scholarly journals Increased Efficiency of Leukocyte Collection by the Addition of Hydroxyethyl Starch to the Continuous Flow Centrifuge

Blood ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Milton Mishler ◽  
Daniel C. Hadlock ◽  
Ignacio E. Fortuny ◽  
Robert W. Nicora ◽  
Jeffrey J. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Hydroxyethyl Starch ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Malignant Disease ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Input Line ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
And Control ◽  
Continuous Flow Centrifuge ◽  
Differential Counts

Abstract A total of 67 leukaphereses were performed with the continuous-flow centrifuge (CFC) on 27 healthy donors for the purpose of obtaining increased yields of granulocytes for infusion into septic patients with acute leukemia accompanied by severe granulocytopenia. The addition of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) to the input line of the CFC significantly (p < 0.005) increased the total number of leukocytes and/or granulocytes collected per donation. A mean yield of 9.72 x 109 and 4.65 x 109 total granulocytes were collected by the HES-treated and control-group donors, respectively. The efficiency of cell collection as evidenced by the total number of leukocytes and/or granulocytes harvested per liter of processed blood was also significantly (p < 0.005) improved by the addition of HES to the continuous-flow centrifuge. Significant alterations in hematologic parameters were not experienced by HES-treated donors undergoing initial and multiple procedures. Pre- and postdonation leukocyte and platelet counts, hemoglobin, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and leukocyte differential counts were no different whether or not HES was employed for granulocyte collection. The results of the present study demonstrate that increased yields of granulocytes can be harvested by the addition of HES to the continuous-flow centrifuge and made available for supportive therapy to patients experiencing granulocytopenia induced by malignant disease or its treatment.

Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Effects of Reminiscence Group Therapy on Demented Elderly

1987 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Norman Goldwasser ◽  
Stephen M. Auerbach ◽  
Stephen W. Harkins
Keyword(s):  
Group Therapy ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
Behavioral Functioning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitively Impaired ◽  
Reminiscence Therapy ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
And Control ◽  
Treatment Control Group

Twenty-seven demented elderly nursing home residents were given either reminiscence group therapy or supportive group therapy or were assigned to a no-treatment control group. The self-reported level of depression in participants given reminiscence therapy was positively affected compared to participants in the supportive therapy and control groups, but no significant effects were found for cognitive or behavioral functioning. Results are discussed in terms of the issue of the applicability of reminiscence therapy for cognitively impaired persons, the appropriateness of the measures used in this study to assess depression, cognitive ability and behavioral functioning, and in conjunction with clinical observations made during the process of therapy.

scholarly journals Polymorphic variant rs1739843 of heat shock protein beta-7 (HSPB7) gene and its relationship with on clinical profile and outcomes in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (results of a 10-year follow-up)

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Streltsova ◽  
A. Y. Gudkova ◽  
A. A. Poliakova ◽  
S. A. Pyko ◽  
A. A. Kostareva
Keyword(s):  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Allele Frequency ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Polymorphic Variant ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Aim. To determine the impact of polymorphic variant rs1739843 of the HSPB7 gene on clinical profile and outcomes in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).Material and methods. The study population consisted of 108 patients with HCM ≥45 years old. The control group included 192 healthy donors. The design of the study included an assessment of the clinical course, determining the outcome of HCM using a new methodological approach proposed by Rowin EJ, et al. (2017). Polymorphic variant rs1739843 of the HSPB7 gene was genotyped by allele-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.Results. It was found a significant increase in frequency of TT genotype of rs1739843 of the HSPB7 gene in patients with HCM — 20,4%, compared with control group — 4,2% (ТТ: ТС+СС, odds ratio (OR) =5,88, 95% confidence interval (CI) =2,52-13,75, p<0,001). High prevalence of CC genotype of rs1739843 of the HSPB7 gene was observed in control group — 80,2% vs 31,5% in HCM group (CC: ТС+TT, OR=0,11, 95% CI=0,07-0,19, p<0,001). The allele frequency (С:Т) also differs between HCM and control groups — 55,6:44,4% in HCM vs 88,02:11,98% in control group (OR=5,88, 95% CI=3,91-8,85, p<0,001). It was also found a significant increase in frequency of TT genotype and T allele of rs1739843 of the HSPB7 gene in HCM patients with oligosymptomatic HCM course — 16,7%, compared with control group — 4,2% (ТТ: ТС+СС, OR=4,60, 95% CI=1,63-12,99, p<0,001). HCM patients ≥45 years old showed a significant increase in T allele frequency in cases of presence of 2 (FC III-IV CHF (chronic heart failure)+AF (atrial fibrillation), 18,8% vs 6,6%) and 3 adverse pathways (FC III-IV CHF+AF+SCD (sudden cardiac death), 4,2% vs 1,6%).Conclusion. HCM progression along 2 and more adverse pathways in patients ≥45 years old has been characterized with adverse outcome. The T allele and TT genotype of rs1739843 of the HSPB7 gene were more frequent in patients with HCM ≥45 years old, compared with control group. It was also found a significant increase in frequency of TT genotype and T allele of rs1739843 of the HSPB7 gene in HCM patients with oligosymptomatic HCM course, compared with control group.Allele T of rs1739843 of the HSPB7 gene is associated with 2 and more adverse pathways of HCM progression.

