scholarly journals Putative genes in alkaloid biosynthesis identified in Dendrobium officinale by correlating the contents of major bioactive metabolites with genes expression between Protocorm-like bodies and leaves

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaojian Wang ◽  
Weimin Jiang ◽  
Yingying Liu ◽  
Xiaoxi Meng ◽  
Xinglong Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Chinese Herb ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Dendrobium Officinale ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Alkaloid Biosynthesis ◽  
Genes Encoding

Abstract Background Dendrobium officinale, an endangered Chinese herb, possesses extensive therapeutic effects and contains bioactive ingredients such as major polysaccharides, alkaloids, and minimal flavonoids. We first obtained the protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of this plant through tissue culture in order to determine the distribution of the main secondary metabolites in each organelle and the PLBs. We then analyzed the correlation between gene expression level from comparative transcriptome sequencing and metabolite content in different organs to identify putative genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Results We used seeds as explants for protocorm induction and PLB propagation of D. officinale. The optimal medium formula for PLB propagation was 1/2 MS + α-NAA 0.5 mg·L− 1 + 6-BA 1.0 mg·L− 1 + 2, 4-D 1.5–2.0 mg·L− 1 + potato juice 100 g·L− 1. Stems, PLBs and leaves of D. officinale had the highest content of polysaccharides, alkaloids and flavonoids, respectively. Naringenin was only produced in stem; however, PLBs with high alkaloid content can replace other organs producing alkaloids. The hot water extraction method outperformed the ultrasound-assisted extraction method for extracting polysaccharides from D. officinale. A comparative transcriptome analysis of PLBs and leaves of D. officinale revealed differential expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in polysaccharide, alkaloid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. Putative genes encoding enzymes involved in these biosynthetic pathways were identified. Notably, we identified genes encoding the alkaloid biosynthesis enzymes strictosidine β-D-Glucosidase, geissoschizine synthase and vinorine synthase in D. officinale. Conclusions The identification of candidate genes encoding enzymes involved in metabolite biosynthesis will help to explore and protect this endangered species and facilitate further analysis of the molecular mechanism of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in D. officinale.

scholarly journals Putative Genes Identified in Alkaloids Biosynthesis in Dendrobium officinale by Correlating the Contents of Main Bioactive Metabolites with Genes Expression between Protocorm-like Bodies and Leaves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaojian Wang ◽  
Shihai Xing ◽  
Weimin Jiang ◽  
Yingying Liu ◽  
Xiaoxi Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Chinese Herb ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Dendrobium Officinale ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Beta Glucosidase

Abstract Background: Dendrobium officinale, an endangered Chinese herb, has extensive therapeutic effects and contains bioactive ingredients including a large number of polysaccharides and alkaloids, and minimal flavonoids. Firstly, this study attempts to obtain the protocorm-like bodies of this plant through tissue culture to produce the main secondary metabolites whose distribution in each organelle and protocorm like bodies is analyzed. Then, analysis of the correlation between comparative transcriptome sequence and the metabolite content in different organs enables the discovery of putative genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides and alkaloids, and flavonoids.Results: The optimum condition for protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) induction and propagation of D. officinale is established. For protocorm induction, we use the seed as the explant, and the optimum medium formula for PLBs propagation is 1/2 MS + α-NAA 0.5 mg·L-1 +6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1 + 2, 4-D 1.5-2.0 mg·L-1 + potato juice 100 g·L-1. The distribution of polysaccharides, alkaloids and flavonoids in D. officinale organs was clarified. Stems, PLBs and leaves have the highest content of polysaccharides, alkaloids and flavonoids, respectively. PLBs replace organs to produce alkaloids in D. officinale, and naringenin was only produced in stem. Hot water extraction (HWE) method was found outperforming the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method for polysaccharides from D. officinale. A comparative transcriptome analysis of the protocorm-like bodies and leaves of D. officinale showed genes encoding enzymes involved in polysaccharides, alkaloids and flavonoids biosynthetic pathway were differentially expressed. Putative genes encoding enzymes involved in polysaccharides, alkaloids and flavonoids synthetic pathway were identified. Notably, genes encoding enzymes of strictosidine beta-glucosidase, geissoschizine synthase and vinorine synthase in alkaloids biosynthesis of D. officinale are first reported.Conclusions: Our works, especially the identification of candidate genes encoding enzymes involved in metabolites biosynthesis will help to explore and protect the endangered genetic resources and will also facilitate further analysis of the molecular mechanism of secondary metabolites’ biosynthesis in D. officinale.

