scholarly journals Metabolomic analyses reveal substances that contribute to the increased freezing tolerance of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after continuous water deficit

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyu Xu ◽  
Zhenyi Li ◽  
Zongyong Tong ◽  
Feng He ◽  
Xianglin Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Economic Losses

Abstract Background Alfalfa is a high-quality forage cultivated widely in northern China. Recently, the failure of alfalfa plants to survive the winter has caused substantial economic losses. Water management has attracted considerable attention as a method for the potential improvement of winter survival. The aim of this study was to determine whether and how changes in the water regime affect the freezing tolerance of alfalfa. Results The alfalfa variety WL353LH was cultivated under water regimes of 80 and 25% of water-holding capacity, and all the plants were subjected to low temperatures at 4/0 °C (light/dark) and then − 2/− 6 °C (light/dark). The semi-lethal temperatures were lower for water-stressed than well-watered alfalfa. The pool sizes of total soluble sugars, total amino acids, and proline changed substantially under water-deficit and low-temperature conditions. Metabolomics analyses revealed 72 subclasses of differential metabolites, among which lipid and lipid-like molecules (e.g., fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and glycerophospholipids) and amino acids, peptides, and analogues (e.g., proline betaine) were upregulated under water-deficit conditions. Some carbohydrates (e.g., D-maltose and raffinose) and flavonoids were also upregulated at low temperatures. Finally, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses revealed 18 significantly enriched pathways involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, and glycerophospholipids. Conclusions Water deficit significantly enhanced the alfalfa’ freezing tolerance, and this was correlated with increased soluble sugar, amino acid, and lipid and lipid-like molecule contents. These substances are involved in osmotic regulation, cryoprotection, and the synthesis, fluidity, and stability of the cellular membrane. Our study provides a reference for improving alfalfa’ winter survival through water management.

scholarly journals Research Regarding Dynamics of Chemical Content from Pasteurized Egg Melange Stored in Polyethylene Type Packings

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-374
Author(s):  
Roxana Nicoleta Ratu ◽  
Marius Giorgi Usturoi ◽  
Daniel Simeanu ◽  
Cristina Simeanu ◽  
Alexandru Usturoi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Chemical Content

n the current paper, we aimed to analyze the way in which packing (different polyethylene types) influence the quality of pasteurized melange during storage, packing being realized in units of 1 kg (Tetra Pak) (batch Lexp-1) and units of 5 kg (Bag in box) (batch Lexp-2). Products were stored during a period of 28 days at a temperature of +4�C, qualitative determinations being realized in first day (day 0), at 7 days, at 14 days, 21 days and in day 28 of storage. Were effectuated a sensorial examination and chemical analysis were was established the content in dry matter (%), water (%), proteins (%), content in essential amino acids (isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine) and non-essential amino acids (alanine, histidine, glycine, serine) (mg/100g) as well as the content in lipids (%) establishing their profile by identification of some saturated fatty acids (16:0 mg/100g and 18:0 mg/100g) and unsaturated fatty acids (16:1 mg/100g and 18:1 mg/100g). After sensorial examinations, the first modifications were observed at the checking effectuated in day 21 for batch Lexp-2, the obtained score being of 18 points, and at checking effectuated in day 28 was given a score of 18 points for melange belonging to batch Lexp-1 and only 14 points for melange from batch Lexp-2. Differences were recorded also in case of chemical composition of products, so for protein content at batch Lexp-1 in first checking day was obtained a mean of 12.730�0.24% and at batch Lexp-2 12.614�0.22%. Differences between those two batches were insignificant (p[0.05). In case of fat content, at the end of storage period was obtained a mean of 11.256�0.06% for batch Lexp-1 and 11.244�0.11% for batch Lexp-2, differences being insignificant (p [ 0.05). Regarding the profile of amino acids and fatty acids, the mean values obtained during whole storage period oscillated from one stage to another, but the differences between those two batches were insignificant (p [ 0.05). Pasteurized egg melange suffers certain sensorial modifications during storage, especially on consistency and colouring, modifications which are accentuated mainly by storage conditions. Type of polyethylene utilized for this product hadn�t influenced the nutritive qualities of product.

