An Analysis of Black–White Racial Differences in Public Support for Nonviolent Sentencing Reform

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin H. Wozniak
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Drug Offenders ◽  
Nonviolent Offenders ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Sentencing Reform ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Relationship

I examine public support for sentencing reform for nonviolent offenders situated within a justice reinvestment context. I analyze data from a survey administered to a nationally representative sample of White and Black Americans. I pay particular attention to differences in support between the two races, and I analyze the degree to which ideological beliefs explain interracial differences. I find that a larger number of both Black and White people support, rather than oppose, sentencing property and drug offenders to community-based sanctions instead of prison, but the likelihood that a person will express support or opposition is related to several ideological beliefs and demographic characteristics. I find that racism and the belief that the criminal justice system is fair mediate the relationship between race and support for sentencing property offenders to community-based sanctions, but race continues to exert an independent effect in regard to sentencing drug offenders.

Why They Fight: How Perceived Motivations for Military Service Shape Support for the Use of Force

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald R Krebs ◽  
Robert Ralston ◽  
Aaron Rapport
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Good Citizen ◽  
Political Partisanship ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract What shapes public support for military missions? Existing scholarship points to, on the one hand, individuals’ affiliations and predispositions (such as political partisanship and gender), and, on the other hand, factors that shape a rational cost–benefit analysis (notably, mission objectives, the prospects for victory, and the magnitude and distribution of costs). We argue that public opinion is also shaped by beliefs about why soldiers voluntarily enlist. Using novel survey data and an experiment, deployed to a nationally representative sample of Americans, we test how four conceptions of soldiering affect support for a prospective military operation. We find, in observational data, that believing that a soldier is a good citizen or patriot bolsters support for the mission, while believing that a soldier has enlisted because he wants the material benefits of service or has “no other options” undermines support. These results support our causal argument: Americans’ attitudes toward military missions are shaped by their perception of whether the soldier has consented to deployment rather than by feelings of social obligation. This article has implications for debates on the determinants of public support for military missions and the relationship between military service and citizenship in democracies.

scholarly journals Testing for Racial Differences in the Mental Ability of Young Children

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 981-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland G Fryer ◽  
Steven D Levitt
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Mental Ability ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Test Outcomes ◽  
Parental Ability

Using a new nationally representative dataset, we find minor differences in test outcomes between black and white infants that disappear with a limited set of controls. However, relative to whites, all other races lose substantial ground by age two. Combining our estimates with results in prior literature, we show that a simple model with assortative mating fits our data well, implying that differences in children's environments between racial groups can fully explain gaps in intelligence. If parental ability influences a child's test scores both genetically and through environment, then our findings are less informative and can be reconciled with a wide range of racial differences in inherited intelligence.

scholarly journals Does caring for your spouse harm one's health? Evidence from a United States nationally-representative sample of older adults

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRISTI RAHRIG JENKINS ◽  
MOHAMMED U. KABETO ◽  
KENNETH M. LANGA
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
The United States ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Adult Care ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Care Givers ◽  
Care Giving ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between spousal care-giving and declines in functioning and self-rated health among older care-givers. The authors used data from the 2000 and 2002 waves of the United States Health and Retirement Study, a biennial longitudinal survey of a nationally representative cohort of adults aged 50 or more years. Two outcomes were examined, declines in functioning and declines in self-rated health. Care-givers were classified into three groups: no care-giving, less than 14 hours of care-giving per week, and 14 or more hours care-giving per week. To assess declines in functioning, two summary scores were created of limitations in basic and instrumental Activities of Daily Living. To assess declines in self-rated health, we compared responses from 2000 and 2002. In the fully adjusted models, care-giving hours did not have an independent effect on declines in functioning or self-rated health. The relationship between care-giving hours and declines in functioning and self-rated health is probably attributable to socio-demographic characteristics, mainly age. The findings suggest that spousal care-giving does not of itself harm functional health or perceived health among older adult care-givers. Understanding the differential effects of these socio-economic characteristics with care-giving hours on health will be useful in promoting the health of older adult care-givers and treating their disorders.

