeCys removal. Batch experiments were performed and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used for sample analysis. Experimental data showed GAC demonstrated a higher affinity towards the removal of SeMet and SeCys compared to nZVI. The removal efficiency of SeCys and SeMet by GAC was 96.1% and 86.7%, respectively. NZVI adsorption capacity for SeCys was 39.4% and SeMet < 1.1%. Irrespective of the adsorbent, SeMet is more refractory to be adsorbed compared to SeCys. Kinetics data of GAC and nZVI agreed well with the pseudo-second-order model (R2 > 0.990). The experimental data of SeCys was characterized by Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption. The adsorption capacity of nZVI for SeCys increased significantly by about 35%, with a decrease in pH from 9.0 to 4.0, indicating that SeCy removal by nZVI is pH dependent. While electrostatic attraction is considered the driving mechanism for nZVI adsorption, GAC uptake capacity is controlled by weak van der Waal forces. The adsorption of binary adsorbates (SeMet and SeCys) exhibited an inhibitory effect due to the competitive interaction between contaminant molecules.

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Investigation the Effects of Green-Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles on the Performance of Activated Carbon-Chitosan-Alginate for the Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solution

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26092617 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 2617

Author(s):

Inas A. Ahmed ◽

Hala S. Hussein ◽

Ahmed H. Ragab ◽

Najla AlMasoud ◽

Ayman A. Ghfar

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Contact Time ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Adsorption Efficiency ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Chromium Vi ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm

In the present investigation, green nano-zerovalent copper (GnZVCu), activated carbon (AC), chitosan (CS) and alginate (ALG) nanocomposites were produced and used for the elimination of chromium (VI) from a polluted solution. The nanocomposites GnZVCu/AC-CS-alginate and AC-CS-alginate were prepared. Analysis and characterization were performed by the following techniques: X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The SEM analysis revealed that the nanocomposites are extremely mesoporous, which leads to the greatest adsorption of Cr+6 (i.e., 97.5% and 95%) for GnZVCu/AC-CS-alginate and AC-CS-alginate, respectively. The adsorption efficiency was enhanced by coupling GnZVCu with AC-CS-alginate with a contact time of 40 min. The maximum elimination of Cr+6 with the two nanocomposites was achieved at pH 2. The isotherm model, Freundlich adsorption isotherm and kinetics model and P.S.O.R kinetic models were discovered to be better suited to describe the exclusion of Cr+6 by the nanocomposites. The results suggested that the synthesized nanocomposites are promising for the segregation of Cr+6 from polluted solutions, specially the GnZVCu/AC-CS-alginate nanocomposite.

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Nitrate removal in potable groundwater by nano zerovalent iron under oxic conditions

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2020.086 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 1126-1143

Author(s):

Jayanga Kodikara ◽

Buddhika Gunawardana ◽

Mahesh Jayaweera ◽

Madhusha Sudasinghe ◽

Jagath Manatunge

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Contact Time ◽

Nitrate Removal ◽

Quality Standards ◽

Zerovalent Iron ◽

Water Quality Standards ◽

Nitrate Level ◽

Total N ◽

Ammonia Stripping ◽

Nano Zerovalent Iron

Abstract Groundwater pollution by nitrate contamination has become a significant issue in some areas of Sri Lanka, giving rise to health concerns and a dearth in good quality potable water. In this study, the effectiveness of nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) for the removal of nitrate in potable groundwater under oxic conditions was investigated to meet the drinking water quality standards stipulated by World Health Organization (WHO) and Sri Lanka Standards Institution (SLSI) (nitrate level <50 mg/L). Under oxic conditions, the nZVI was synthesized and batch experiments were conducted using an artificial nitrate (150 mg/L) contaminated water sample. Our results corroborated that with an optimum nZVI dose of 1 g/L and optimum contact time of 30 minutes, 80% nitrate removal could be achieved and the remaining nitrate level was ≈ 30 mg/L as nitrate (<50 mg/L), which was equivalent to ≈ 7 mg/L as nitrate–N (≈21% of the total–N). Ammonium ions were the main product of nitrate reduction by nZVI and at 30 minutes contact time, ≈ 20 mg/L of ammonium as ammonium–N was detected (≈ 59% of the total–N). Ammonia stripping took place under the basic solution pH (pH > 9.5). At 30 minutes of contact time, ≈7 mg/L of ammonia as ammonia–N was accounted for ammonia stripping, which is 20% of the total–N. Ammonia stripping resulted in a decrease in nitrogen-containing species in the aqueous phase. The spent nZVI particles were recovered (99.9%) from the treated water using an external magnetic field. In conclusion, nZVI particles synthesized under oxic conditions are viable to successfully treat the nitrate-contaminated groundwater under aerobic conditions to reduce the nitrate levels to meet the WHO/SLSI drinking water quality standards.

