scholarly journals Re-imagining the Indian state: External forces and the transformation of telecommunications policy, 1947–present

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Agur
Keyword(s):  
Policy Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Telecommunications Policy ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Network Building ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Indian State ◽  
External Forces

This article examines Indian telecom policy from independence to the present. Dividing this period into three phases – from 1947 to 1984, 1984 to 1991 and 1991 to the present – the article explores the role of the state in India’s dramatic transformation from a telecommunications laggard to one of the world’s largest markets in mobile communication. It draws on a wide range of government documents, institutional surveys (domestic and international) of Indian telephony, memoirs and analyses by policy officials, and interviews with telecom executives. This article makes two arguments. First, it emphasizes the importance of external forces, including economic pressures, obligations to foreign creditors and the arrival of outsiders into key policymaking positions. Second, it provides an alternative to the simplistic argument that the state has ‘left telecommunications to the private sector’. Rather than abandon its role in network building and maintenance, the Indian government has deployed its power in specific and deliberate ways. While much of this policy development was unanticipated and at times accidental, Indian telephony has been transformed from an inward-looking and defensive statist monopoly to an internationalized, technocratic marketplace.

scholarly journals Securitisation gaps: Towards ideational understandings of state weakness

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Kevork Oskanian
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Collective Knowledge ◽  
State Action ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Interpretive Approach ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Republic

Abstract This article contributes a securitisation-based, interpretive approach to state weakness. The long-dominant positivist approaches to the phenomenon have been extensively criticised for a wide range of deficiencies. Responding to Lemay-Hébert's suggestion of a ‘Durkheimian’, ideational-interpretive approach as a possible alternative, I base my conceptualisation on Migdal's view of state weakness as emerging from a ‘state-in-society's’ contested ‘strategies of survival’. I argue that several recent developments in Securitisation Theory enable it to capture this contested ‘collective knowledge’ on the state: a move away from state-centrism, the development of a contextualised ‘sociological’ version, linkages made between securitisation and legitimacy, and the acknowledgment of ‘securitisations’ as a contested Bourdieusian field. I introduce the concept of ‘securitisation gaps’ – divergences in the security discourses and practices of state and society – as a concept aimed at capturing this contested role of the state, operationalised along two logics (reactive/substitutive) – depending on whether they emerge from securitisations of the state action or inaction – and three intensities (latent, manifest, and violent), depending on the extent to which they involve challenges to state authority. The approach is briefly illustrated through the changing securitisation gaps in the Republic of Lebanon during the 2019–20 ‘October Uprising’.

Political Economy of Development in the Indian State of Nagaland: Issues and Challenges

2021 ◽  
pp. 097370302110620
Author(s):  
S. Limakumba Walling ◽  
Tumbenthung Y. Humtsoe
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
The State ◽  
Tribal Community ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Traditional Institutions ◽  
Customary Laws ◽  
Union Government

The state of Nagaland came into existence in 1963, with the union government granting special status to the state under Article 371A of the Indian constitution. These special provisions safeguard the indigenous social and customary practices and economic resources from the interventions and policies of the union government sans state legislature’s concurring resolution on the same. The special status while protecting the aforementioned rights of the Nagas creates a contrasting duality of sorts—in that modern market based democratic and economic institutions coexist with the traditional institutions. This blending of the old and the new often creates contestations and contradictions within the state’s political, social and economic spheres. In understanding these issues besieging Nagaland, neoliberal narratives of development economics and policy prescriptions thereof may be ill-disposed. The present article attempts to unravel the factors arresting economic development in the state by analysing various macroeconomic indicators. It is suggested that at the core lies the conflict between an attempt to establish a modern market-based economy with private ownership and that of a tribal-community based economic rights with customary laws and practices. The imperative role of the state government is emphasised to provide a mechanism for resolving the economic questions and ushering in development while preserving the rights of the indigenous people.

scholarly journals Child Labour, Parental Neglect, School Boards, and Teacher Quality: School Inspector Reports on the Supply and Demand of Schooling in Mid-nineteenth-century Sweden

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germund Larsson ◽  
Johannes Westberg
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
School Boards ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Research Field ◽  
The State ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Wide Range