scholarly journals Icariin protects against cage layer osteoporosis by intervening in steroid biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengwang Yu ◽  
Jie Huang ◽  
Zhongxin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Chinese Herb ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Steroid Biosynthesis ◽  
Metabolic Pathway Analysis ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Calcium Diet ◽  
Low Calcium Diet ◽  
Low Calcium

AbstractCage layer osteoporosis (CLO) is a common bone metabolism disease in the breeding industry of China. However, effective prevention for CLO has not been developed. Icariin (ICA), the main bioactive component of the Chinese herb Epimedium, has been shown to have good therapeutic effects on bone-related diseases. In this study, the effects of ICA were further evaluated in a low-calcium diet-induced CLO, and a serum metabolomics assay was performed to understand the underlying mechanisms. A total of 144 31-wk-old Lohmann pink-shell laying hens were randomly allocated to 4 groups with 6 replicates of 6 hens per replicate. The 4 dietary treatment groups consisted of a basal diet (3.5% calcium), a low-calcium diet (2.0% calcium), and a low-calcium diet supplemented with 0.5 or 2.0 g/kg ICA. The results showed that ICA exerted good osteoprotective effects on low-calcium diet-induced CLO. ICA significantly increased femur bone mineral density, improved bone microstructure, decreased bone metabolic level, and upregulated mRNA expression of bone formation genes in femoral bone tissue. Serum untargeted metabolomics analysis showed that 8 metabolite levels were significantly changed after ICA treatment, including increased contents of 7-dehydrocholesterol, 7-oxocholesterol, desmosterol, PC (18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)), PS (18:0/18:1(9Z)), N,N-dimethylaniline and 2-hydroxy-butanoic acid and decreased N2,N2-dimethylguanosine. Metabolic pathway analysis based on the above 8 metabolites indicated that ICA mainly perturbed steroid biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism. These findings suggest that ICA can effectively prevent bone loss in low-calcium diet-induced CLO by mediating steroid biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism and provide new information for the regulation of bone metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals A Review of Antiviral and Antioxidant Activity of Bioactive Metabolite of Macroalgae within an Optimized Extraction Method

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3092
Author(s):  
Rasha El-Shafei ◽  
Hala Hegazy ◽  
Bishnu Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Bioactive Metabolite ◽  
Conventional Extraction ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Macro Algae

Non-conventional extraction of bioactive metabolites could provide sustainable alternative techniques to preserve the potency of antioxidants and antiviral compounds extracted from macro-algae. In this paper, we first reviewed the antioxidant and antiviral potential of the active metabolites that exist in the three known macro-algae classes; Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Chlorophyceae, and a comparison between their activities is discussed. Secondly, a review of conventional and non-conventional extraction methods is undertaken. The review then focused on identifying the optimal extraction method of sulphated polysaccharide from macro-algae that exhibits both antiviral and antioxidant activity. The review finds that species belonging to the Phaeophyceae and Rhodophceae classes are primarily potent against herpes simplex virus, followed by human immunodeficiency virus and influenza virus. At the same time, species belonging to Chlorophyceae class are recorded by most of the scholars to have antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus 1. Additionally, all three macro-algae classes exhibit antioxidant activity, the potency of which is a factor of the molecular structure of the bioactive metabolite as well as the extraction method applied.

