scholarly journals Normal Ranges of Upper Extremity Length, Circumference, and Rate of Growth in the Pediatric Population

Hand ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 713-721
Author(s):  
Tyler Edmond ◽  
Alexandra Laps ◽  
Alexandria L. Case ◽  
Nathan O’Hara ◽  
Joshua M. Abzug
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Forearm Length ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: Upper extremity length and circumference abnormalities are present in a number of conditions in the pediatric population. In most cases, upper limb hypoplasia and hypertrophy are diagnosed when one limb appears substantially different from the other during physical examination. However, occasionally when this discrepancy exists, it can be difficult to determine which limb is the abnormal one. The purpose of this study was to establish normal values for upper extremity length, circumference, and rate of growth in children aged 0 to 17 years. Methods: In all, 377 participants had 4 measurements taken of each upper extremity: upper arm length, upper arm circumference, forearm length, and forearm circumference. Statistical analysis was performed to identify differences and rates of growth. Results: Mean values for arm and forearm length and circumference for each age, 0 to 17 years, were established. The determination of a child’s expected arm length is dependent on his or her height, age, and sex, while the calculation of a child’s expected forearm length depends on his or her weight, age, and sex. Male and female arms and forearms have similar growth rates of lengths and circumferences. No significant differences were found between right and left extremities for each of the 4 measurements taken. Conclusions: Contralateral limbs can be used for comparison of length and circumference of the arm and forearm in cases of unilateral upper extremity abnormality. The establishment of normal values for upper extremity length, circumference, and growth rate will be a useful diagnostic tool for upper extremity hypoplasia and hypertrophy.

scholarly journals Normal Range of Thoracic Kyphosis in Male School Children

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
MohammadBagher Shamsi ◽  
Korosh Veisi ◽  
Loghman Karimi ◽  
Javad Sarrafzadeh ◽  
Farid Najafi
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Thoracic Kyphosis ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Western Iran ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Cluster Random Sampling

Background. Although there are frequent studies about normal range of thoracic kyphosis, there is still a controversy about the exact values of this curve. In nine reported studies on 10 to 20 years of age boys, the value ranged from 25.1° to 53.3°. Objective for the Study. The aim of the present research was investigation of normal ranges of thoracic kyphosis in school children in Kermanshah, western Iran. Methods. 582 male students aged 13 to 18 years old using cluster random sampling were recruited from schools in Kermanshah city, 97 students for each age. Thoracic curves were measured using the flexicurve method. Results. Mean thoracic kyphosis for whole population was 35.49° SD 7.83 and plus or minus two standard deviations ranged from 19.83° to 51.15°. It increased gradually from 13 to 16 and then there was a little decrease to 18 years. Mean values for each age (13–16) were 13 (34.41 SD 7.47°), 14 (34.86 SD 8.29°), 15 (35.79 SD 7.93°), 16 (36.49 SD 7.85°), 17 (35.84 SD 8.33°), and 18 (35.55 SD 7.07°). Conclusions. Our results are in agreement with previous reports and can be used as normal values for local and regional purposes.

Age- and sex-based normal values of layer-specific longitudinal and circumferential strain by speckle tracking echocardiography: the Copenhagen City Heart Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristoffer Grundtvig Skaarup ◽  
Mats Christian Højbjerg Lassen ◽  
Niklas Dyrby Johansen ◽  
Flemming Javier Olsen ◽  
Jannie Nørgaard Lind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Speckle Tracking ◽  
Circumferential Strain ◽  
Speckle Tracking Echocardiography ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Heart Study ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Copenhagen City Heart Study ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Aims Technical advancements in 2D-speckle tracking echocardiography (2DSTE) have allowed for quantification of layer-specific global longitudinal strain (GLS) and circumferential strain (GCS) of the left ventricle (LV). The aim of this study was to establish age- and sex-based reference ranges of peak systolic layer-specific GLS and GCS and to assess normal values of regional strain. Methods and results We performed 2DSTE analysis of 1997 members of the general population from the fifth round of the Copenhagen City Heart Study, who were free of cardiovascular disease and risk factors. The mean age was 46 ± 16 years (range 21–97) and 62% were female. Mean values for peak systolic whole wall GLS (GLSWW.Sys), endomycardial (GLSEndo.Sys), and epimyocardial (GLSEpi.Sys) were 19.9 ± 2.1% (prediction interval [PI]: 15.8–24.0%), 23.5 ± 2.5% (PI: 18.6–28.4%), and 17.3 ± 1.9% (PI: 13.6–21.1%), respectively. Mean peak systolic whole wall GCS (GCSWW.Sys), was 21.6 ± 3.7% (PI: 14.3–28.9%), endomyocardial (GCSEndo.Sys) was 31.9 ± 4.7% (PI: 22.7–41.1%), and epimyocardial (GCSEpi.Sys) was 14.3 ± 3.8% (PI: 6.8–21.8%). A significant discrepancy in normal strain values between males and females was observed. Men had lower mean values and lower reference limits for all strain parameters. Furthermore, GLS and GCS changed differently with age in males and females. Finally, regional LS decreased from the apical to the basal LV region in both sexes, and regional CS varied significantly by LV segment. Conclusion In this study, we reported age- and sex-based reference ranges of layer-specific GLS and GCS. These reference ranges varied significantly with sex and age.

