Multi-center prospective study on central line-associated bloodstream infections in 79 ICUs of China

Abstract Background China has not yet established a national surveillance network such as NHSN from America, so there is still no large-scale investigations on central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) incidence. Several retrospective studies in China reported that the incidence of CLABSI varied due to inconsistent diagnostic criteria. We performed a nationwide survey to investigate the utilization rate of central venous catheters (CVCs) and the incidence of CLABSI in ICUs of different areas of China. Methods This is a prospective multi-center study. Patients admitted to ICUs with the use of CVCs between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2018 were enrolled in this study. Hospitals were given the definition of catheter-related bloodstream infection as: a laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection where CVC was in place on the date of event or the day before. The characteristics of patients, information of catheterization, implementation rates of precautions, and CLABSIs were collected. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 25.0 software and website of Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health. Results A total of 38,212 patients and 466,585 catheter days were involved in surveillance. The average CLABSI incidence in a thousand catheter days was 1.50, the lowest incidence unit was in pediatric ICU (0/1000 catheter days), and the lowest incidence area was in Northeast China (0.77/1000 catheter days), while the highest incidence unit was in cardiac ICU (2.48/1000 catheter days) and the highest incidence area was in Eastern China (1.62/1000 catheter days). The average utilization rate of CVC was 42.85%, the lowest utilization rate was in pediatric ICU (5.85%) and in Central China (38.05%), while the highest utilization rate was in surgical ICU (64.92%) and in Western China (51.57%). Among the 702 CLABSI cases reported, a total of 735 strains of pathogens were cultured. Staphylococcus spp. was the most common organism isolated (27.07%), followed by Enterobacteriaceae (22.31%). The implementation rates of all precautions showed an upward trend during the study period (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion The average incidence of CLABSI in ICUs in China is 1.5/1000 catheter days, similar to the rates reported in developed countries but lower than previous reports in China. CLABSI incidence showed regional differences in China. It is necessary to implement targeted surveillance of CLABSI cases by using standardized CLABSI surveillance definitions and methodologies.

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Does Mobile Phone Penetration Affect Divorce Rate? Evidence from China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10103701 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 3701 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jiaping Zhang ◽

Mingwang Cheng ◽

Xinyu Wei ◽

Xiaomei Gong

Keyword(s):

Mobile Phone ◽

Eastern China ◽

Divorce Rate ◽

Central China ◽

Western China ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Information And Communication ◽

Lag Times ◽

One Year ◽

The Impact

Marital happiness is an important symbol of social harmony and can help promote sustainable economic and social development. In recent years, the rapid rise of the divorce rate in China, a country where the divorce rate had previously been low, has attracted wide attention. However, few articles have focused on the popularization of information and communication technology's impact on China’s rising divorce rate in recent years. As a first attempt, the provincial panel data during the period 2001–2016 is applied to study quantitatively the relationship between mobile phone penetration and the divorce rate. In order to get more reliable estimation results, this paper uses two indicators to measure the divorce rate, and quantile regression is applied for further analysis. Additionally, one-year to five-year lag times of the mobile phone penetration are used as the core explanatory variables in order to analyse the lagging effect of mobile phone penetration on divorce rate. The result shows that the correlation between the mobile phone penetration and the divorce rate was statistically positive significant in China during the period 2001–2016. Furthermore, the paper also finds that mobile phone penetration had the greatest impact on divorce rate in central China, followed by eastern China, but it was not obvious in western China during this period. From a technological perspective, this paper provides some possible explanations for the rising divorce rate in China in recent years, and further enriches the relevant research on the impact of the development of information and communication technology on societal changes.

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Regional Green Development and Spatial Evolution in China: Abiding by Theory of Dissipative Structure

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20185304008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 04008

Author(s):

Fumin Deng ◽

Hui Zhu ◽

Xuedong Liang

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Dissipative Structure ◽

Eastern China ◽

Indicator System ◽

Entropy Method ◽

Central China ◽

Western China ◽

Brusselator Model ◽

Energy Factors ◽

Green Development

Regional green development can commendably abide by the theory of dissipative structure. The relative dissipative characteristics taken on by regional development are analyzed, in which the energy factors and resources factors are incorporated into the green economic development and green environment support subsystems (2GE system) in line with the definite input characteristics. A more representative indicator system is established, with positive and negative entropy indexes involved. As Brusselator model and information entropy method are employed to calculate the data of 30 China’s provinces from 2008 to 2015, the findings bespeak that green development in China lays particular stress on green economic development assuming higher environment pressure and cost. The development among various regions is getting progressively and evidently different, which is manifested as potent economic base and abundant natural resources in the Eastern China; the backward green economic development and the progress of green environment in Central China; the pursuit of green economic development at the expense of the green environment in Western China and Northeastern China.

