scholarly journals Number of doses of Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine applied in Brazil before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tércia Moreira Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogu de Sá ◽  
Ed Wilson Rodrigues Vieira ◽  
Elton Junio Sady Prates ◽  
Mark Anthony Beinner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Spatial Clusters ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Rubella Vaccine ◽  
High Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Due to the social isolation measures adopted in an attempt to mitigate the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, there has been a reduction in vaccination coverage of children and adolescents in several countries and regions of the world. Objective Analyze the number of doses of vaccine against Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) applied before and after the beginning of mitigation measures due to COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Methods The data collected refer to the number of doses of the MMR vaccine applied monthly to the target population residing in Brazil: cahildren, aged 12 months (first dose) and children, aged 9 years (second dose), from April 2019 to December 2020. Differences in MMR vaccine doses from April 2019 to March 2020 (before the start of mitigation measures) and April 2020 to September 2020 (after the start of the mitigation measures) were evaluated. Spatial analysis identified clusters with a high percentage of reduction in the median of applied doses no Brazil. Results There was a reduction in the median of doses applied in the Regions North (− 33.03%), Northeast (− 43.49%) and South (− 39.01%) e nos Estados Acre (− 48.46%), Amazonas (− 28.96%), Roraima (− 61.91%), Paraíba (− 41.58%), Sergipe (− 47.52%), Rio de Janeiro (-59.31%) and Santa Catarina (− 49.32) (p < 0.05). High-high type spatial clusters (reduction between 34.00 and 90.00%) were formed in the five regions of Brazil (Moran’s I = 0.055; p = 0.01). Conclusion A reduction in the number of MMR vaccine doses was evidenced as a possible effect by the restrictive actions of COVID-19 in Brazil.

scholarly journals Number of Doses of Measles-Mumps-Rubeola Vaccine Applied in Brazil Before and During The COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tércia Moreira Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá ◽  
Ed Wilson Rodrigues Vieira ◽  
Elton Junio Sady Prates ◽  
Mark Anthony Beinner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Spatial Clusters ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
High Type ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Due to the social isolation measures adopted in an attempt to mitigate the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, there has been a reduction in vaccination coverage of children and adolescents in several countries and regions of the world. Objective Analyze the number of doses of vaccine against Measles-Mumps-Rubeola (MMR) applied before and after the beginning of mitigation measures due to COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Methods Ecological study, with data from the National Immunization Program. The Mann-Whitney test evaluated differences between the median number of MMR vaccine doses applied in Brazilian regions, states and municipalities during April/2019 to March/2020 (before the beginning of mitigation measures) and April/2020 to September/2020 (after the start of mitigation measures). Spatial analysis identified clusters with a high percentage of reduction in the median of applied doses, and interpreted according to the Global Moran’s Index (I). All analyzes considered the significance level of 5%. Results There was a reduction in the median of doses applied in the Regions: North (-33.03%), Northeast (-43.49%) and South (-39.01%). In States: Acre (-48.46%), Amazonas (-28.96%), Roraima (-61.91%), Paraíba (-41.58%), Sergipe (-47.52%), Rio de Janeiro (-59.31%) and Santa Catarina (-49.32) (p < 0.05). High-high type spatial clusters (reduction between 34.00 to 90.00%) were formed in the five regions of Brazil (Moran’s I = 0.055; p = 0.01). Conclusion A reduction in the number of MMR vaccine doses was evidenced as a possible effect by the restrictive actions of COVID-19 in Brazil.

scholarly journals Peter Chew Formular for calculate Covid-19 Vaccine efficiency

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter chew
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
New England ◽  
Target Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Worker ◽  
The Public ◽  
1 Peter ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) said the situation in India was a "devastating reminder" of what the coronavirus could do. India shifts from mass vaccine exporter to importer, worrying the world. Every country needs to vaccinate its citizens faster, vaccination can reduce viral load. This results in vaccination that can reduce transmission, preventing serious illness and death'. Therefore, Countries with higher levels of vaccination can prevent them from becoming "Second India".Preprint study, Vaccination Education App (1). [Peter Chew, 2021] shows that most people do not take the covid-19 vaccine because they question the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine. Therefore, it is important to create a simple formula for calculate the efficiency of the covid-19 vaccine. The purpose of creating this calculation formula is to allow the public to calculate the efficiency of the covid-19 vaccine by themselves, so that they can understand the effectiveness of the vaccine and decide to take the vaccine. This helps to get a high response to COVID vaccinationMethods: Use the Data publish at The New England JOURNAL of MEDICINE, Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine [Fernando P. Polack et all , 2020]. Calculate of Pfizer BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine efficiency by using normal formular and Peter Chew Formular , show that the same result are obtain, which is 95.0599 %. In addition, By using public news information, the public can use the Peter Chew formula to easily calculate Covid-19 vaccine efficacy. This is to ensure public can do the calculation themselves. A calculation of relative risk is also provided to provide more information to persuade the public to take the vaccine.Results: The efficiency of Pfizer BioNTech's COVID-19 vaccine for Malaysian medical worker calculated by using the Peter Chew formula is 95.0599 %. In addition, the calculation of Peter Chew's formula also shows that before the vaccination, about 12 medical staff were infected every day, but after the full vaccination, only about one medical worker was infected every two days. The calculation of relative risk can also make it easier for the public to know that people who are not vaccinated with Pfizer BioNTech's COVID-19 vaccine are 22 times more likely to be infected than people who are fully vaccinated. The above results can convince those who easily question the effectiveness of vaccination.Conclusions: Peter Chew Formular easy to calculate, and the data required for the Peter Chew Formular calculation easy to obtain from public news. This is to ensure that the public can calculate the efficacy of the vaccine by themselves. The information on the calculation can let public compare the average target group get infected every day before and after fully vaccination is also an advantage to let public know the effectiveness of vaccination. One of the advantage of Peter Chew formulator is that we can assume a high target population of vaccination with k = 100, such as the medical worker group When k = 100, the Peter Chew formular calculation becomes very simple. The Proof of Peter Chew Formular must also be shown.