scholarly journals The Phenotype and Functional Activity of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Pediatric Patients with Non-Malignant Hematological Diseases

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zyrafete Kuҫi ◽  
Christiane Jordan ◽  
Sibylle Wehner ◽  
Jan Sörensen ◽  
Andrea Jarisch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hematological Diseases ◽  
Cell Based Therapy ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
And Control

As the biology of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in patients with non-malignant hematological diseases (NMHD) is poorly understood, in the current study we performed a basic characterization of the phenotype and functional activity of NMHD-MSCs. Bone marrow (BM) of patients with thalassemia major (TM) possessed a significantly higher number of nucleated cells (BM-MNCs)/mL BM than healthy donors (P < 0.0001), which however did not result in a higher number of colony forming units-fibroblast (CFU-F) per milliliter BM. In contrast, from 1 × 106 BM-MNCs of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) were generated significantly more CFU-Fs than from TM-BM-MNCs (P < 0.013) and control group (P < 0.02). In addition, NMHD-MSCs expressed significantly lower levels of CD146 molecule, demonstrated an equal proliferation potential and differentiated along three lineages (osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes) as healthy donors’ MSCs, with exception of TM-MSCs which differentiated weakly in adipocytes. In contrast to other NMHD-MSCs and healthy donors’ MSCs, TM-MSCs demonstrated an impaired in vitro immunosuppressive potential, either. Noteworthy, the majority of the immunosuppressive effect of NMHD-MSCs was mediated through prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), because indomethacin (an inhibitor of PGE2 synthesis) was able to significantly reverse this effect. Our results indicate therefore that NMHD-MSCs, except TM-MSCs, may be used as an autologous cell-based therapy for post-transplant complications such as graft failure, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and osteonecrosis.

scholarly journals The Role Of The Pro47ser Polymorphism Of The Tr53 Gene In Predisposition To Breast Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (12) ◽  
pp. 64-73
Author(s):  
Nodirjon Shakhriqulovich Avezov ◽  
◽  
Dilbar Abdullaevna Kodirova ◽  
Khakimov Golib Abdullevich ◽  
Aminjon Karimovich Karimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Homozygous Genotype ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Time

Numerous scientific studies have been carried out on the predisposition of the Pro47Ser polymorphism of the TR53 gene to breast cancer in women living in most countries of the world. However, no studies have been conducted on the susceptibility of this Pro47Ser gene polymorphism to breast cancer in Uzbek women. In this article, genotyping of the Pro47Ser polymorphism of the TR53 gene was performed for the first time in 207 Uzbek women. According to the results of our study, the functionally dangerous T allele of the Pro47Ser polymorphism of the TR53 gene was statistically significantly higher than that in healthy donors in patients with breast cancer; (ch2 = 8.2; p = 0.004; OR = 11.2; 95% CI: 1.422-88.38; RR = 10.7; 95% CI: 1.382-82.82). The safe C allele, on the other hand, was more common in the control group than in the main group. The natural S / C genotype was found in the control group with a higher frequency than in the control group. However, the limit of the statistical difference reached a significant level: (ch2 = 8.4; p = 0.004; OR = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01066-0.676; ch2 = 8.2; p = 0.004; RR = 0.1 ; 95% CI: 0.8489- 0.9723). The S / T genotype of this polymorphism significantly differs in the frequency of occurrence in the main and control groups. Relative risk according to statistical analysis: RR = 10.7; (95% CI: 1.395–82.07) and odds ratio: OR = 11.8; (95% CI: 1.479-93.77). It is known that the minor T allele and the S / T genotype of this polymorphism increase the risk of developing breast cancer by 10.7 times. It should be noted that the unique homozygous genotype of Pro47Ser polymorphism was not identified in patients and control groups studied by T / T. Thus, the T allele and the C / T genotype of the Pro47Ser polymorphism of the TR53 gene are important factors that increase the risk of breast cancer (r <0.05). The C allele and S / S genotype of this polymorphism are reliable protective markers against the development of this pathology. Therefore, we believe that the Pro47Ser polymorphism of the TR53 gene can be used as important genetic markers in determining the likelihood of developing breast cancer.