scholarly journals Physical and chemical characteristics and fatty acids composition of seeds oil isolated from Camelina sativa (L) cultivated in Mongolia

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 80-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Chantsalnyam ◽  
Ch Otgonbayar ◽  
O Enkhtungalag ◽  
P Odonmajig
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Camelina Sativa ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Camelina sativa L is a cruciferous oilseed plant. This plant is cultivated as an oilseed crop mainly in Europe and in North America and over the past years the cultivation has arranged in our country. The analyzed oil is obtained from the seeds of Camelina sativa L, growing in Bornuur, Tuv province. The goal of this study was to determine the physical and chemical characteristics and fatty acids composition of Camelina sativa L seed oil cultivated in Mongolia. According to our analysis total lipid was determined 38.52 %, moisture 4.80 % and total mineral elements 4.02 %, respectively. Mineral elements in Camelina sativa L seeds contain calcium (0.56 %), phosphorous (1.22 %), potassium (1.39 %), magnesium (0.53 %) in dominated amounts; iron, zinc, manganese and copper in trace amounts. Eight nonessential amino acids in seeds of this plant with total amount of 75.9 % were identified; phenylalanine was detected in highest amount among the all identified amino acids, while lysine, tryptophan and arginine are followed. The following characteristics in Camelina sativa seeds oil were determined. The refractive index was 1.4774 at 20°C, the peroxide value of fresh oil was 0.03 meq H2O2 /kg, saponification value 185.8 mg KOH/g, iodine value 143.33 g J2 and acidic value 6.27 mg KOH /g. Carotenoid was determined as 16.77 mg %, by spectrometry in Camelina sativa seeds oil. The analysis of fatty acids composition showed that there are 12.5 % saturated and 87.5 % unsaturated fatty acids. In particular, oleic acid (C18:1) 14.0 %, linoleic acid (C18:2) 9.0 %, α-linolenic acid (C18:3) 10.5 % and gondoic acid (C20:1) 32.8 %, were composed the major part of unsaturated fatty acids. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v14i0.205 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 14 (40), 2013, p80-83

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis on Essential Nutrient Compositions of 23 Wild Hazelnuts (Corylus heterophylla) Grown in Northeast China

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Liying Fan ◽  
Jun Ren ◽  
Yuting Yang ◽  
Limin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
New Cultivars ◽  
Nutrient Compositions

The essential nutrients of 23 wild hazelnuts (Corylus heterophylla) grown in northeast China were analyzed in order to sieve good species and study the factors effected on nut quality. Hazelnut kernels contained 45.76–62.78% fat similar to Corylus avellana and main fatty acids were oleic acid (79.75%), linoleic acid (15.42%), palmitic acid (3.29%), and polyunsaturated fatty acids ranged between 10.37% and 25.88%. Average protein, soluble sugar, starch, and ash contents of hazelnut kernels were 25.12%, 4.98%, 2.03%, and 3.04%, respectively. The amount of amino acids, mostly as glutamic acid, arginine, and aspartic acid, was also determined by the hazelnut varieties. The abovementioned variation was explained by growing environmental differences. Among them, the 11th sample was highest in protein content (30.21%) and 18th sample highest in fat content, while the 5th and 14th samples had relatively balanced nutrients. So, when planning to select new cultivars, we primarily considered different hazelnut qualities.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Bifunctional Molecules for the Production of Polymers Based on Unsaturated Fatty Acids as Bioderived Raw Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-289
Author(s):  
Alessa Hinzmann ◽  
Selina Sophie Druhmann ◽  
Harald Gröger
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Bifunctional Molecules ◽  
Biorenewable Resources ◽  
Aldoxime Dehydratase