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Occurrence and source apportionment of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the atmosphere in China

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-19-14107-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (22) ◽

pp. 14107-14117 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Deming Han ◽

Yingge Ma ◽

Cheng Huang ◽

Xufeng Zhang ◽

Hao Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Degradation Products ◽

Southern China ◽

Eastern China ◽

Northern China ◽

Central China ◽

Western China ◽

Perfluoroalkyl Acids ◽

Average Value ◽

Pmf Model ◽

Air Sampler

Abstract. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are a form of toxic pollutant that can be transported across the globe and accumulated in the bodies of wildlife and humans. A nationwide geographical investigation considering atmospheric PFAAs via a passive air sampler (PAS) based on XAD (a styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer) was conducted in 23 different provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions in China, which provides an excellent chance to investigate their occurrences, spatial trends, and potential sources. The total atmospheric concentrations of 13 PFAAs (n=268) were 6.19–292.57 pg m−3, with an average value of 39.84±28.08 pg m−3, which were higher than other urban levels but lower than point source measurements. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the dominant PFAA (20.6 %), followed by perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFPeA). An increasing seasonal trend of PFAA concentrations was shown as summer < autumn < spring < winter, which may be initiated by stagnant meteorological conditions. Spatially, the content of PFAAs displayed a declining gradient trend of central China > northern China > eastern China > north-eastern China > south-western China > north-western China > southern China, and Henan contributed the largest proportion of PFAAs. Four sources of PFAAs were identified using a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, including PFOS-based products (26.1 %), products based on PFOA and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA; 36.6 %), degradation products of fluorotelomer-based products (15.5 %), and an unknown source (21.8 %).

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Dimethachlon Resistance in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-10-13-1072-re ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (9) ◽

pp. 1221-1226 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Feng Zhou ◽

Xiao-Lei Zhang ◽

Jin-Li Li ◽

Fu-Xing Zhu

Keyword(s):

Oilseed Rape ◽

Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽

Eastern China ◽

Gansu Province ◽

Central China ◽

Hunan Province ◽

Western China ◽

Current Status ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Soybean Plants

The dicarboximide fungicide dimethachlon has been widely used for controlling Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in China for more than a decade. To assess the current status of dimethachlon resistance in S. sclerotiorum in China, 2,424 isolates were collected from disease-infected oilseed rape and soybean plants in five provinces of China in 2011 and 2012, and dimethachlon resistance was monitored by mycelial growth inhibition method on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. Dimethachlon at 5 μg/ml was used as a discriminatory dose to detect resistance in all isolates, and 50% effective concentration values were determined for all dimethachlon-resistant isolates and some sensitive isolates. No dimethachlon resistance was detected in isolates from Anhui province (eastern China), Gansu province (northwestern China), and Qinghai province (western China). In Hunan province (central China), 3 of 268 (1.12%) isolates collected from oilseed rape plants in 2012 were resistant to dimethachlon, and the resistance ratios for the three resistant isolates were 4.56, 32.70, and 105.53, respectively. In Heilongjiang province (northeastern China), 8 of 243 (3.29%) isolates collected from soybean plants in 2011 were resistant to dimethachlon, with resistance ratios of 5.57 to 94.80; 11 of 409 (2.69%) isolates collected in 2012 were resistant to dimethachlon, with resistance ratios of 3.21 to 9.69. Cross-resistance studies showed that there was positive cross-resistance between dimethachlon and iprodione, procymidone, and the N-phenyl carbamate fungicide diethofencarb. No cross-resistance was found between dimethachlon and carbendazim, tebuconazole, kresoxim-methyl, thiram, and boscalid. Compared with the sensitive isolates of S. sclerotiorum, the field-dimethachlon-resistant isolates were more sensitive to osmotic pressure, grew more slowly on PDA media, and were less pathogenic on leaves of oilseed rape.