scholarly journals The influence of polymorphic variants rs2305619 и rs3816527 of the PTX3 gene on clinical profile and outcomes in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: results of a 11-years follow-up

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
A. A. Streltsova ◽  
A. Ya. Gudkova ◽  
S. A. Pyko ◽  
E. N. Semernin ◽  
A. A. Kostareva
Keyword(s):  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Diabetes Type 2 ◽  
Allele Frequencies ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Polymorphic Variants ◽  
And Control

The objective of this study was to determine the association of polymorphic variants rs2305619 and rs3816527 of the PTX3 gene with clinical profile and outcomes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients.Methods and materials. The study population consisted of 153 patients ≥18 years old with a confirmed diagnosis of HCM. The control group included 200 healthy donors. Duration of follow-up was 11 years (2008–2019 yrs.). The study design included a new model for determining variants of the clinical profile and outcomes of HCM. Polymorphic variants rs2305619 and rs3816527 of the PTX3 gene were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction.Results. The mortality rate in patients ≥18 years old with 1, 2 and 3 adverse pathways of HCM progression was significantly higher, compared with those without adverse pathways (р<0.001). A combination of chronic heart failure (CHF) with midrange and reduced LVEF (<49 %) with 1, 2 and 3 adverse pathways in HCM patients occurred more frequently, compared with those who had CHF with preserved LVEF (≥50 %) (odds ratio (OR) = 0.168, 95 % confidence interval (CI) =0.068–0.412, р<0.001). The genetic testing showed no significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies of polymorphic variants rs2305619 and rs3816527 of the PTX3 gene in patients with HCM and control groups. It was found a tendency for increase in GG genotype frequency (p<0.068) and significant increase in G allele frequency of rs2305619 of the PTX3 gene in HCM patients ≥18 years old and CHF with mid-range and reduced LVEF (<49 %) (A:G, OR=0.521, 95 % CI=0.301–0.902, p<0.019). HCM patients (age – 63 [58; 75] years) and type 2 diabetes mellitus demonstrated high prevalence in AG and GG genotypes (p<0.008) and G allele frequencies of rs2305619 of the PTX3 gene (A:G, OR =1.952, 95 % CI=1.076–3.542, p<0.026).Conclusions. HCM progression along 1 and more adverse pathways in patients ≥18 years old has been characterized with adverse outcome. G allele of rs2305619 of the PTX3 gene is associated with CHF with mid-range and reduced LVEF (<49 %) in HCM patients ≥18 years old. The associations of G allele and AG and GG genotypes of rs2305619 of the PTX3 gene with diabetes type 2 are observed in elderly HCM patients.

Cimetidine as adjunctive treatment for acetaminophen overdose

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith K Burkhart ◽  
Nancy Janco ◽  
Kenneth W Kulig ◽  
Barry H Rumack
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Adjunctive Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Poison Center ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Cimetidine Treatment ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
And Control

