scholarly journals Relationship Between Exclusive Breastfeeding and Lower Risk of Childhood Obesity: A Narrative Review of Published Evidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117955651769019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel N Uwaezuoke ◽  
Chizoma I Eneh ◽  
Ikenna K Ndu
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Obesity In Children

Background: The pattern of infant feeding during the first 1000-day period—from conception to the second birthday—has a significant influence on the child’s growth trajectory. The relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and lower risk of childhood obesity has elicited much scientific interest, given the fact that this form of malnutrition is becoming a global epidemic. Aim: This narrative review aims to examine the evidence in the literature linking exclusive breastfeeding with reduction in obesity in children. Literature search: Using appropriate search terms, PubMed database was searched for relevant articles that met the review objective. Results: Evidence for the protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding against childhood obesity have been provided by studies which explored 5 physiologic mechanisms and those that established the causality between breastfeeding and lower risk of obesity. The few studies that disputed this relationship highlighted the influence of confounding factors. A new insight on molecular mechanisms, however, points to a direct and indirect effect of human milk oligosaccharides on the prevention of overweight and obesity. Conclusions: The preponderance of current evidence strongly suggests that exclusivity in breastfeeding can prevent the development of obesity in children.

Is 6-Shogaol a Beneficial Phytochemical for Patients with Lower-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome? A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo Liang Ooi ◽  
Ron Campbell ◽  
Sok Cheon Pak ◽  
Terry Golombick ◽  
Arumugam Manoharan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Myelodysplastic Syndrome ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Gene Damage

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) evolves due to genomic instability, dysregulated signalling pathway and overproduction of inflammatory markers. Reactive oxygen species contribute to the inflammatory response, which causes gene damage, cellular remodelling and fibrosis. MDS can be a debilitating condition, and management options in patients with MDS aim to improve cytopenias, delay disease progression, and enhance quality of life. High serum ferritin levels, a source of iron for reactive oxygen species production, correlate with a higher risk of progression to acute myeloid leukaemia, and iron overload is compounded by blood transfusions given to improve anaemia. 6-shogaol is a natural phenolic compound formed when ginger is exposed to heat and/or acidic conditions, and it has been shown to possess anti-tumour activity against leukaemia cell lines and antioxidant effects. This narrative review assessed the potential benefits of this phytochemical in lower-risk MDS patients through examining the current evidence on the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of ginger and 6-shogaol.

scholarly journals Is 6-Shogaol an Effective Phytochemical for Patients With Lower-risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome? A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 153473542110650
Author(s):  
Soo Liang Ooi ◽  
Ron Campbell ◽  
Sok Cheon Pak ◽  
Terry Golombick ◽  
Arumugam Manoharan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Myelodysplastic Syndrome ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Leukemia Cell ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Gene Damage

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) evolves due to genomic instability, dysregulated signaling pathways, and overproduction of inflammatory markers. Reactive oxygen species contribute to the inflammatory response, which causes gene damage, cellular remodeling, and fibrosis. MDS can be a debilitating condition, and management options in patients with MDS aim to improve cytopenias, delay disease progression, and enhance quality of life. High serum ferritin levels, a source of iron for reactive oxygen species production, correlate with a higher risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia, and iron overload is compounded by blood transfusions given to improve anemia. 6-shogaol is a natural phenolic compound formed when ginger is exposed to heat and/or acidic conditions, and it has been shown to possess anti-tumor activity against leukemia cell lines and antioxidant effects. This narrative review assessed the potential benefits of this phytochemical in lower-risk MDS patients through examining the current evidence on the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of ginger and 6-shogaol.

scholarly journals Have We Just Scratched the Surface? A Narrative Review of Uremic Pruritus in 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 205435812095402
Author(s):  
Claire E. Martin ◽  
Sergi Clotet-Freixas ◽  
Janine F. Farragher ◽  
Gregory L. Hundemer
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Mast Cell Activation ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Treatment Approaches ◽  
Uremic Pruritus