Currently, investigations of polymer-building blocks made from biorenewable feedstocks such as, for example, fatty acids, are of high interest for the chemical industry. An alternative synthesis of nitrile-substituted aliphatic carboxylic acids as precursors for ω-amino acids, which are useful to produce polymers, was investigated starting from biorenewable fatty acids. By hydroformylation of unsaturated fatty acids or unsaturated acids being accessible from unsaturated fatty acids by cross-metathesis reactions, aldehydes are formed. In this work, the hydroformylation of such unsaturated acids led to the formation of the corresponding aldehydes, which were afterwards converted with hydroxylamine to aldoximes. Subsequent dehydration by an aldoxime dehydratase as a biocatalyst or by CuII acetate led to the desired nitriles. Within this work, C7-, C9- and C11-carboxylic acids with a terminal nitrile functionality as well as a branched nitrile-functionalized stearate derivative were synthesized by means of this approach. As these nitriles serve as precursors for amino acids being suitable for polymerization, this work represents an alternative synthetic access to polyamide precursors, which starts directly from unsaturated fatty acids as biorenewable resources and avoids harsh reaction conditions as well as and by-product formation.

Chemical Alterations in Fish Tissue During Storage at Low Temperatures

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 904-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garnett Wood ◽  
Lane Hintz ◽  
Harold Salwin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Fish Tissue ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Polyunsaturated Acids

Abstract Chemical changes that occur in the proteins, nucleotides, and lipids of fish tissue during storage at low temperatures were investigated. Homogenized tissue, prepared from fresh rock-fish (striped hass, Roccus species), was stored up to six days at temperatures from -10° to 4°C and then analyzed. At 0°C and below, the solubility of myofibrillar proteins decreased. There were also changes in polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of protein extracts. The total nucleotide content decreased rapidly at all temperatures. The lipids were extracted from each sample and separated into neutral lipids, phospholipids, and free fatty acids by column chromatography. The fatty acid composition of each fraction was determined by gas chromatography. In the fresh tissue, polyunsaturated acids occurred in greatest proportion in the free fatty acid and phospholipid fractions, whereas inono-unsaturated acids were inofe highly concentrated in the neutral lipids. The percentages of saturated acids were approximately the same in all fractions. During storage, there were considerably larger losses of individual acids from phospholipids than from neutral lipids. The polyunsaturated acids of the phospholipid fraction were affected most. Over 10% of these aeids were lost in six days at ice temperature, but only a small proportion of the losses was accounted for by increases in free fatty acids. Oxidative proo esses may account for the imbalance because the rate of oxidation, as measured by the thio-barbituric acid test, increased with storage temperature in the same manner as the rale at which unsaturated fatty acids were lost from the pliospliolipuls. Losses of polyunsaturated acids from the neutral lipids were much smaller, suggesting a selectively protective mechanism or environment in that fraction. The changes in the phospholipid fatty acids may provide the basis for useful objective tests of fish lecomposilion.

scholarly journals Primary metabolism components of seeds from Brazilian Amazon tree species

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Francisco de C. Gonçalves ◽  
Andreia V. Fernandes ◽  
Antonio Fernando M. Oliveira ◽  
Lílian F. Rodrigues ◽  
Ricardo A. Marenco
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Oleic And Linoleic Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

The contents of the main components of the primary metabolism (soluble sugars, starch, proteins, oils, fatty acids) and minerals (P, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu) were characterized in seeds of five Brazilian Amazon tree species (Andira parviflora, Bertholletia excelsa, Helicostylis tomentosa, Hymenaea parviflora, and Parkia pendula). Soluble sugar contents were high in P. pendula seeds (14 %), whereas starch predominated in A. parviflora seeds (58.7 %). A. parviflora and H. parviflora seeds were rich in proteins (35.1 % and 32.4 %, respectively). The oil contents ranged from 1.4 % in A. parviflora to 70.7 % in B. excelsa. Only B. excelsa and P. pendula seeds may be considered oilseeds, with 70.7 % and 28.4 % oil, respectively. The fatty acid compositions showed high proportions of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleic and linoleic acids, regardless of the species. B. excelsa and P. pendula also showed high amounts of P, Mg, K and Zn.