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Enhanced Fenton-like removal of nitrobenzene via internal microelectrolysis in nano zerovalent iron/activated carbon composite

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2015.467 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 153-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sihai Hu ◽

Yaoguo Wu ◽

Hairui Yao ◽

Cong Lu ◽

Chengjun Zhang

Keyword(s):

Electron Transfer ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Low Cost ◽

Oxidation Kinetic ◽

Carbon Composite ◽

Zerovalent Iron ◽

Composite Catalyst ◽

Nano Zerovalent Iron ◽

Iron Leaching

The efficiency of Fenton-like catalysis using nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) is limited by nZVI aggregation and activity loss due to inactive ferric oxide forming on the nZVI surface, which hinders electron transfer. A novel iron–carbon composite catalyst consisting of nZVI and granular activated carbon (GAC), which can undergo internal iron–carbon microelectrolysis spontaneously, was successfully fabricated by the adsorption–reduction method. The catalyst efficiency was evaluated in nitrobenzene (NB) removal via the Fenton-like process (H2O2-nZVI/GAC). The results showed that nZVI/GAC composite was good for dispersing nZVI on the surface of GAC, which permitted much better removal efficiency (93.0%) than nZVI (31.0%) or GAC (20.0%) alone. Moreover, iron leaching decreased from 1.28 to 0.58 mg/L after reaction of 240 min and the oxidation kinetic of the Fenton-like reaction can be described well by the second-order reaction kinetic model (R2 = 0.988). The composite catalyst showed sustainable catalytic ability and GAC performed as a medium for electron transfer in internal iron–carbon microelectrolysis to promote Fe2+ regeneration and Fe3+/Fe2+ cycles. Therefore, this study represents an important method to design a low cost and high efficiency Fenton-like catalyst in practical application.

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INVESTIGATION of COLOR REMOVAL in REAL TEXTILE INDUSTRY WASTEWATER with MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR-ACTIVE CARBON SYSTEM

Problems of Water supply Sewerage and Hydraulic ◽

10.32347/2524-0021.2021.37.18-21 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 18-21

Author(s):

Nurtaç Öz ◽

Meryem Yılmaz ◽

Ahmet Çelebi

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Active Carbon ◽

Textile Industry ◽

Membrane Bioreactor ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Textile Wastewater ◽

Color Removal ◽

Color Measurement ◽

Pollution Level ◽

Carbon System

The textile industry is an industry that consumes large amounts of water during production, contains various chemicals in its wastewater, conventional treatment methods are insufficient to reduce the wastewater pollution level, and has colloidal substances and color problems. Membrane bioreactor systems provide high efficiency in the treatment of textile wastewater and dyestuff removal. Removal of dyestuffs and turbidity in real textile wastewater by using a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor system was studied. Chemical precipitation was not applied before the biological treatment for the removal of color and other pollutant parameters. A hollow fiber microfiltration membrane module was used in the system. Then a combination with an active carbon filter was created to take the color removal to a higher level. The development of the microorganism composition adapted to the textile industry was observed in the biological reactor. The system was operated with an endless sludge age and a hydraulic retention time of 24 hours. Color measurement transparency index parameter DFZ (DurchsichtsFarbZahl) was measured in a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 436, 525, and 620 nm (nanometers) according to EN ISO 7887 standards. In the microfiltration permeate water, the color removal were found in 436 nm: 91-95%, 525 nm: 94-98%, 620 nm: 96-99%, and in activated carbon permeate water, the color removal in 436 nm: 96-99% at 525 nm: 95-99%, 620 nm: 96-99%, respectively. Due to the physical separation of the membrane, which is the simplest definition, high efficiencies in color removal have been achieved in the system. The activated carbon system combined with the membrane was found higher efficiency in color removal than the microfiltration output.