Racial differences in the perception of lung cancer: Data from the 2005 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS)

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6556-6556
Author(s):  
C. S. Lathan ◽  
C. Okechukwu ◽  
B. F. Drake ◽  
G. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Weighting Method ◽  
Cancer Data ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
White Patients

6556 Background: Black men have the highest rates of lung cancer incidence and mortality in the US, and yet continue to obtain treatment at lower rates than White patients. Racial differences in the perception of lung cancer in the population could contribute to racial disparities in seeking timely treatment. Methods: Data are from the 2005 HINTS survey. Sample design was random digit dialing of listed telephone exchanges in US. Complete interviews were conducted on 5491 adults, of which 1872 respondents were assigned to receive questions pertaining to lung cancer. All analyses were conducted on this subset of respondents. SAS callable SUDAAN was used to calculate χ2 tests and perform logistic regression analyses to model racial differences in perceptions of lung cancer. All estimates were weighted to be nationally representative of US population; jack knife weighting method was used for parameter estimation. Results: Black and White patients shared many of the same beliefs about lung cancer mortality, and etiology. African Americans were more likely than Whites to agree that its hard to follow recommendations about preventing lung cancer (OR 2.05 1.19–3.53 95% CI), to avoid evaluation for lung cancer due to fear of having the disease (OR 3.32 1.84–5.98 95% CI), and to believe that patients with lung cancer would have pain or other symptoms before diagnosis (OR 2.20 1.27–3.79 95% CI). Conclusions: African Americans are more likely to hold beliefs about lung cancer that could interfere with prevention and treatment of lung cancer. No significant financial relationships to disclose. [Table: see text]

Black and White Self-Identified Latinx Respondents and Perceived Psychological Distress and Impairment

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-522
Author(s):  
Jasmine A. Mena ◽  
T. Elizabeth Durden ◽  
Sarah E. Bresette ◽  
Taylor McCready
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Status Level

The influence of racial differences on perceived psychological distress and impairment was examined with a nationally representative sample of Black and White Latinxs. The study sample was selected from multiple years of the National Health Interview Survey and included 30,519 self-identified Black and White Latinxs between the ages of 26 and 64 years. Results indicated that Black Latinxs reported higher levels of psychological distress—a statistically significant difference—compared to White Latinxs after accounting for demographic (age, gender, marital status, and nativity) and socioeconomic status (level of education and health insurance) indicators. Results also indicated that Black and White Latinxs did not differ on impairment associated with perceived psychological distress. The practice of aggregating Black and White Latinxs obscures the racialized experiences reported by Black Latinxs and associated higher levels of psychological distress. Implications and future directions are discussed.

scholarly journals RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN ELEVATED C-REACTIVE PROTEIN AMONG U.S. OLDER ADULTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S819-S819
Author(s):  
Heather R Farmer ◽  
Heather R Farmer ◽  
Linda A Wray ◽  
Hanzhang Xu ◽  
Ying Xian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
National Level ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Retirement Study

Abstract C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of inflammation linked to numerous acute and chronic conditions. Studies have not considered racial differences in elevated CRP among older adults at the national level. We investigate racial differences in elevated CRP and the socioeconomic, psychosocial, behavioral, and physiological factors that contribute to these differences overall and by gender using a nationally-representative prospective cohort of 14,700 non-Hispanic black and white participants in the Health and Retirement Study followed from 2006 to 2014. Random effects logistic regression models showed that blacks were more likely to have elevated levels of CRP than whites. In men, the racial differences in elevated CRP were attributed to a combination of socioeconomic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors. In women, the racial differences in elevated CRP were primarily attributable to physiological factors. The findings from this work have potentially important implications for clinical practice and interventions targeting vulnerable segments of the population.

