Effect of school-based educational water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention on student’s knowledge in a resource-limited setting

Abstract Background Globally, diarrhea is one of the major causes of under-5 mortality. India accounts for the highest number of childhood deaths from diarrhea globally. Therefore, facilitating the implementation of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-related interventions in schools and communities is crucial. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of a school-based educational WASH intervention in improving students’ knowledge on prevention and management of diarrhea in Ujjain district, India. Methods The present pre–post intervention study with a two-stage (schools and classrooms) cluster sampling was conducted on 1,781 students studying in grades: 8th–12th; age: 14–19 years) in schools located in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India. The intervention comprised an educational training session using a WASH training module. The means of pre- and post-intervention scores were compared using repeated measure analysis of variance. A multivariate quantile regression model was used to test the correlation between the change in score after intervention and the independent variables. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The proportions of students possessing knowledge on the treatment of diarrhea, use of zinc tablets during an episode of diarrhea, and the symptoms and signs of severe pediatric diarrhea were 28%, 27%, and 27%, respectively, before intervention. These proportions increased (P<0.001) after the educational intervention to 72%, 73%, and 74%, respectively. The mean post-intervention knowledge score (34.13) was higher than the mean pre-intervention score (15.17) (F = 16513.36, P< 0.001). Age was associated with the knowledge score at the 25th and higher quantile (q). Gender exhibited a greater effect at q10th. School location was positively associated at q25th and higher. School type was strongly associated at low quantiles (q10th and q25th). School medium exhibited a greater association at low quantiles (≤q25th). Conclusion WASH- and diarrhea-related knowledge among higher secondary school students increased after the educational intervention. Further research is required to evaluate the sociodemographic characteristics associated with change in the knowledge score to better evaluate school-based educational WASH interventions and improve the management and prevention of diarrhea.

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Effect of School-Based Educational Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Intervention on Students’ Knowledge in a Resource-Constrained Setting

10.21203/rs.3.rs-122523/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ommy Mushota ◽

Aditya Mathur ◽

Ashish Pathak

Keyword(s):

Educational Intervention ◽

Training Session ◽

Knowledge Score ◽

Repeated Measure ◽

School Type ◽

Post Intervention ◽

School Based ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene ◽

The Mean ◽

Multivariate Quantile

Abstract BackgroundGlobally, diarrhea is one of the major causes of under-5 mortality. India accounts for the highest number of childhood deaths globally. Therefore, facilitating the implementation of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-related interventions for adolescents in schools and communities is crucial. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of a school-based educational WASH intervention in improving students’ knowledge on prevention and management of diarrhea in Ujjain district, India.MethodsThe present pre–post intervention study with a two-stage (schools and classrooms) cluster sampling was conducted on 1781 students studying in 8th to 12th grades in schools located in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India. The intervention comprised an educational training session by using a WASH training module. The means of pre- and post-intervention scores were compared using repeated measure analysis of variance. A multivariate quantile regression model was used to test the correlation between the change in score after intervention and the independent variables. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe proportions of students possessing knowledge on the treatment of diarrhea, use of zinc tablets during an episode of diarrhea, and the symptoms and signs of severe pediatric diarrhea were 28%, 27%, and 27%, respectively, before intervention. These proportions increased significantly (P < 0.001) after the educational intervention to 72%, 73%, and 74%, respectively. The mean post-intervention knowledge score (34.13) was significantly higher than the mean pre-intervention score (15.17) (F = 16513.36, P < 0.001). Age was significantly associated with the knowledge score at the 25th and higher quantile (q). Gender exhibited a greater effect at q10th. School location was positively associated at q25th and higher. School type was strongly associated at low quantiles (q10th and q25th). School medium exhibited a greater association at low quantiles (≤q25th).ConclusionWASH- and diarrhea-related knowledge among higher secondary school students increased after the educational intervention. Further research is required to evaluate the social demographic characteristics associated with change in the knowledge score to better evaluate school-based educational WASH interventions and improve the management and prevention of diarrhea.

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Gamification, a Successful Method to Foster Leptospirosis Knowledge among University Students: A Pilot Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16122108 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. 2108 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nurul Natasya Azhari ◽

Rosliza Abdul Manaf ◽

Shing Wei Ng ◽

Siti Farhana Bajunid Shakeeb Arsalaan Bajunid ◽

Abdul Rahman Mohd Gobil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Educational Intervention ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Knowledge Score ◽

Educational Interventions ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Total Knowledge Score ◽

Before And After ◽

High Risk Populations ◽

The Mean

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that has been reported in Malaysia and has been associated with a recent trend of recreational activities among the youth. Thus, efforts such as educational interventions among high-risk populations, especially the youth, are key to increasing public awareness regarding leptospirosis. This paper presents the findings of a pilot study wherein an educational intervention using a gamification intervention method was used to determine changes in leptospirosis knowledge among youth. On this note, students from a public university in Seremban district, Malaysia, were recruited and were asked to complete questionnaires before and after gamification activities. Baseline and immediate post-intervention data on leptospirosis knowledge were obtained. The total knowledge score was calculated, and differences in the mean pre- and post-intervention knowledge score were determined. Of the total 185 questionnaires that were completed at baseline and immediately post-intervention, only 168 that belonged to respondents who had heard of leptospirosis were analysed in this paper. A significant increase in leptospirosis knowledge was observed for the students following health education by gamification (p < 0.01). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of an educational intervention using gamification in improving leptospirosis knowledge among youth and suggest that gamification could become an efficient tool to prevent the disease within university-age demographics.