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Preparation of Composite Derived from Banana Peel Activated Carbon and MgFe2O4 as Magnetic Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Removal

Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi ◽

10.14710/jksa.23.12.440-448 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (12) ◽

pp. 440-448

Author(s):

Arie Hardian ◽

Rosi Rosidah ◽

Senadi Budiman ◽

Dani Gustaman Syarif

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Area ◽

Textile Industry ◽

Contact Time ◽

Magnetic Adsorbent ◽

X Ray ◽

Industry Waste ◽

Adsorption Performance

Methylene blue (MB) is one of the dyes used often by the textile industry. Therefore, MB residual is contained in the textile industry waste. MB can irritate, leading to permanent eye and animal injuries; therefore, the textile industry waste concentration must be degraded before disposed to the environment. MB residual in textile industry waste can be treated with activated carbon adsorption. However, the adsorption method is less effective because the deposition takes a long time. This research aims to make activated carbon composites from banana peels and magnesium ferrite (BPAC/MgFe2O4) using the coprecipitation method to obtain activated carbon with magnetic properties (magnetic adsorbent). The obtained composite was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), and Surface Area Analyzer. The adsorption performance of methylene blue on composites was evaluated with variations in pH, concentration, contact time, determination of adsorption isotherms, and kinetics of adsorption. XRD analysis results showed the composite has a cubic crystal structure with a crystallite size of 7.69 nm. SEM analysis results show the surface morphology has pores with irregular shapes. EDX analysis results showed that the composition of activated carbon composite was 65.56% carbon, 2.28% Mg, 5.50% Fe, and 26.66% O. The results surface area analysis showed a composite surface area of 88.134 m2/g. Composite adsorption performance showed maximum results at pH 7, variations in concentration at 10 ppm, and contact time 180 minutes with adsorption capability of 99.26%. Determination of the adsorption isotherm follows the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model with a pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics model. The obtained BPAC/MgFe2O4 composite can potentially be a magnetic adsorbent capable of adsorbing methylene blue in an aqueous solution.

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Pb doped ZnO nanoparticles for the sorption of Reactive Black 5 textile azo dye

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2020.501 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 82 (11) ◽

pp. 2576-2591

Author(s):

Roua Ben Dassi ◽

Baha Chamam ◽

Jean Pierre Méricq ◽

Marc Heran ◽

Catherine Faur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Zno Nanoparticles ◽

Contact Time ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Nitrogen Adsorption ◽

Color Removal ◽

Textile Dye ◽

Reactive Black 5 ◽

Adsorption Method ◽

X Ray ◽

Doped Zno

Abstract In this study, Pb doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by a sol-gel technique for the sorption of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) textile dye in aqueous solution. The ZnO:Pb (2 and 4%) nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and cryogenic nitrogen adsorption method. The average size of the synthesized nanoparticles was less than 100 nm and the surface areas were 18.8 and 20.8 m2/g, respectively for ZnO:Pb 2% and ZnO:Pb 4%. Batch sorption experiments were performed for color removal of RB5 dye at ambient temperature and 30 mg/L dye concentration. The central composite design with response surface methodology was used to study the effect of sorption condition (pH, nanoparticles dose and contact time). The significance of independent variables and their interactions was tested by analysis of variance. The optimum conditions of color removal were pH = 7, 2 g/L dose of nanoparticles and a contact time of 79 min. The color removal performance was 79.4 and 98.1% for ZnO:Pb 2 and 4% respectively. The pseudo-second-order model described well the removal rates while the Langmuir model fitted well the adsorption isotherms.

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