Racial Differences in Respite Use among Black and White Caregivers for People Living with Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1667-1675
Author(s):  
Lauren J. Parker ◽  
Chanee D. Fabius
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
National Study ◽  
Dementia Caregivers ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
White Caregivers ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data

Objectives: To examine racial differences in respite utilization among a nationally representative sample of caregivers for persons living with dementia (PLwD). A secondary aim identified factors associated with respite utilization. Methods: Using data from the 2015 National Health and Aging Trends Study and National Study of Caregiving, we conducted binary logistic regression to examine racial difference in respite use among Black and white caregivers ( n = 750). Results: 22% of the sample used respite for PLwD. Black dementia caregivers were 69% less likely (odds ratio: .31, p = .001) to use respite compared to white caregivers. Other factors associated with utilization included education, receiving help with caregiving, and providing care for more self-care/mobility tasks or to a Medicaid-enrollee. Discussion: Findings suggest that Black dementia caregivers may be at risk for less frequent use of respite and highlight the need to identify factors that promote respite use.

Subjective Biological Self and Self-Actualization

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 1327-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Sumerlin ◽  
Gayle Privette ◽  
S. A. Berretta ◽  
Charles M. Bundrick
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
The Self ◽  
Physical Ability ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Self Actualization ◽  
The Relationship

Ginsburg, Rogers, and Maslow, humanistic theorists, have maintained that the self is an emergent characteristic of one's biological makeup. The relationship between physical self-efficacy as an appraisal of subjective biology and self-actualization was examined in a sample of 160 black and white participants. An r of .46 supports the association of subjective biology and self-actualization. Whereas there were no gender or racial differences in scores on self-actualization, men scored higher on physical self-efficacy and subscales of perceived physical ability and perceived self-presentation confidence.

scholarly journals RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN CHARACTERISTICS AND PERCEPTIONS OF CAREGIVERS TO BLACK AND WHITE OLDER ADULTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S206-S206
Author(s):  
Chanee D Fabius ◽  
Chanee Fabius ◽  
Jennifer Wolff ◽  
Judith Kasper
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
National Study ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Supportive Services ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Negative Feelings

Abstract Persistent racial differences in health, socioeconomic characteristics, and service utilization of older adults likely result in differential effects for the circumstances and experiences of family and unpaid caregivers. Utilization of community-based services has been found to alleviate caregiver burden, but the extent to which supports and informal help affect race differences in caregiver perceptions (e.g. positive/negative feelings associated with caregiving) and engagement in activities such as religious services, volunteering, or visiting family and friends, is less understood. Using data from the 2015 National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS; Round 5) and the National Study of Caregiving (NSOC; Round 2), nationally representative studies of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older and their caregivers, this presentation will discuss the association between sociodemographic characteristics, use of assistance from others or supportive services, and perceived gains, difficulties, and social engagement among caregivers to older black and white adults.

scholarly journals Depressive Symptoms and Loneliness Among Black and White Older Adults: The Moderating Effects of Race

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
Harry Taylor ◽  
Ann Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Religious Attendance ◽  
Religious Service Attendance ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Multistage Sampling ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
White Adults

Abstract Loneliness is consistently linked to worse depression/depressive symptoms; however, few studies examined if this relationship varies by race. The purpose of this study was to determine if race moderated the relationship between loneliness and depressive symptoms among a nationally representative sample of older Black and White adults. Data come from the 2014 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) Core survey and Psychosocial Leave Behind Questionnaire; only Black and White older adults were included in the analysis (N=6,469). Depressive symptoms were operationalized by the CESD; however, the ‘felt lonely’ item was removed given concerns with collinearity. Loneliness was operationalized using the Hughes 3-Item Loneliness Scale. Sociodemographic variables included gender, age, education, household income, employment status, marital status, and living alone or with others. Furthermore, social support and negative interactions from family members and friends, and religious service attendance were included in the analysis. Lastly, we created an interaction term with race and loneliness. All analyses used survey weights to account for the complex multistage sampling design of the HRS. Missing data were multiply imputed. Older Blacks had higher rates of loneliness and depressive symptoms compared to older Whites. In multivariate analysis, we found race significantly moderated the relationship between loneliness and depressive symptoms while controlling for sociodemographic, social support, negative interaction, and religious attendance covariates. For both older Blacks and Whites, greater loneliness affected depressive symptoms; however, the effect was stronger among Whites than it was for Blacks. Findings can be used to create racially sensitive depression interventions.

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