Purpose of review: Uremic pruritus is a highly prevalent and debilitating symptom in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The purpose of this review is to examine current evidence on the mechanisms and treatments of pruritus in CKD and highlight promising areas for future research. Sources of information: Published literature, including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case reports, and review articles, was searched for evidence pertaining to the pathophysiology and treatment of uremic pruritus. Methods: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying uremic pruritus, as well as the evidence (or lack thereof) supporting pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments for uremic pruritus. The potential role of patient sex in the pathophysiology and management of uremic pruritus is also discussed. Key findings: The pathophysiology of uremic pruritus involves a complex interplay of uremic toxins, systemic inflammation, mast cell activation, and imbalance of opioid receptors. Classic treatment strategies for uremic pruritus include optimization of dialysis parameters, amelioration of CKD-related mineral and bone disease, topical emollients and analgesics, antihistamines, the anticonvulsant medications gabapentin and pregabalin, and ultraviolet light B (UV-B) phototherapy. Strong data to support many of these classical treatments for uremic pruritus are limited. Newly evolving treatment approaches for uremic pruritus include opioid receptor modulators, neurokinin-1 inhibitors, and cannabinoids. Further studies regarding their efficacy, pharmacodynamics, and safety in the CKD and ESKD population are needed before these agents are accepted into widespread use. Additional nonpharmacological strategies aimed at treating uremic pruritus include psychotherapy, acupuncture, omega-3 fatty acids, and exercise. Finally, sex differences may exist regarding uremic pruritus, but studies directly addressing sex-specific mechanisms of uremic pruritus remain absent. Limitations: High-quality evidence in the management of uremic pruritus remains lacking. Most recommendations are based on expert opinion or studies involving small numbers of patients. In addition, our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms behind uremic pruritus is incomplete and continues to evolve over time. Implications: Uremic pruritus is a common symptom which reduces quality of life in CKD and ESKD. The identification of novel targeted treatment approaches may ease the burden of uremic pruritus in the future.

scholarly journals Exclusive Breastfeeding: Dream to Achieve, Hurdles to Overcome

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Nisha Nair
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Initiation Of Breastfeeding

The pattern of infant feeding during the first six months has a significant influence on the infant’s health outcomes. Unfortunately, many mothers find it difficult to satisfy their goal of exclusive breastfeeding, despite a higher rate in the initiation of breastfeeding. This narrative review aims to explore the literature for barriers linked with exclusive breastfeeding. Using appropriate search terms, the scholarly database was searched for relevant articles that met the review objective. The preponderance of current evidence strongly suggests that exclusivity in breastfeeding is possible by taking steps to reduce the barriers faced by the mothers. This article will provide an overview for nurses who care for women during the intrapartum and postpartum period to understand the obstacles and to promote breastfeeding self-efficacy and exclusiveness.

scholarly journals Proinflammatory adipokines and cytokines in abdominal obesity as a factor in the development of atherosclerosis and renal pathology

2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
E. A. Ryabova ◽  
I. Y. Ragino
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

In recent decades, there has been an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Obesity has become an underestimated pandemic and a public health threat around the world. Adipose tissue is positioned as an endocrine organ that secretes a wide range of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines, inducing a state of chronic subinflammation. The results of epidemiological studies over the past 30 years have also shown that visceral adipose tissue is an independent risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, cardiometabolic diseases and chronic kidney disease. We performed a systematic review to summarize important aspects of the state of chronic subinflammation in the context of its effect on the decrease in glomerular filtration rate and the development of chronic kidney disease. The review deals with the etiology and pathogenesis of obesity, the hormonal profile of adipose tissue, the molecular mechanisms of the effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines on the kidneys, and the pathophysiology of renal diseases. Information on the topic from publications based on the Pubmed database has been used.

A Study On Determinants Of Obesity In Children Between 5-15 years of Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Dr. Prasad Bijaspur ◽  
Dr. Sharad Agarkhedkar ◽  
Dr. Geeta Karambelkar
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Obesity In Children