The aim of this study was to determine if cimetidine in addition to N-acetylcysteine and standard supportive care provide additional hepatoprotection following acute acetaminophen poisoning. It was designed as a prospective study with alternate month treatment protocol, and the work was carried out at a regional certified poison information centre. For a 2-year period, consultations received by the Rocky Mountain Poison Center involving acute aceta minophen overdose patients with a serum level above the nomogram line, but who would not receive N-acetylcys tine therapy until at least 8 h postingestion, were prospec tively evaluated for adjunctive treatment with cimetidine. All patients received standard supportive therapy and N- acetylcysteine treatment. During odd numbered months, cimetidine 300 mg was administered intravenously every 6 h for the duration of N-acetylcysteine therapy. Forty-one cimetidine treated patients were compared to 66 patients in the control group. The peak measured AST levels (+/- s.e.) were 1259+/-330 and 1301+/-451 for the control and cimetidine treatment groups, respectively (P = 0.94). Fourteen of 64 patients (21%) in the control group and 8/41 patients (20%) in the cimetidine group developed an AST > 1000 IUL-1. There were no statistical differences between the cimetidine-treated and control groups when classified by AST<100IUL -1, 100- 1000IUL-1, or >1000IUL-1. The addition of cimetidine therapy to standard N- acetylcysteine treatment did not provide additional hepatoprotection in acutely acetaminophen poisoned patients when treatment was started later than 8 h post overdose. Larger doses of cimetidine along with more fre quent or continuous intravenous administration may war rant further study.

scholarly journals Dynamics of background levels of serum cytokines in children with atopic dermatitis with concomitant pathology of oral mucosa in the course of optimized complex therapy

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Valentyna Slavinska
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Independent Form ◽  
Complex Therapy ◽  
Dependent Form ◽  
And Control

The purpose of the study was to study the dynamics of changes in the background level of serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-g and TNF-a in patients with various forms of AD with concomitant pathology of oral mucosa to find the optimal ways of using complex therapy. Materials and methods. According to the design, 60 children (37 boys and 23 girls) with clinical manifestations of AD from 6 to 12 years of age participated in the study, who were on dispensary registration in the Department №6 of the Scientific and Diagnostic Center of Shevchenkivskyi district of Kyiv. No statistically significant differences were found between age groups. For the treatment of blood pressure, children with concomitant pathology of oral mucosa were prescribed the drug Montelukast. Children aged 6 to 12 years were advised to take a dose of 1 mg chewable tablet per night, in the evening. According to the study protocol Montelukast was taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating. In addition to Montelukast was proposed the use of Ketotifen. For children, Ketotifen was given at a dose of 1 mg 2 times daily, in the morning and in the evening, during meals for two weeks of systematic use. According to the study protocol for the treatment of blood pressure, children with concomitant  pathology of oral mucosa were prescribed Spiramycin. The drug was prescribed pe os, children from 6 years – 1.5-3 million IU per 10 kg/day for 2-3 times, the duration of therapy was 10 days. Serum cytokine levels (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-g and TNF-a) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To determine the concentration of cytokines used commercial kits of test systems of «IMMUNOTECH» and «DIACLONE», France. Results. In patients with IgE-dependent AD after treatment there was a sharp increase in the concentration of IL-2 in the serum of peripheral blood 39.15 (30.5- 45.8)*, compared with the group of patients with IgE-independent AD 15.3 (10.6-29.9)* (p <0.001) and healthy donors 15.35 (10.1-14.3) (p<0.001). In patients with IgE-dependent AD, a marked decrease in the IFN-g concentration of 3.2 (2.6-3.9)* was observed in patients with children compared with that in the IgE-independent AD group of patients 0.6 (0.1-1.6)* (p<0.001) and healthy donors 0.6 (0-4.3) (p<0.001) and TNF-a concentration ratio of 1.15 (0.3-1.8)* in comparison with similar rates in the group of sick children with IgE-independent form of AD 0.9 (0.5-1.4)* (p<0.01) and healthy donors 2.05 (1.6-3.1) (p<0.001). And in patients with IgE-dependent AD with concomitant pathology of oral mucosa after treatment, there was a long-term increase in the concentration of IL-5 50.8 (45.7-65.7)* compared with the group of children with IgE-independent AD 22.25 (20.8-24.1)* (p<0.001) and control group 14.05 (11.5-16) (p<0.001). Serum IL-10 concentration levels were also significantly increased in patients with IgE-dependent AD 71.0 (61.7-89.5)* compared with those in children with IgE-independent AD 62.8 (59.6-67.1)* (p <0.011) and control group 45.25 (37.9-58,6) (p<0.001). The level of IL-4 was slightly increased in the group of patients with IgE-dependent AD 32.9 (29.2-36.6)* and in the group with IgE-independent AD 26.2 (22.2-28.9)* (p<0.001) and control group 17.05 (15.3-19.3) (p<0.001). The serum IL-13 concentration level was also slightly increased in patients with IgE-dependent AD 24.6 (21.5-26.3)* compared with IgE-independent AD patients 22.75 (20.5-23.9)* (p< 0.013) and control group 12.6 (11.4-16.7) (p<0.001). The study revealed sharp differences between serum IL-10 levels in patients with IgE-dependent and IgE-independent AD with concomitant pathology of oral mucosa after complex treatment. As it turned out, a sharp prolonged increase in IL-10 after treatment in serum was observed in all patients with IgE-dependent AD, in contrast to the level of this cytokine in groups of IgE-independent AD. This suggests that an imbalance in IL-10 level is not a leading pathogenetic factor in the development of an IgE-independent form of AD, unlike the IgE-dependent form, as previously reported. As you know, IL-10 is a known biological marker of immunological tolerance. However, serum IL-10 levels are also capable of inducing both immunosuppressive processes and immunodeficiency states. This suggests that an increase in IL-10 synthesis under the conditions of high IL-2 detected shifts cytokine synthesis in patients with IgE-dependent AD in the direction of cytokine production by regulatory lymphocytes. In support of this conclusion, in patients with children with IgE-dependent form of AD with concomitant pathology of oral mucosa in our study revealed a prolonged increase in serum concentration of IL-10 after combination therapy, which coincides with a significant improvement in clinical status. Conclusions High levels of IL-2 and IL-10 detected in children with IgE-dependent atopic dermatitis with concomitant pathology of oral mucosa in our study confirm the important relationship between cytokine concentration and the stage of skin disease. Continuous increase in the level of IL-10 subject to a decrease in the concentration of IL-4 in the blood of patients children on IgE-dependent form of BP with concomitant pathology of oral mucosa after the test combination therapy that coincides with the improvement of the clinical picture may serve as an important criterion for the formation of immunological tolerance.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Causes a Marked Increase in Liver α-Tocopherol and Liver α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein in C57BL/6 J Mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Min Chao ◽  
Wan-Hsuan Chen ◽  
Chun-Huei Liao ◽  
Huey-Mei Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Transfer Protein ◽  
And Control