By examining the state school inspector reports of 1861–1863, which provide rich insights into the local conditions of schooling in Sweden, this article sheds further light on the wide range of factors that weakened school enrolment and attendance in nineteenth-century Sweden. In terms of parental demand, these included child labour on farms, at manors, and in industries; the transformation of the servant system among rural households; and religious practices, such as the confirmation and the beliefs of Protestant sectarian groups. On the supply side, factors that school inspectors reported included the inability of Swedish teacher seminars to examine enough teachers and the problematic behaviour of local school boards. As a result, this article provides additional input into the debate in educational history regarding the role of the state, religion, rural elites, and parents in the rise of mass schooling, while simultaneously providing further qualitative evidence to a quantitatively oriented research field in economic history on the determinants of schooling.

scholarly journals Voices from the Ground Neo liberal statecraft and KMSS’s resistance movements in Assam

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 5473-5479
Author(s):  
Atri Baruah
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Resistance Movements ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Economic Paradigm ◽  
Grass Root ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Grass Root Level ◽  
The Government ◽  
Resistance Movement

Over the years, people’s resistance movements in Assam have protested state policies and actions on the control, appropriation and ownerships of natural resources. Such movements are marked by an active ideological orientation from the time of colonial annexation of this northeastern region to that of the formation of the post-colonial independent Indian state and yet still continues. Resistance against power of the state occurred within a recognized public arena, which is well goes with what present days resistance movements are doing against the coercive role of the state in Assam. Voices are erupted from the grounds that have a direct connection with the neoliberal state policy of neo-extraction of resources by marginalizing local communities who are said to be the traditional right holders over it. Illustrative to this, the resistance movement spearheaded by a peasant-based organization called Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti (KMSS)in Assam at the grass root level not only mobilizes the voices which are usually unheard, but build a strong counter force against the state power. In its decade long existence, the organization is offering its resistance politics by launching a serious of movements to resist anti-farmer and anti-people policies pursued by the government in the post-liberalization phase and has emerged as a powerful platform for representing voices of the economically-excluded, who fall behind the curtain of the neo-liberal economic paradigm.

The role of the state in China’s post-disaster reconstruction planning: Implications for resilience

Urban Studies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Xu ◽  
Yiwen Shao
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
State Control ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Engineering Sciences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Reconstruction Planning

Rooted in natural and engineering sciences, the concept of resilience has attracted growing attention in social science and public policy. The evolving resilience paradigm assumes the concept is at odds with state control, and instead emphasises the coping capacities of communities and individuals. This assumption might overlook the multifaceted and context-specific nature of resilience. Drawing on an empirical study of state-led reconstruction planning, this article argues that it is the deep and active involvement of the state, rather than its retreat, that helps promote resilience building in China’s earthquake-hit areas. Through a combination of online questionnaire survey and interviews, the article assesses how the Chinese state mobilises and coordinates a wide range of state and non-state actors to enable communities to achieve different aspects of resilience, while also sometimes constraining them from doing so.

scholarly journals Axiology in Latvia`s Insolvency policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 305
Author(s):  
Valdis Savickis
Keyword(s):  
Policy Development ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Planning ◽  
Implementation Plan ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Insolvency Proceedings ◽  
Work Done

The closing period for the validity of the policy planning documents in the sphere of insolvency proceedings in the Republic of Latvia is approaching (the Insolvency Policy Development Guidelines 2016-2020, as well as their implementation plan). Given the extensive work done by the state on reforming and reorganizing the insolvency and regulatory framework, the author focuses on the axiological aspect of the insolvency policy. Parallel to the modernization of the insolvency process, because of which the role of the state in the control and supervision of the insolvency sector has significantly increased and considering the correlation between the speed and efficiency of insolvency process, there will be conducted value-oriented study on the insolvency sector. The aim of the paper is to carry out research and analysis of insolvency policy through the prism of axiology. The study uses analytical, descriptive, and deduction/induction methods, evaluating the various policy planning documents that make up insolvency policy, paying attention to the specifics of the insolvency process of legal entities. Keywords: Insolvency policy, axiology, value, business environment

scholarly journals BORYS E. KVASNYUK ON THE DEPENDENCE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH ON THE LEVEL OF SAVINGS

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (5) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Iryna KRIUCHKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
External Financing ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Scientific Level ◽  
The Impact