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A Peer-Based Educational Intervention Effects on SARS-CoV-2 Knowledge and Attitudes among Polish High-School Students

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182212183 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (22) ◽

pp. 12183

Author(s):

Maria Ganczak ◽

Oskar Pasek ◽

Łukasz Duda-Duma ◽

Julia Komorzycka ◽

Karol Nowak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Educational Intervention ◽

Knowledge Score ◽

Control Measures ◽

School Students ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Knowledge And Attitudes ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Serious Disease

To support high school students to develop knowledge they need to adhere to control measures during the pandemic, a peer-based educational intervention on SARS-CoV-2 was developed and its impact was evaluated. Multistage random sampling was used. The 50 min peer-based intervention was conducted by final year medical students. Baseline and post-intervention knowledge and attitudes were assessed. Significance was tested by McNemar’s/Wilcoxon rank tests. Of 518 participants (mean age 17.8 years ± 0.43), 81.0% did not receive any school-based education on SARS-CoV-2. After intervention, the knowledge score improved from 65.2% to 81.6%, attitudes from 63.2% to 70.8% (both p < 0.0001). The effect size after the intervention compared to pre-intervention showed moderate improvement of knowledge, but not attitudes (d = 0.46 and d = 0.18, respectively). Pre- and post-intervention, females, students in non-science programs, living in cities < 250,000 inhabitants had lower knowledge, while fewer males, non-science program students, living in smaller cities presented positive attitudes. Before intervention, 67.0% students correctly named SARS-CoV-2 preventive methods and 73.6% were concerned COVID-19 is a serious disease; these improved after intervention (to 80.1% and 86.3%; p < 0.0001). The intervention was not very successful in increasing the intent to vaccinate for COVID-19 (pre-intervention 52.9%, post-intervention 56.4%; p < 0.007). Peer-based teaching for high school students can be effective in increasing SARS-CoV-2 knowledge and awareness. More efforts are needed to improve attitudes and enhance acceptance of vaccination against COVID-19.

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Impact of brief educational intervention on knowledge of cancer among community pharmacists

Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice ◽

10.1177/10781552211041977 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 107815522110419

Author(s):

Kofi Boamah Mensah ◽

Adwoa Bemah Boamah Mensah ◽

Ebenezer Wiafe ◽

Neelaveni Padayachee ◽

Abena Yeboah Aduse Poku ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Educational Intervention ◽

Community Pharmacists ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Knowledge Score ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Maximum Score ◽

Total Knowledge Score ◽

Cancer Screening Tests ◽

The Mean ◽

Knowledge Of Cancer

Introduction Community pharmacists may play a vital role in early detection and prevention of cancer. Findings from our pre-assessment studies showed that the Ghanaian community have inadequate knowledge of cancer. We assessed the impact of a brief educational intervention on knowledge level of cancer among Ghanaian community pharmacists. Method The study was a descriptive interventional study. Knowledge of cancer, signs and symptoms, risk factors and cancer screening tests were assessed before in a pre-assessment study and after a brief online education in our current study. A total of 435 community pharmacists were recruited in both studies. Results The mean ± SD total knowledge score of cancer increased from 9.03 ± 2.65 to 12.97 ± 1.43 out of a maximum score of 15 points. The mean ± SD total knowledge score of signs and symptoms of cancer increased from 4.15 ± 2.14 to 6.86 ± 0.76 out of a maximum score of 7 points. For the total knowledge score of causes and risk factors of cancer, the mean ± SD score increased from 8.13 ± 3.31 to 11.59 ± 0.87 out of a maximum score of 12 points. Lastly, the mean ± SD total knowledge score of cancer screening tests increased from 9.04 ± 5.01 to 16.39 ± 0.86 out of a maximum score of 18 points. Conclusion There were overall statistically significant improvements of participants knowledge in all aspects of cancer in this study compared to the pre-assessment study. Our study presents evidence of the effectiveness of a brief educational intervention tailor-made for Ghanaian community pharmacists.