Background: Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health issue. The prevalence of obesity is increasing both in developing and in developed countries. The global prevalence of overweight and obesity in children aged 5 -17 years is 10%, In India it is 22% among children between 5 to 19 years. The key causes of childhood obesity are unhealthy dietary habits and reduced physical activity. The adoption to sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary habits increases the risk of overweight/obesity and non communicable diseases such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome like dyslipidemia, cardiovascular risks stroke and hypertension. Objective: To assess the  BMI, various factor influencing BMI and to correlate these factors  in children between 5 to 15 years age  irrespective of sex and ethnicity. Methodology: Study included 648 healthy children after fulfilling inclusion criteria ,there socio-demographic information, diet history, history regarding daily physical activity, sedentary behaviour, time spent for recreational activities was taken and there height, weight was recorded and BMI was calculated . By using standardized IAP GROWTH CHARTS children were categorised as underweight, normal, overweight/ obese. Result: Prevalence of overweight was 14% and obesity was 7.3% in children between 5 to 15 years of age. Conclusion: Adolescent age ,children belonging to upper and upper middle socioeconomic status, family history of non-communicable diseases, Calorie intake more than RDA for age, Protein consumption less than RDA for age, consumption of mix  diet (veg + non veg), less consumption of a balanced diet, lack of physical activity were associated with overweight and obesity.

scholarly journals A comparative study of associated risk factors of overweight in normal and overweight children of 12-16 years of age

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 933
Author(s):  
Mohan A. Patil ◽  
Ritu Raj Rana
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Tv Viewing ◽  
Eating Out ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Obesity In Children

Background: In 21st century childhood obesity has become one of the most serious public health problem. This now a global problem and affecting all the countries of the world. Overweight and obesity in children and adolescent is defined by American medical association as BMI between 85-95 centile and BMI >95th centile respectively for children aged 2-16 years. Risk factors for overweight and obesity in children are different for different regions, places, cultures and food habits of different people and society. New factors are coming up due to economic prosperity and change in lifestyle of the young population. Habit formation occurs mainly during childhood and adolescence so primary intervention targeting this age group has high possibility of yielding good results.Methods: A comparative study of associated risk factors of overweight and obesity was conducted in D. Y. Patil Medical College in Children’s age 12-16 years. The independent variable (parameters) for the study were age, gender, type of family, paternal education, maternal education, father’s occupation, mother’s occupation, socio-economic status, at least one overweight parent, sleeping time, TV viewing time, type of food, mode of transport to reach school, frequency of eating out and level of physical activity. Children were given questionnaire that was filled by their parents and return back to us.Results: The analysis revealed that at least one overweight parent, mode of transport to reach school and frequency of eating out are associated with obesity while TV viewing duration and level of physical activity are strongly associated with obesity.Conclusions: Childhood obesity is a chronic multifactorial medical condition. Its risk can be significantly reduced by avoiding and preventing some factors.

scholarly journals FACTORS FOR OBESITY IN STUDENTS FROM THE SCHOOLS

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 1077-1079
Author(s):  
Antoaneta Grozeva
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Early Form ◽  
Melanocortin 4 Receptor Gene ◽  
Obesity In Children

Childhood obesity is a global epidemic, and growing trends in overweight and obesity are evident in both developed and developing countries. Obesity has a profound effect on the child's life, increases the risk of multiple childhood health problems, and can create emotional and social problems. Obese children become obese adults, increasing the risk of serious health problems such as cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes, lung, malignant, skeletal and muscular diseases. Worldwide, obesity is second only to smoking as a cause of premature death. OBJECTIVE of the present study is to systematize obesity factors in students to bring out guidelines for tackling it. Depending on the degree of accumulation of fat, this condition qualifies as overweight or obese. Childhood obesity is associated with a number of cardiovascular risk factors, including hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, decreased HDL levels and hypertension. The main factors for obesity in children are genetic, nutritional, psychological, degree of physical activity. Studies have shown that overweight is associated with the FTO gene, and strong association with BMI and weight in children is established. The effect in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene (MC4R) is associated with a severe and early form of monogenic obesity in children. Contemporary eating habits have an important impact on the development of childhood obesity, fast food consumption is associated with higher intake of sugar beverages and french fries and lower intake of milk, fruit and vegetables. In recent years, the leading factor in increasing non-obesity in adolescence is the long-term stay in front of various electronic receivers - a television screen, a computer or a computer game. Knowledge of these factors is essential for the preparation of both a comprehensive strategy for the prevention of obesity and the preparation of an individual program for each student. Prevention of obesity in childhood is essential for good health in the future, as well as the creation of proper motor and eating habits.

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