scholarly journals Mathematical Modelling the Impact Evaluation of Lockdown on Infection Dynamics of COVID-19 in Italy.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniyar Yergesh ◽  
Shirali Kadyrov ◽  
Hayot Saydaliev ◽  
Alibek Orynbassar
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Small Wave ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second Wave

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2), the cause of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), within months of emergence from Wuhan, China, has rapidly spread, exacting a devastating human toll across around the world reaching the pandemic stage at the the beginning of March 2020. Thus, COVID-19s daily increasing cases and deaths have led to worldwide lockdown, quarantine and some restrictions. Covid-19 epidemic in Italy started as a small wave of 2 infected cases on January 31. It was followed by a bigger wave mainly from local transmissions reported in 6387 cases on March 8. It caused the government to impose a lockdown on 8 March to the whole country as a way to suppress the pandemic. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the lockdown and awareness dynamics on infection in Italy over the period of January 31 to July 17 and how the impact varies across different lockdown scenarios in both periods before and after implementation of the lockdown policy. The findings SEIR reveal that implementation lockdown has minimised the social distancing flattening the curve. The infections associated with COVID-19 decreases with quarantine initially then easing lockdown will not cause further increasing transmission until a certain period which is explained by public high awareness. Completely removing lockdown may lead to sharp transmission second wave. Policy implementation and limitation of the study were evaluated at the end of the paper. Keywords COVID-19 - Lockdown - Epidemic model - SEIR - Awareness - Dynamical systems.

scholarly journals Cooperative Societies and Sustainability: A Spatial Analysis of Andalusia as a Tool for Implementing Territorial Development Policies, Strategies and Initiatives

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 609
Author(s):  
María del Carmen Pérez-González ◽  
Lidia Valiente-Palma
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
Sustainable Society ◽  
Spatial Clusters ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
The Social ◽  
Development Policies

Local development strategies, policies and initiatives that contribute to sustainable development are gaining increasing prominence. Cooperative societies—the most relevant organisations within the social economy—are widely present in Andalusia and play a key role in boosting sustainable development through their principles and values. On this basis, the article aims to determine whether certain areas in Andalusia are more predisposed to the presence of these enterprises and are more sustainable as a result. The methods used include an adapted shift-share analysis and application of local Moran’s I to obtain spatial clusters allowing the areas most favourable to the presence of this type of organisation to be identified. Therefore, one of the main contributions of the study is that it provides a tool for the application of local development policies, strategies and initiatives involving cooperatives in pursuit of a more sustainable society.

scholarly journals Optimising COVID-19 Vaccination Policy to Mitigate SARS-CoV-2 Transmission within Schools in Zimbabwe

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1481
Author(s):  
Grant Murewanhema ◽  
Solomon Mukwenha ◽  
Tafadzwa Dzinamarira ◽  
Zindoga Mukandavire ◽  
Diego Cuadros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
School Settings ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the learning of millions of children across the world. Since March 2020 when the first cases of COVID-19 were reported in Zimbabwe, the country, like many others, has gone through periods of closing and re-opening of schools as part of the national COVID-19 control and mitigation measures. Schools promote the social, mental, physical, and moral development of children. With this viewpoint, the authors argue that schools should not be closed to provide a measured and efficient response to the threats posed by the COVID-19 epidemic. Rather, infection prevention and control strategies, including vaccination of learners and teachers, and surveillance in schools should be heightened. The use of multiple prevention strategies discussed in this viewpoint has shown that when outbreaks in school settings are adequately managed, the transmission usually is low. The information presented here suggests that schools should remain open due to the preponderance of evidence indicating the overriding positive impacts of this policy on the health, development, and wellbeing of children.