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Self-medication among Alexandria University students and effect of an educational intervention on their self-medication knowledge, attitudes and practices

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20201056 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 1205

Author(s):

Sara A. Hanafy ◽

Zahira M. Gad ◽

Mohamed D. El Bourgy ◽

Iman H. Wahdan

Keyword(s):

University Students ◽

Educational Intervention ◽

Intervention Program ◽

Knowledge Score ◽

Drug Misuse ◽

Health Concern ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Self Medication ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Attitudes And Practices

Background: Self-medication (SM) among university students is a growing prevalent public health concern worldwide. It is highly prevalent in developing countries. SM leads to serious consequences such as drug misuse/abuse and adverse drug reactions. The study aims to determine the prevalence of SM among university students in Alexandria, Egypt and to assess the effect of an educational intervention on their SM knowledge, attitudes and self-reported practices (KAP).Methods: The study was conducted among 400 students using a cross sectional approach followed by one group pre/post-test intervention approach. Data were collected using an interviewing questionnaire. A health education program was designed and implemented among students then KAP were reassessed using the same questionnaire.Results: The prevalence of SM was estimated to be 79.5% among Alexandria University students. About one quarter (24.5%) of students had poor level of knowledge about SM and 47.5% had positive attitude towards SM. Logistic regression analysis revealed that father's occupation as clerical, family member working as healthcare professional, medication sharing practice, and total SM knowledge score were the significant independent factors that affected SM. There were significant differences between pre and post intervention KAP scores.Conclusions: The prevalence of SM is high among university students. There is a significant effect of the intervention program on KAP about SM.

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Effect of health education on knowledge and attitude of menopause among middle-age teachers

BMC Women s Health ◽

10.1186/s12905-020-01095-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Helen Gebretatyos ◽

Lidia Ghirmai ◽

Soliana Amanuel ◽

Ghidey Gebreyohannes ◽

Zemenfes Tsighe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Education ◽

Educational Intervention ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Post Hoc Analysis ◽

Time Points ◽

The Mean ◽

Knowledge And Attitude ◽

Post Hoc

Abstract Background Adequate knowledge and positive attitude toward menopause are important for women to tackle changes related to menopause. Even though all women experience menopause at some stage in their life, teachers face more difficulties more than other female employees due to the nature of their roles do. In Eritrea, menopause has been given little attention hence gaps exist concerning women’s knowledge, attitude, and the effects of health education on the same subject. This study aimed at assessing the effect of health education on knowledge and attitude of menopause among middle-aged teachers in elementary, junior, and secondary schools of Asmara, Eritrea. Method A semi-experimental design with pre-intervention, immediate post-intervention, and three-month follow up test was used in this study. The data was collected from 99 middle age teachers using stratified random sampling. The intervention was done using lectures, group discussions, brochures, and handouts. Data on socio-demographics, knowledge, and attitude was collected using a pre-designed questionnaire. The effect of educational training at the three-time points was evaluated by repeated measure ANOVA using SPSS version 22. Results The mean scores of correct knowledge at pre-intervention, immediate post-intervention, and 3-months follow-up were 12.3/22 (SD = 3.06), 17.3/22 (SD = 3.21), and 16.5/22 (SD = 2.52) respectively. A significant difference in scores of knowledge at the three-time points was observed due to the educational intervention with a statistical significance of (p < 0.0001). Post-hoc analysis revealed that knowledge score immediately after intervention was significantly greater than that of pre-intervention (p < 0.0001), and 3-months follow-up (p = 0.004). The mean scores of attitude at the three-time points were 27.9/45 (SD = 5.14), 28.3/45(SD = 5.25), 28.32/45(SD = 5.12). The educational intervention had brought a change in the mean scores of attitude at the three-time point with a statistical significance of (p < 0.0001). Post-hoc analysis revealed that attitude scores at immediate post-intervention were also significant (p = 0.001) with the 3-months follow up at (p < 0.0001) were higher than that of pre-intervention. Conclusion The structured educational intervention was beneficial to the studied women in intensifying their knowledge and tuning them toward a positive attitude. Hence, proper health education programs regarding menopause are strongly recommended.

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Screening and Diagnosis of Malnutrition in a Hospital Care Setting Prior and After Multidisciplinary Educational Intervention

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa059_048 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1331-1331

Author(s):

Lama Mattar ◽

Dayana Al Chaar ◽

Cosette Fakih El Khoury

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Educational Intervention ◽

Severity Of Illness ◽

Repeated Measure ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Nrs 2002 ◽

Screening And Diagnosis

Abstract Objectives To compare initial malnutrition screening performed by nursing staff to that of the dietitians’, pre and post educational intervention To determine the knowledge and practice, of nurses regarding malnutrition Methods The study is a quasi-experimental design which included pre and post interventional malnutrition screening and diagnosis, and three multidisciplinary educational interventions, accompanied with pre and post knowledge assessments, for nurses, physicians and pharmacists. Admitted patients were screened for malnutrition using the NRS-2002 or MNA. Patients at risk of malnutrition or malnourished at screening were diagnosis for the latter using ASPEN, ESPEN and GLIM malnutrition diagnostic tools. Nutrition focused physicals examination, functional status and body composition analysis were also conducted. The nurses’ initial screenings of malnutrition (NRS-2002) was recorded for comparison with the dietitians’ screenings. Results A total of 269 patients were screened prior to the intervention out of which 37 (13.75%) were either at risk of malnutrition or malnourished. Post intervention, 311 patients were screened and 84 (27.01%) were either at risk or malnourished. Hundred and one registered nurses attended the educational session, and a repeated measure ANOVA showed that the nurses’ knowledge significantly improved (P < 0.001) but not practice. A significant difference within (pre and post intervention) and between groups (dietitians versus nurses), was detected in the sections related to BMI and weight loss in the NRS initial screening (P < 0.001). