Einstellung: Knowledge of the Phenomenon Facilitates Problem Solving

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (18) ◽  
pp. 1277-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Lane ◽  
Dean G. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Problem ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Unexpected Event ◽  
The Third ◽  
Easy Problem ◽  
Problem Solvers

If subjects are given a series of problems that all have the same type of solution, they often have great difficulty with a subsequent problem that would ordinarily be solved very easily. This phenomenon is referred to as psychic blindness or Einstellung. This study explored whether knowledge of the Einstellung phenomenon facilitates problem solving. Eight subjects in each of three experimental conditions were given set-inducing problems followed by an otherwise easy “critical” problem that could not be solved by the strategy used on the set-inducing problems. Subjects in one condition worked on the easy problem without interruption. Subjects in a second condition were interrupted by an unexpected event. Subjects in a third condition were interrupted by a message explaining how the ability to solve an otherwise easy problem could be inhibited after solving a series of problems with more difficult solutions. Subjects given this hint were three times more likely to solve the easy problem than were subjects in the other experimental conditions. Four subjects in the No-Set Control condition all solved the easy problem by the third trial. The implications for training electronics technicians, computer programmers and other problem solvers are discussed.

scholarly journals Competências genéricas auto referidas por universitários brasileiros

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Priscila Larangeira Carvalho ◽  
Fernanda Ribeiro de Araújo ◽  
Rodolfo Eduardo Scachetti ◽  
María Jesús Freire Seoane ◽  
Nancy Ramacciotti de Oliveira-Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Private University ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ethical Commitment ◽  
Planning Ability ◽  
Generic Competences

Although there is no standardization of the notion of competence and for the instruments used in its evaluation, generic competences are associated with employability, and understood as a composition of cognitive and practical abilities, behavioral and social skills, gathering individual characteristics and qualities required for activities of different professions. Education promotes the development of specific competences for the exercise of certain occupations, in addition to opportunities for increasing generic competences, which are also required in the labor market. This study targets to evaluate self-perception of the valuation of generic competences acquired in undergraduate students from nocturnal courses of Brazilian private university, according to area of knowledge and condition of being or not inserted in the labor market. 1,001 of these students were evaluated in the third year of their graduation, using the Generic Competences Scale. The highest value in the global sample was attributed to Responsibility at work, followed by Ethical commitment and, thirdly, by Capacity to learn. At the other end, of lesser value, were Capacity for organization and planning, Ability to manage information and Problem solving. These results were compared with data from other studies, in Latin America and Europe.

Plant Layout Ergonomics: Impact of Problem and Solver Features on Layout Quality

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 468-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill M. Clough ◽  
James R. Buck
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Facility Layout ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Problem Size ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Empirical Experiment

A study of people solving facility layout problems was made to estimate the effects of problem features on the quality of solutions obtained by novice and experienced subjects. An empirical experiment was conducted. Three features of these problems which were systematically varied in this study were: 1. Problem size, 2. Fraction of strong inter-departmental relationships, and 3. Fraction of departments requiring a non-standard amount of floor space. Both quantitative and subjective layout evaluations were made. It was found that layout quality was not affected by feature 3 for any values of the other features, using either evaluation method, and with either novice or experienced subjects. However, feature 2 proved to be significant for all experimental conditions, both evaluation methods, and with both subject groups. Feature 1 was a significant feature in some situations, but was not significant in others. Some differences in problem solving approaches were observed. There was a significant relationship between the design of higher quality layouts by experienced subjects and the use of a Relationship Diagram. Reducing the problem size and/or percentage of strong inter-departmental relationships in a problem may make a higher quality layout easier to achieve.

Developmentally related changes in the production and expression of endo-β-1,4-glucanases in Aspergillus nidulans

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Bagga ◽  
S. Sharma ◽  
D. K. Sandhu
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Nidulans ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Developmental Mutants ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Low Levels

The production and electrophoretic expression of endoglucanase(s) were compared in the wild-type and three developmental mutants of Aspergillus nidulans. In the wild type, the production of endoglucanase and its distribution in extracellular and intracellular fractions varied with the age of the culture and the yield was better in stable cultures (production of conidia and cleistothecia) as compared with shake cultures (vegetative hyphae only). Two developmental mutants, aco-T69 and aco-40, which lack the development of conidia and cleistothecia, produced low levels of endoglucanase enzymes as compared with the wild type grown under similar conditions. On the other hand, in aco-90, a mutant capable of producing cleistothecia but no conidia, endoglucanase production was better. The results indicate a correlation between cleistothecial development and endoglucanase level. The electrophoretic studies revealed the presence of three forms of endoglucanase, i.e., EGI, EGII, and EGIII. The first two were detectable in the wild type as well as in mutant strains when grown under various experimental conditions and at all the stages of development. However, the third form could be observed only during cleistothecial development, indicating that this isozyme is developmentally regulated.Key words: endoglucanases, development, Aspergillus nidulans.