The article is devoted to outstanding scientist Boris E. Kvasniuk, who in his research focused on a wide range of topical issues of economic growth, increased efficiency of the state regulation of the economy, made a significant contribution to the theory of economic growth, and scientifically substantiated the basic structural proportions of GDP to ensure a stable investment in Ukraine’s economic growth. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the formation of the national savings, their specifics for various institutional sectors of the economy, the impact of government policies on the level of consumer spending in GDP and gross capital accumulation were presented in his works at a high scientific level. Borys E. Kvasnyuk identified the reasons for the volatility of gross savings and the high dependence of the economy on external financing and external shocks in Ukraine. Long before the new crisis of 2009, he warned about the need for the state support of domestic producers until they improve their competitiveness to a level ensuring a balance in foreign trade in goods and foreign exchange stability. He also foresaw that subsequently the overseas income of Ukrainians would become a factor in balancing the current account of the balance of payments, while the revenues from foreign direct investment would be a factor in its deterioration and would increase the dependence of Ukraine’s economy on external factors. Kvasnyuk’s works remain relevant for new generations of researchers as they reveal the fundamental principles of economic development and the role of the state in supporting the macroeconomic equilibrium.

scholarly journals The Effect of Sino-Indian War, 1962 on Ethnic Communities of Arunachal Pradesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-182
Author(s):  
Fauzia Farmin Sayeda ◽  
Barnali Sarma
Keyword(s):  
Careful Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Arunachal Pradesh ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
North East India ◽  
North East ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Indian War ◽  
The Government

The study is an attempt to analyse the socio-economic consequences of Sino-Indian war of 1962 on the ethnic communities of North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA), the present state of Arunachal Pradesh, geospatially located in North-East India. A careful analysis of the pre-independent history of the region suggests that both Ahoms and British rulers followed a policy of non-interference in the region as it was predominantly a tribal area. After independence, the Indian Government also followed the policy of minimal governance. The vital issues of infrastructure were also not given much emphasis until the war of 1962. As the Government realised the strategic importance of the state, a significant change in government policy can be witnessed. Apart from initiating development in infrastructure of the state, efforts were also made to nationalise the frontier. The present research aims to document the socio-economic changes brought by the war, using a critical analysis of a wide range of sources.

Shanghai

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mi Shih
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Societal Actors ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
External Forces

This article primarily focuses on Shanghai since the late 1980s, a period in which the city began to undergo rapid urbanization, and the resulting sociopolitical, economic, and spatial consequences and dynamics. Shanghai’s acceleration into a highly urbanized society is manifested in several ways. The city’s urban area increased at least fourfold, to over a thousand square kilometers, between 1989 and 2016 (Chengshi Jianshe Tongji Nianjian (城市建设统计年鉴), Zhongguo Chengshi Tongji Nianjian (中国城市统计年鉴)). In the same period, investment in the city’s basic infrastructure grew 33 times to over 155 billion (renminbi) and construction of buildings increased tenfold to almost seventy-five square kilometers (Shanghai Statistical Yearbook, cited under Statistics and Other Official Sources). Urbanization, however, has also dismantled the city’s older fabric and socialist institutions. Several sources, including those cited in this article, show that more than one million households have been relocated from their original neighborhoods since the early 1990s. Large-scale residential relocation and prevalent privatization have, in turn, given rise to a new phenomenon of great sociopolitical significance—weiquan (维权) or rights protection. Contemporary Shanghai, therefore, is an excellent site for study of the unprecedented transformation (in the sense that everything is being turned on its head [fantianfudi, 翻天覆地]) that urbanization has brought to the Chinese people and cities in the reform era more broadly. Changes to institutions, power structures, societal dynamics, identities, the state-market duality, and cultural and historical meanings are all caught up in the urbanization process through which Shanghai has grown into a global city in the 21st century. To study Shanghai and its urbanization processes, this article aims to highlight two general approaches. First, while the role of the state is central to understanding why policies are designed as such, the actual implementation is always filtered through the agency of nonstate societal actors and their contestation and negotiation. Second, while external forces such as globalization and the free- market economy hold important shaping power, it is crucially important to understand how Shanghai handles these forces on its own terms. In other words, context-sensitive nuances, dynamics, particularities, and complexities help us to better understand Shanghai under urban transformation. The cited works to various degrees reflect these two approaches. Many other topics about Shanghai can be found in other Oxford Bibliographies articles, especially those in history, literature, and modernity.

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