ANALYSIS OF UPPER AND LOWER THORACIC KYPHOSIS IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS

2006 ◽  
pp. 049-051
Author(s):  
Remzi Arif Özerdemoglu ◽  
Ufuk Aydinli ◽  
Cagatay Ozturk ◽  
Salim Ersozlu ◽  
Aytun Temiz
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Thoracic Kyphosis ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Upper Thoracic ◽  
Cobb Method ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Radiological Analysis

The aim of this prospective radiological analysis is to determine the normal values of the kyphosis of the upper and lower thoracic segments, and to analyze their variation with age and sex, as well as to investigate if there is any interaction between them. The study includes 157 healthy individuals without any complaints related to their spine, and a thoracic kyphosis of not more than 50 degrees. Subjects were evaluated by medical history, physical examination, and standing spinal roentgenograms. Age and sex of the patient, together with the degree of upper (T2–T6), lower (T6–T12) and the total (T2–T12) thoracic kyphosis – measured by the Cobb method – were the parameters used for statistical analysis. There were 49 males and 108 females with the mean age of 42 ± 16 years (range, 11–76). Mean values of the upper, lower, and total thoracic kyphosis were found to be 13° ± 6° (range, 2–30°), 21° ± 8° (range, 4–43°), and 34° ± 9° (range, 11–50°), respectively. An older age correlated to a higher degree of kyphosis in the lower thoracic segment (p = 0.007), without an increase in the upper thoracic kyphosis. There was also a negative correlation between the degree of the upper and lower thoracic kyphosis (p = 0.015).

Normative Arm and Calf Blood Pressure Values in the Newborn

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-243
Author(s):  
Myung K. Park ◽  
Da-Hae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Coarctation Of The Aorta ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Right ◽  
Diagnosis Of Hypertension ◽  
Mean Heart Rate

Indirect BP measurement was obtained in the right upper arm in 219 healthy newborn infants with the Dinamap monitor and was compared with values obtained from the calf to establish normative BP values and to help establish a diagnosis of hypertension and coarctation of the aorta in the newborn. There were 174 Mexican-Americans (79.5%), 33 whites (15.0%), and 12 blacks (5.5%). The width of the BP cuff was selected to be 0.4 to 0.5 times the circumference of the extremities. Three supine position readings of BPs and heart rate were obtained from each site and were averaged for statistical analyses. Mean arm BP values (±SD) of the neonate less than 36 hours of age were 62.6±6.9/38.9± 5.7 mm Hg (48.0±6.2 mm Hg). Neonates older than 36 hours had slightly but significantly (P<.05) greater values (4 to 6 mm Hg) than did infants younger than 36 hours of age. Active neonates had values 6 to 10 mm Hg greater than quiet neonates (P<.05). BP values in the calf obtained with the same-sized cuff were almost identical with those obtained from the arm. Differences in consecutively obtained arm and calf BPs (arm values minus calf values) were 1.1±7.7 mm Hg systolic, -0.01 ± 6.2 mm Hg diastolic, and 0.9 ±6.9 mm Hg mean pressures. Mean heart rate (±SD) of neonates less than 36 hours of age was 129.4± 13.2 beats per minute and that of neonates older than 36 hours of age was 139.4± 14.1 beats per minute. These results show the following: (1) arm BPs and calf BPs using the same-sized cuff are almost identical with mean values of approximately 65/ 41 mm Hg (50 mm Hg) in neonates one to three days of age, (2) arm BP of 75/49 mm Hg (59 mm Hg) or greater is in the hypertensive range, and (3) calf BPs that are less than arm BPs by mean + 1 SD (6 to 9 mm Hg) necessitate a thorough investigation for coarctation of the aorta.

scholarly journals Left Axis Deviation in Electrocardiogram with Normal QRS Duration in Ambulatory Adults without Cardiac Symptoms: A Possible Marker of Glucose Intolerance

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (192) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amar Paudyal ◽  
Madhur Dev Bhattarai ◽  
Buddha Bahadur Karki ◽  
Manil R Bajracharya ◽  
Alark D Rajouria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Intolerance ◽  
Axis Deviation ◽  
Health Checkup ◽  
Keywords Diabetes ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Cardiac Symptoms ◽  
Normal Duration ◽  
Qrs Duration ◽  
Age And Sex

Introduction: We are increasingly noticing isolated left axis deviation (LAD) in electrocardiogram in younger people with diabetes without obvious heart disease and association of LAD with glucose intolerance has not been explicitly raised before. We planned a study of ambulatory adults with borderline (0o to –30o) and moderate-to-marked (<–30o to –90o) LAD looking into their possible association with glucose intolerance with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥100mg/dL. Methods: We consecutively enrolled adults aged 30 or more, with electrocardiogram normal duration QRS axis between 0o to –90o, without cardiac symptoms, not on any medication, attending outdoor-clinics for health checkup. Results: Out of 100 participants enrolled, about 90% were aged between 30 and 60 and 47% had borderline and 53% moderate-to-marked LAD. Moderate-to-marked LAD group had higher frequencies of abnormal blood pressure (BP), FPG, and lipids than borderline LAD group even after conditioning effects of age and sex (p≤0.03) and of FPG after conditioning effects of BP (p=0.02). The frequencies of glucose intolerance were 48.9% even in borderline LAD with 84.9% in moderate-to-marked LAD group. In moderate-to-marked LAD group mean values of BP, FPG, and lipid profiles were higher (p<0.001) and abnormal. In borderline LAD group though mean BP and lipid values were normal, FPG was impaired. Conclusions: Impaired mean FPG values and high frequencies of glucose intolerance in both borderline LAD group with normal BP and moderate-to-marked LAD group with conditioning of effects of BP in relatively younger ambulatory adults without cardiac symptoms indicate possible association between LAD and glucose intolerance. Keywords: diabetes; ecg; glucose intolerance; left axis deviation.

scholarly journals Relation of Accelerometer and EMG Recordings for the Measurement of Upper Extremity Movement

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Keil ◽  
Thomas Elbert ◽  
Edward Taub
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Real World ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Activities Of Daily Life ◽  
Strong Relation ◽  
Integrated Emg ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Upper Extremity Movement

Abstract In order to determine the value of accelerometry as a measure of real world outcome when a subject is outside the laboratory, accelerometer recordings from the wrist were compared with simultaneous electromyogram (EMG) recordings from the lower and upper arm. Accelerometer and EMG signals were recorded simultaneously by the “Kölner Vitaport System,” an ambulatory device. Six male subjects performed standardized tasks as well as activities of daily life (ADL). Low correlations between accelerometer counts and integrated EMG were found in the standardized tasks, whereas there were considerably higher correlations for ADL. However, there was a strong relation between several parameters derived from EMG and accelerometer recordings. The two techniques appear to measure different aspects of movement and may be complementary.

Normal values of cervical vertebral measurements according to age and sex in CT

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serhad Omercikoglu ◽  
Erhan Altunbas ◽  
Haldun Akoglu ◽  
Ozge Onur ◽  
Arzu Denizbasi
Keyword(s):  
Normal Values ◽  
Age And Sex

Nerve growth in a small applied electric field and the effects of pharmacological agents on rate and orientation

1990 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-622
Author(s):  
C.D. McCaig
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Ganglioside Gm1 ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Threefold Increase ◽  
Turning Behaviour ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Cyclase Activator

The rate of growth and orientation of embryonic Xenopus nerves exposed to pharmacological agents, to an applied electric field or to both simultaneously were studied. The adenyl cyclase activator forskolin (100 microM) induced a threefold increase in the rate of elongation, as did an electric field alone. Together, their effect in augmenting rate of growth was additive, but only at a concentration of 50 microM forskolin. The normal pattern of faster growth towards cathode than anode was not present in nerves treated with the lectin concanavalin A, which also inhibits normal turning behaviour towards the cathode. Nerve orientation towards the cathode and augmented rates of growth were found in the presence of forskolin or ganglioside GM1. It is suggested that a combined approach of drug treatment and an applied electric field may be useful in promoting nerve regeneration.

The Relative Growth of Parts in Palaemon Carcinus

1930 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
M. A. TAZELAAR
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rates Of Growth

Linear measurements of certain appendages and the carapace of P. carcinus were made and plotted in various ways. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. The cheliped shows heterogonic growth in both male and female, but more markedly in the male, the values of k being: male 1.8 and female 1.48 2. The pereiopods in both male and female are slightly heterogonic. The relative growth rates are graded from p3 to p5, that of p3 being slightly greater than that of p5 3. Of the ordinary pereiopods the rate of growth of p1 is the smallest in the male, but the largest in the female. 4. The difference between the rates of growth of p1 and p3 in male and female is greatest where the rate of growth in the heterogonic organ, the cheliped, is most excessive in the male. 5. The growth of the 3rd maxilliped is slightly negatively heterogonic, the value of k in the male being 0.93 and in the female 0.95. Hence there seems to be a correlation between the marked heterogony in the cheliped on the growth rate of neighbouring appendages. In those immediately posterior to the cheliped the growth rate is increased and in those anterior decreased.

MAXIMUM BREATHING CAPACITY AND VITAL CAPACITY OF MALE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-670
Author(s):  
B. G. FERRIS ◽  
J. L. WHITTENBERGER ◽  
J. R. GALLAGHER
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Single Attribute ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Individual

Expected mean values and a range of normal values (plus or minus two standard deviations) are presented for the vital capacity and the maximum breathing capacity of male children and adolescents. It is recommended that calculations of the above values be based upon four attributes (age, height, weight, and body surface area) rather than upon a prediction deriving from a single attribute (especially in the individual who does not have a standard height and weight for his age).

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