scholarly journals Transmission Chains or Independent Solvers? A Comparative Study of Two Collective Problem-Solving Methods

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyanoush Seyed Yahosseini ◽  
Mehdi Moussaïd
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Information Flows ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Problem Solvers ◽  
The Impact

AbstractGroups can be very successful problem-solvers. This collective achievement crucially depends on how the group is structured, that is, how information flows between members and how individual contributions are merged. Numerous methods have been proposed, which can be divided into two major categories: those that involve an exchange of information between the group members, and those that do not. Here we compare two instances of such methods for solving complex problems: (1) transmission chains, where individuals tackle the problem one after the other, each one building on the solution of the predecessor and (2) groups of independent solvers, where individuals tackle the problem independently, and the best solution found in the group is selected afterwards.By means of numerical simulations and experimental observations, we show that the best performing method is determined by the interplay between two key factors: the skills of the individuals and the difficulty of the problem. We find that transmission chains are superior either when the problem is rather easy, or when the group is composed of rather unskilled individuals. On the contrary, groups of independent solvers are preferable for harder problems or for groups of rather skillful individuals. Finally, we deepen the comparison by studying the impact of the group size and diversity. Our research stresses that efficient collective problem-solving requires a good matching between the nature of the problem and the structure of the group.

scholarly journals Procedural Fluency from the View of Students of Mathematical Disposition Level through Google Classroom Assisted Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizki Nurhana Friantini ◽  
Rahmat Winata ◽  
Pradipta Annurwanda
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Research Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Education Department ◽  
Procedural Skills ◽  
The Third ◽  
Procedural Fluency

This study aims to describe procedural fluency in solving problems for students of the Mathematics Education Department at the STKIP Pamane Talino who obtain high and low mathematical dispositions through learning assisted by Google Classroom. This research is a qualitative research. The research subjects were two students in the third semester. Subjects were selected by purposive sampling. The research data was obtained by tests and interviews, and the validity of the data was obtained by using the triangulation method. The techniques of data analysis were trough: 1) classifying data into three indicators of the smoothness of the procedure; namely: a) implementing procedures appropriately, b) selecting and utilizing procedures, c) modifying procedures, then reducing data that are not included in the 3 indicators; 2) presenting data in a narrative; 3) concluding the procedural fluency obtained from the indicators of procedural fluency in problem-solving steps. The results of the high mathematical disposition analysis showed that students had excellent procedural skills because they could apply procedures appropriately. They were able to select and utilize procedures accurately, and were able to apply procedures properly and flexibly. In the other side, the students with low mathematical disposition, they had poor procedural skills because even though they were able to apply the procedure, choose, and use the procedure appropriately, they still could not comply with the procedure appropriately and accurately for they answered all the questions incorrectly.

No Tears Here! Third-Grade Problem Solvers

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 362-368
Author(s):  
Kim Hartweg ◽  
Marlys Heisler
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Elementary Mathematics ◽  
Mathematics Curriculum ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Third Grade ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
The Third ◽  
Problem Solvers

Description of a year–long professional development project involving the integration of problem solving into the third–grade mathematics curriculum and implications for learning and teaching elementary mathematics.

Efficacy of some insecticide modules against major insect pests and spider population of rice, Oryza sativa L.

ENTOMON ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-262
Author(s):  
Atanu Seni ◽  
Bhimasen Naik
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Treated Plot

Experiments were carried out to assess some insecticide modules against major insect pests of rice. Each module consists of a basal application of carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i ha-1 at 20 DAT and Rynaxypyr 20 SC @ 30 g a.i ha-1 at 45 DAT except untreated control. All modules differ with each other only in third treatment which was applied in 65 DAT. The third treatment includes: Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 27 g a.i ha-1, Pymetrozine 50 WG @ 150 g a.i ha-1, Triflumezopyrim 106 SC @ 27 g a.i ha-1, Buprofezin 25 SC @ 250 g a.i ha-1; Glamore (Imidacloprid 40+Ethiprole 40% w/w) 80 WG @ 100 g a.i. ha-1, Thiacloprid 24 SC @ 60 g a.i ha-1, Azadirachtin 0.03 EC @ 8 g a.i ha-1, Dinotefuran 20 SG@ 40 g a.i ha-1 and untreated control. All the treated plots recorded significantly lower percent of dead heart, white ear- head caused by stem borer and silver shoot caused by gall midge. Module with Pymetrozine 50 WG @ 150 g a.i ha-1 treated plot recorded significantly higher per cent reduction of plant hoppers (>80% over untreated control) and produced higher grain yield (50.75 qha-1) than the other modules. Among the different treated modules the maximum number of spiders was found in Azadirachtin 0.03 EC @ 8 g a.i ha-1 treated module plot followed by other treatments.

Retroaktive Neuverhandlung

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Martin Feige
Keyword(s):  
Original Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Critical Reading ◽  
The Third ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Relationship

Der Beitrag widmet sich der Frage historischer Folgeverhältnisse in der Kunst. Gegenüber dem Gedanken, dass es ein ursprüngliches Werk in der Reihe von Werken gibt, das späteren Werken seinen Sinn gibt, schlägt der Text vor, das Verhältnis umgekehrt zu denken: Im Lichte späterer Werke wird der Sinn früherer Werke neu ausgehandelt. Dazu geht der Text in drei Schritten vor. Im ersten Teil formuliert er unter der Überschrift ›Form‹ in kritischer Abgrenzung zu Danto und Eco mit Adorno den Gedanken, dass Kunstwerke eigensinnig konstituierte Gegenstände sind. Die im Gedanken der Neuverhandlung früherer Werke im Lichte späterer Werke vorausgesetzte Unbestimmtheit des Sinns von Kunstwerken wird im zweiten Teil unter dem Schlagwort ›Zeitlichkeit‹ anhand des Paradigmas der Improvisation erörtert. Der dritte und letzte Teil wendet diese improvisatorische Logik unter dem Label ›Neuaushandlung‹ dann dezidiert auf das Verhältnis von Vorbild und Nachbild an. The article proposes a new understanding of historical succession in the realm of art. In contrast to the idea that there is an original work in the series of works that gives meaning to the works that come later, the text proposes to think it exactly the other way round: in the light of later works, the meanings of earlier works are renegotiated. The text proceeds in three steps to develop this idea. Under the heading ›Form‹ it develops in the first part a critical reading of Danto’s and Eco’s notion of the constitution of the artworks and argues with Adorno that each powerful work develops its own language. In the second part, the vagueness of the meaning of works of art presupposed in the idea of renegotiating earlier works in the light of later works is discussed under the term ›Temporality‹ in terms of the logic of improvisation. The third and final part uses this improvisational logic under the label ›Renegotiation‹ to understand the relationship between model and afterimage in the realm of art.

Features of the course and treatment of glaucoma during pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-184
Author(s):  
T. V. Chernyakova ◽  
A. Yu. Brezhnev ◽  
I. R. Gazizova ◽  
A. V. Kuroyedov ◽  
A. V. Seleznev
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Laser Treatment ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third ◽  
Chronic Progressive Disease ◽  
Hypotensive Therapy ◽  
Eye Pressure

In the review we have integrated all up-to-date knowledge concerning clinical course and treatment of glaucoma among pregnant women to help specialists choose a proper policy of treatment for such a complicated group of patients. Glaucoma is a chronic progressive disease. It rarely occurs among childbearing aged women. Nevertheless the probability to manage pregnant patients having glaucoma has been recently increasing. The situation is complicated by the fact that there are no recommendations on how to treat glaucoma among pregnant women. As we know, eye pressure is progressively going down from the first to the third trimester, so we often have to correct hypotensive therapy. Besides, it is necessary to take into account the effect of applied medicines on mother health and evaluate possible teratogenic complications for a fetus. The only medicine against glaucoma which belongs to category B according to FDA classification is brimonidine. Medicines of the other groups should be prescribed with care. Laser treatment or surgery may also be a relevant decision when monitoring patients who are planning pregnancy or just bearing a child. Such treatment should be also accompanied by medicines.

The Nile Delta during the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods. Preliminary remarks on the evolution of settlement landscape

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-61
Author(s):  
Natalia Małecka-Drozd
Keyword(s):  
Nile Delta ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
The Other ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Settlement Landscape ◽  
New Settlements

The 3rd millennium BC appears to be a key period of development of the historical settlement landscape in ancient Egypt. After the unification of the country, the process of disappearance of the predynastic socio-political structures and settlement patterns associated with them significantly accelerated. Old chiefdoms, along with their centres and elites, declined and vanished. On the other hand, new settlements emerging in various parts of the country were often strictly related to the central authorities and formation of the new territorial administration. Not negligible were climatic changes, which influenced the shifting of the ecumene. Although these changes were evolutionary in their nature, some important stages may be recognized. According to data obtained during surveys and excavations, there are a number of sites that were considerably impoverished and/or abandoned before and at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. On the other hand, during the Third and Fourth Dynasties some important Egyptian settlements have emerged in the sources and begun their prosperity. Architectural remains as well as written sources indicate the growing interest of the state in the hierarchy of landscape elements and territorial structure of the country.

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