scholarly journals KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF MOTHERS TOWARDS MEASLES AND MEASLES, MUMPS AND RUBELLA (MMR) VACCINE IN IDI- ABA COMMUNITY ABEOKUTA, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-148
Author(s):  
O. M. Oluseye ◽  
N. A. Jimoh ◽  
C. A. Ogunleye
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Rubella Vaccine ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
The World ◽  
High Knowledge ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Multistage Sampling ◽  
Good Attitude

Measles has remained endemic in some part of the world where the vaccine is not easily accessible. Although vaccine is available in some parts of the world, with routine immunization services and campaigns, many children are yet to be vaccinated. Hence, this study assessed the knowledge and attitude towards measles and Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccine (MMR) among mothers in Idi-aba community. This was a descriptive research design using multistage sampling technique to choose participants for the study. A self-constructed questionnaire was used to collect information from participants. After the distribution and collection of the questionnaires, data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that 93.2% (386) and 65.9% (273) participants indicated that they knew what measles and MMR vaccines are respectively. However, overall analysis revealed that only 165 (39%) participants had high knowledge of measles and MMR vaccine while 303 (74%) had good attitude towards measles and MMR vaccine. This study showed that there are some knowledge gaps.  Factors significantly associated with high percentage of mothers having good attitude are occupation (????2=20, P=0.000), income (????2=5.9, P=0.009) and parity (????2=23, P=0.000). In conclusion, this result implies that in order to sustain the good attitude displayed by the mothers, there is need for strategic intensive health educational programs for the mothers of the community.

scholarly journals Deepa Narayan (ed.). Measuring Empowerment: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives. Washington, D.C.: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, 2005. Pages xx+475. Paperback. Price not given.

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-301
Author(s):  
Faheem Jehangir Khan
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Not Given ◽  
International Bank ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The Social ◽  
Development Effectiveness ◽  
The World

‘Empowerment’ has different meanings in different sociocultural and political contexts, and does not translate easily into all languages. Choosing indicators for measuring empowerment, therefore, depends on the social, economic, political, and cultural environment of the target population, and this multi-dimensional nature of empowerment complicates issues of measurement. This book brings forth the different indicators of empowerment in a cross-disciplinary perspective, underlining the challenge of evaluating empowerment and its contribution to development effectiveness and outcome.

scholarly journals Features of the formation of the Celtic version of Christianity in Ireland in the V - at the beginning of VI century

2008 ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
V.R. Buchovskyi
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
The Social ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Contemporary Life ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

Throughout Christianity, its activities are in one way or another connected to the historical reality of its time. Usually, for different epochs, the strength of these bonds was different, but during the Middle Ages, they were significantly stronger than before and after. It is here that perhaps the most important moment was the rise of Christianity, which spread over a relatively short period of time almost throughout Europe. It was then - and never again in all its history - that the Church was able to participate in the formation of all aspects of its contemporary life (including the social), in accordance with its spirit. When solving this task, it inevitably came in close contact with the "world" and the various forms in which it was represented (ie with culture, state, etc.).

scholarly journals Domesday Book and the transformation of English landed society, 1066–86

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 343-403
Author(s):  
Stephen Baxter ◽  
C. P. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Domesday Book ◽  
Social Distribution ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThis article presents the first fruits of a long-term project which aims to identify all the landholders named in Domesday Book, and to build up a picture of English landed society before and after the Norman conquest. The first part describes the project's methods and illustrates them with a selection of short profiles of individuals whose careers add distinctive colour to the emerging picture. The second offers firstly an analysis of the social distribution of landed wealth in England in 1066 and 1086, quantifying the numbers of landholders in different groups defined by the amount of the land assigned to them in Domesday. We then turn to a spatial analysis of landed society, using maps to illustrate the geographical distribution of landholding. In doing so, we offer fresh perspectives on the transformation of English landed society in the aftermath of conquest.

scholarly journals Colonization of the world economy in the light of Testaments and the ideology of Muhammad (P.B.U.H)

rahatulquloob ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2(2)) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mash'hood Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Social World ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
New Codes ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Substantial Degree

The purpose of this treatise is the study of globalization in pertinence with trade and Commerce, its roots and linkage with different countries in the modern age, and the critical observations, assessments and analysis made on it, in the light of testaments and the ideology of Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), relevant philosophies, moreover, this write up meant to bring into in the lime light and discussions how the thought and approach of the societies and the communities that had religious-centric approach for seeking solutions to their social & economical problems, was completely altered or at least impaired to a substantial degree. Modernization transformed the whole world, meanings of distances and relations were changed, and lifestyles of common peoples were given new shapes, business or working timings, as well as currencies were given totally different outfits, priorities and preferences got new specifications, and dimensions, subsequently new codes of customs and behaviors were devised. In the wake of modernization world witnessed a rampant revolution. The shift in priorities and preferences from religiouscentric to materialism, as well as acquisitiveness affected the overall moral, ethical and principled values, resultantly, inter-human relations and the social world was dressed with new kind of attires. This paper will be an attempt for helping us reaching and comprehending the vision and mindset, instrumental in selling the “slogan of globalization” and its impacts, cap-a-pie, on the society around the world in economic and religious respects before and after its application.

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