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for the positional and geometric isomers of a conjugated diene of linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6). The aims of the present study were to evaluate whether levels of hepatic α-tocopherol, α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP), and antioxidant enzymes in mice were affected by a CLA-supplemented diet. C57BL/6 J mice were divided into the CLA and control groups, which were fed, respectively, a 5 % fat diet with or without 1 g/100 g of CLA (1:1 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) for four weeks. α-Tocopherol levels in plasma and liver were significantly higher in the CLA group than in the control group. Liver α-TTP levels were also significantly increased in the CLA group, the α-TTP/β-actin ratio being 2.5-fold higher than that in control mice (p<0.01). Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were significantly decreased in the CLA group (p<0.01). There were no significant differences between the two groups in levels of three antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase). The accumulation of liver α-tocopherol seen with the CLA diet can be attributed to the antioxidant potential of CLA and the ability of α-TTP induction. The lack of changes in antioxidant enzyme protein levels and the reduced lipid peroxidation in the liver of CLA mice are due to α-tocopherol accumulation.

TEACHING READING BY UTILIZING HOT POTATOES SOFTWARE TOWARD STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION OF DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Abdullah Farih
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control

The objective of this study is to measure whether there is or not significant effect of teaching reading by utilizing Hot Potatoes software toward students’ reading comprehension of descriptive text. The variables used were the teaching treatment of Hot Potatoes Software as the independent variable and the students’ reading comprehension of Descriptive Text as dependent variable. Then, the research designed was Quasi-experimental design and the presentation of data used was quantitative. The data were obtained from the eleventh grade, of which 28 students were taken as sample. The students are divided into two groups; experiment group consisted of 12 students and control group consists of 16 students. To get the data, the pre-test and post-test were applied and then analyzed using t-test formula. The researcher had concluded that there is Significant effect of Hot Potatoes Software toward the students’ reading comprehension achievement. The result showed that mean of students’ post-test was increased. It is proved by the t-test (8.54) which is higher than t-table (2.05) at level of significance 5%. It means that the alternative hypothesis was accepted and it proved that Hot Potatoes Software had significant effect toward students’ reading comprehension of Descriptive Text

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