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Patterns and trends of high-impact weather in China during 1959–2014

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-16-855-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 855-869 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jun Shi ◽

Kangmin Wen ◽

Linli Cui

Keyword(s):

Southern China ◽

Eastern China ◽

High Impact ◽

Northeastern China ◽

Central China ◽

Western China ◽

Tibet Plateau ◽

High Mountain ◽

Mitigation And Adaptation ◽

High Impact Weather

Abstract. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the frequencies of four types of high-impact weather (HIW), i.e. snowfall, thunderstorms, fog and hailstorms, were analysed in China during 1959–2014. Results indicate a significant decrease in the number of snowfall days, thunderstorm days and thunderstorm spells in all six regions of China, with regional decreasing rates of 0.1–3.4 days, 1.6–5.1 days and 0.23–0.77 times per decade respectively. The number of foggy days, hailstorm days and snowfall spells decreased at rates of 0.2–1.8 days, 0.1–0.7 days and 0.14–0.44 times per decade respectively in almost all regions and fog and hailstorm spells decreased at rates of 0.06–0.17 and 0.001–0.043 times per decade respectively in most regions of China. Spatially, there was more snowfall in northeastern China and western China, and more thunderstorms in southern China and southwestern China. The number of fog events was larger in some high mountain stations, eastern China and central China. Hailstorms were concentrated on Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Over the past 56 years, snowfall days, thunderstorm days and thunderstorm spells decreased in most parts of China, and hailstorm days decreased in northeastern China, most parts of northern China and Tibet, southern Qinghai and western Sichuan. The spatial trends of foggy days, foggy spells, snowfall spells and hailstorm spells were not significant in most parts of China. With global warming, some types of HIW are likely to increase in their intensities, so more mitigation and adaptation strategies are still essential for local government and the public in China.

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Employing Genome-Wide SNP Discovery to Characterize the Genetic Diversity in Cinnamomum camphora Using Genotyping by Sequencing

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12111511 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 1511

Author(s):

Xue Gong ◽

Aihong Yang ◽

Zhaoxiang Wu ◽

Caihui Chen ◽

Huihu Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

East Asia ◽

Japanese Population ◽

Eastern China ◽

Genotyping By Sequencing ◽

Central China ◽

Western China ◽

Cinnamomum Camphora ◽

Ecological Value ◽

Genome Wide

Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl is a representative tree species of evergreen broad-leafed forests in East Asia and has exceptionally high economic, ornamental, and ecological value. However, the excessive exploitation and utilization of C. camphora trees have resulted in the shrinking of wild population sizes and rare germplasm resources. In this study, we characterized 171 C. camphora trees from 39 natural populations distributed throughout the whole of China and one Japanese population. We investigated genetic diversity and population structure using genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identified by genotyping by sequencing (GBS) technology. The results showed the genetic diversity of the C. camphora populations from western China > central China > eastern China. Moreover, the Japanese population showed the highest diversity among all populations. The molecular variance analysis showed 92.03% of the genetic variation within populations. The average pairwise FST was 0.099, and gene flow Nm was 2.718, suggesting a low genetic differentiation among populations. Based on the genetic clustering analysis, the 40 C. camphora populations clustered into three major groups: Western China, Central China, and Eastern China + Japan. Eastern China’s population had the closest genetic relationship with the Japanese population, suggesting possible gene exchange between the two adjacent areas. This study furthers our understanding of the genetic diversity and genetic structure of C. camphora in East Asia and provides genetic tools for developing strategies of C. camphora germplasm utilization.