scholarly journals Lupeol Accumulation Correlates with Auxin in the Epidermis of Castor

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2978
Author(s):  
Donghai Li ◽  
Cheng Pan ◽  
Jianjun Lu ◽  
Wajid Zaman ◽  
Huayan Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Hormone Activity ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Pentacyclic Triterpene ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Lupeol, a natural lupane-type pentacyclic triterpene, possesses various pharmacological properties, and its production attracts attention. Significant quantities of lupeol are deposited on the castor aerial organ surface and are easily extractable as a predominant wax constituent. Thus, castor might be considered as a potential bioreactor for the production of lupeol. The lupeol biosynthesis pathway is well known, but how it is regulated remains largely unknown. Among large numbers of castor cultivars, we targeted one accession line (337) with high levels of lupeol on its stem surface and low levels thereof on its hypocotyl surface, implicating that lupeol synthesis is differentially regulated in the two organs. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we did comparative transcriptome analysis of the first internode of 337 stem and the upper hypocotyl. Our results show that large amounts of auxin-related genes are differentially expressed in both parts, implying some possible interactions between auxin and lupeol production. We also found that several auxin-responsive cis-elements are present in promoter regions of HMGR and LUS genes encoding two key enzymes involved in lupeol production. Furthermore, auxin treatments apparently induced the expression levels of RcHMGR and RcLUS. Furthermore, we observed that auxin treatment significantly increased lupeol contents, whereas inhibiting auxin transport led to an opposite phenotype. Our study reveals some relationships between hormone activity and lupeol synthesis and might provide a promising way for improving lupeol yields in castor.

scholarly journals Molecular Imaging in Traditional Chinese Medicine Therapy for Neurological Diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zefeng Wang ◽  
Haitong Wan ◽  
Jinhui Li ◽  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Mei Tian
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Chinese Herb ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Cord Injury

With the speeding tendency of aging society, human neurological disorders have posed an ever increasing threat to public health care. Human neurological diseases include ischemic brain injury, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and spinal cord injury, which are induced by impairment or specific degeneration of different types of neurons in central nervous system. Currently, there are no more effective treatments against these diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is focused on, which can provide new strategies for the therapy in neurological disorders. TCM, including Chinese herb medicine, acupuncture, and other nonmedication therapies, has its unique therapies in treating neurological diseases. In order to improve the treatment of these disorders by optimizing strategies using TCM and evaluate the therapeutic effects, we have summarized molecular imaging, a new promising technology, to assess noninvasively disease specific in cellular and molecular levels of living models in vivo, that was applied in TCM therapy for neurological diseases. In this review, we mainly focus on applying diverse molecular imaging methodologies in different TCM therapies and monitoring neurological disease, and unveiling the mysteries of TCM.

Effect of Strains and Extraction Methods on β-Glucan Production, Antioxidant Properties, and Ftir Spectra From Mushroom Fruiting Bodies of Schizophyllum Commune FR. in Thailand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naruemon Mongkontanawat1 ◽  
Duangrutai Thumrongchote
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Beta Glucan ◽  
Nutrition Value ◽  
Medicinal Properties

Schizophyllum commune Fr, a native mushroom of Thailand, has a high nutrition value and it classified as a mushroom with medicinal properties, which can neutralize the growth of many cancer cells. Thus, the aim of this research was studied effect of S. commune strain and the extraction method on the quantity and properties of β-glucan. The five S. commune Fr strains consisted of Chanthaburi, 85-022, 85-023, 85-031, and 85-043, which used in this research. The β-glucan extraction method compared two different extraction: hot water (M1) and hot alkali extraction (M2), with control (native-MR). It found that Chanthaburi strain has the highest in β-glucan content 49.20 + 0.35 % (w/w), and high potential antioxidant activity (79.14 +0.77 DPPH % and 50.92 + 0.48 ABTS %) (p < 0.05). The extraction methods had no effect on the yield of β-glucan, except antioxidant properties and chemical structure of extract substance. The extract substance from M2 has significant the highest potential antioxidant activity (80.22 + 0.51 drink mushroom juice in can by using 1-day-old MR and adjust pH more than 7 can increase antioxidant properties of product.