Comparison on Nutrient Composition and Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Profile of Muscle in Wild and Farmed Prawn, Penaeus japonicu

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 286-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Hong Xu ◽  
Bin Lun Yan ◽  
Jia Tao Xu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Penaeus Japonicus ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Amino Acid Score ◽  
Wild Group

Penaeus japonicus is an important marine shrimps resource in China. In order to evaluate the nutritional value, the contents of general nutritional compositions, amino acids and fatty acids in muscle were compared between wild and farmed P. japonicus. The contents of muscle moisture and crude protein, fat and ash in wild P. japonicus were 77.16%, 17.74%, 2.08% and 1.79％, and those in farmed P. japonicus were 78.02%, 17.26%, 2.04% and 1.63％, respectively. The essential amino acids (EAA) in wild and farmed P. japonicus were 23.25％ and 22.43％, respectively. The amino acid score of essential amino acids were higher than 100 except Leu and Trp, so the protein of P. japonicus has a well-balanced amino acid composition. Wild P. japonicus has more unsaturated fatty acids (64.05％) than farmed group (60.34％). Higher n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentainoic acids (EPA, 20:5 n-3), docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, 22:6 n-3) contents and lower C16:0, C20:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 levels were detected in the wild group. Values of n-6/n-3 in muscle of farmed and wild P. japonicus were 0.30 and 0.23 respectively, which were both significantly lower than the maximum value (4.0) recommended by UK Department of Health (HMSO, 1994), while Values of the PUFA/SFA ratio of two groups were 0.60 and 0.74 higher than the minimum value (0.45) recommended by HMSO. Thus the muscle of farmed and wild P. japonicus are both healthy and safe, and the the muscle of wild P. japonicus is more beneficial to human health.

scholarly journals Metabolism of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids by normal and Zellweger syndrome skin fibroblasts

1989 ◽  
Vol 260 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Street ◽  
D W Johnson ◽  
H Singh ◽  
A Poulos
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Zellweger Syndrome ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Skin Fibroblasts

The metabolism of 1-11C-labelled derivatives of palmitic (C16:0), arachidonic (C20:4,n-6) lignoceric (C21:0) and tetracosatetraenoic (C24:4,n-6) acids was studied in normal skin fibroblast cultures and in cultures of fibroblasts from peroxisome-deficient (Zellweger's syndrome) patients. Radiolabelled products of the fatty acids included carbon dioxide. C14-24 saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids formed from released acetate either by synthesis de novo or by elongation of endogenous fatty acids, fatty acids formed by 2-6-carbon elongation of added substrates, and a number of water-soluble compounds, some of which were tentatively identified as the amino acids glutamine, glutamic acid and asparagine. The labelled amino acids were found predominantly in the culture medium. Zellweger's syndrome fibroblasts showed a marked decrease in radiolabelled carbon dioxide and water-soluble-product formation from (I-14C)-labelled arachidonic, tetracosatetraenoic and lignoceric acids but not from [I-14C]palmitic acid, and the production of radiolabelled C14-18 fatty acids was also diminished. However, the elongation of individual fatty acids was either normal or above normal. Our data support the view that the oxidation of 20:4, 24:4 and 24:0 fatty acids in cultured skin fibroblasts takes place largely in peroxisomes, and further that the acetyl-CoA released by the beta-oxidation process is available for the synthesis of fatty acids and amino acids. We speculate that the generation of C2 units used for synthesis is a major peroxisomal function and that this function is absent or greatly impaired in Zellweger's syndrome cells.

Ozone treatment for the degradation of resin and unsaturated fatty acids at low temperatures

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S95-S102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Gamal El-Din ◽  
Daniel W Smith ◽  
Fares Al Momani ◽  
Keisuke Ikehata
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Ozone Treatment
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