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Efficiency evaluation of hotel operations in Mainland China based on the superefficiency SBM model

Tourism Economics ◽

10.1177/1354816618816787 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 276-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zutao Deng ◽

Yan Gao ◽

Bin Liang ◽

Alastair M Morrison

Keyword(s):

Eastern China ◽

Mainland China ◽

Northeastern China ◽

Central China ◽

Western China ◽

Coefficients Of Variation ◽

Future Improvement ◽

Measure Model ◽

Input Redundancy ◽

High Degree

This research evaluated the efficiency of hotels in 31 provinces and 4 regions (Eastern, Western, Central, and Northeastern China) using the superefficiency slacks-based measure model. The reasons for operational inefficiency were assessed from two perspectives: input redundancy and output shortfalls. Most hotels were found to have operational inefficiencies, and there is a significant scope for future improvement. The relative efficiency of hotel operations by the four regions was as follows: Eastern China > Central China > Western China > Northeastern China. The efficiency of hotels demonstrated differing coefficients of variation. The most significant coefficient of variation was for Western China, and the smallest was for Northeastern China. The primary cause of inefficiencies was in input redundancies, especially the high degree of input redundancy in number of hotels, employees, and rooms. Also, to some degree, differences exist among the four regions in operational inefficiencies.

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Orographically Anchored El Niño Effect on Summer Rainfall in Central China

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-17-0312.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (24) ◽

pp. 10037-10045 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Kaiming Hu ◽

Shang-Ping Xie ◽

Gang Huang

Keyword(s):

El Niño ◽

Large Scale ◽

El Nino ◽

Rainfall Variability ◽

Eastern China ◽

Summer Rainfall ◽

Central China ◽

Northwest Pacific ◽

The Tibetan Plateau ◽

Rainfall Anomalies

Year-to-year variations in summer precipitation have great socioeconomic impacts on China. Historical rainfall variability over China is investigated using a newly released high-resolution dataset. The results reveal summer-mean rainfall anomalies associated with ENSO that are anchored by mountains in central China east of the Tibetan Plateau. These orographically anchored hot spots of ENSO influence are poorly represented in coarse-resolution datasets so far in use. In post–El Niño summers, an anomalous anticyclone forms over the tropical northwest Pacific, and the anomalous southwesterlies on the northwest flank cause rainfall to increase in mountainous central China through orographic lift. At upper levels, the winds induce additional adiabatic updraft by increasing the eastward advection of warm air from Tibet. In post–El Niño summers, large-scale moisture convergence induces rainfall anomalies elsewhere over flat eastern China, which move northward from June to August and amount to little in the seasonal mean.

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Academic emotions of Chinese students during education reform: A cross-temporal meta-analysis

School Psychology International ◽

10.1177/0143034320917170 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 368-387

Author(s):

Hao Lei ◽

Ming Ming Chiu

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Education Reform ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Eastern China ◽

Value Theory ◽

Central China ◽

Western China ◽

Academic Emotions ◽

High Arousal ◽

Control Value

China’s education reforms might affect students’ academic emotions (and hence their motivation and learning outcomes). This study examines Chinese adolescents’ academic emotions across time via a cross-temporal meta-analysis of 96 studies published between 2004 and 2017. Our results indicate that in later years, adolescents’ positive high-arousal and positive low-arousal emotions were higher, while negative low-arousal emotions were lower. Compared to 2004, positive high-arousal and positive low-arousal emotions in 2017 were both over half a standard deviation higher, while negative low-arousal emotions were over half a standard deviation lower. Positive high-arousal and positive low-arousal emotions were higher in later years in Eastern China but not in Central China and Western China. In later years, negative low-arousal emotions were lower in Eastern and Western China than in Central China. Gender differences were not significant. These results are consistent with both control-value theory and the claim that curriculum and instruction reform helped improve students’ academic emotions in China.

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Comparison Analysis and Strategies on the Regional Internet Industry Development in China

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.2087 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 687-691 ◽

pp. 2087-2091 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fang Ma ◽

Li Hua Chen ◽

Qi Qi Hu ◽

Yi Ping Luo

Keyword(s):

Local Governments ◽

Eastern China ◽

Internet Technology ◽

Central China ◽

Western China ◽

The Internet ◽

Industry Development ◽

Internet Industry ◽

Development Level ◽

Better Than

The internet has become an important engine of economic growth and social progress. China is a vast territory country and the local governments have different policy to promote the application of the internet technology. Therefore, the development of China’s internet industry and regional differences will be studied to discover the regional spread pattern of the internet industry in this article, in order to provide suggestions for the depth development of China’s internet industry. The main finding is there are a lot of differences among China’s internet regional development level. The internet development level of Eastern China has been significantly better than the central and western provinces and cities, and Central China has been better than Western China from 2006 to 2010. Finally, the suggestions will be presented for the regional internet industry development.

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