scholarly journals Optimization of quercetin extraction method in Dendrobium officinale by response surface methodology

Heliyon ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. e02374
Author(s):  
Yingpeng Zhu ◽  
Jiangliu Yu ◽  
Chunyan Jiao ◽  
Jinfeng Tong ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Dendrobium Officinale

scholarly journals Petal abscission in fragrant roses is associated with large scale differential regulation of the abscission zone transcriptome

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Singh ◽  
Neeraj Bharti ◽  
Amar Pal Singh ◽  
Siddharth Kaushal Tripathi ◽  
Saurabh Prakash Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Differential Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Ethylene Sensitivity ◽  
Core Set ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Rosa Bourboniana

Abstract Flowers of fragrant roses such as Rosa bourboniana are ethylene-sensitive and undergo rapid petal abscission while hybrid roses show reduced ethylene sensitivity and delayed abscission. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying these differences, a comparative transcriptome of petal abscission zones (AZ) of 0 h and 8 h ethylene-treated flowers from R. bourboniana was performed. Differential regulation of 3700 genes (1518 up, 2182 down) representing 8.5% of the AZ transcriptome was observed between 0 and 8 h ethylene-treated R. bourboniana petal AZ. Abscission was associated with large scale up-regulation of the ethylene pathway but prominent suppression of the JA, auxin and light-regulated pathways. Regulatory genes encoding kinases/phosphatases/F-box proteins and transcription factors formed the major group undergoing differential regulation besides genes for transporters, wall modification, defense and phenylpropanoid pathways. Further comparisons with ethylene-treated petals of R. bourboniana and 8 h ethylene-treated AZ (R. hybrida) identified a core set of 255 genes uniquely regulated by ethylene in R. bourboniana AZ. Almost 23% of these encoded regulatory proteins largely conserved with Arabidopsis AZ components. Most of these were up-regulated while an entire set of photosystem genes was prominently down-regulated. The studies provide important information on regulation of petal abscission in roses.

scholarly journals Catabolism of l-rhamnose in A. nidulans proceeds via the non-phosphorylated pathway and is glucose repressed by a CreA-independent mechanism

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P. MacCabe ◽  
Elpinickie I. Ninou ◽  
Ester Pardo ◽  
Margarita Orejas
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Filamentous Fungus ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Independent Mechanism ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Specific Uptake

Abstract l-rhamnose (6-deoxy-mannose) occurs in nature mainly as a component of certain plant structural polysaccharides and bioactive metabolites but has also been found in some microorganisms and animals. The release of l-rhamnose from these substrates is catalysed by extracellular enzymes including α-l-rhamnosidases, the production of which is induced in its presence. The free sugar enters cells via specific uptake systems where it can be metabolized. Of two l-rhamnose catabolic pathways currently known in microorganisms a non-phosphorylated pathway has been identified in fungi and some bacteria but little is known of the regulatory mechanisms governing it in fungi. In this study two genes (lraA and lraB) are predicted to be involved in the catabolism of l-rhamnose, along with lraC, in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Transcription of all three is co-regulated with that of the genes encoding α-l-rhamnosidases, i.e. induction mediated by the l-rhamnose-responsive transcription factor RhaR and repression of induction in the presence of glucose via a CreA-independent mechanism. The participation of lraA/AN4186 (encoding l-rhamnose dehydrogenase) in l-rhamnose catabolism was revealed by the phenotypes of knock-out mutants and their complemented strains. lraA deletion negatively affects both growth on l-rhamnose and the synthesis of α-l-rhamnosidases, indicating not only the indispensability of this pathway for l-rhamnose utilization but also that a metabolite derived from this sugar is the true physiological inducer.

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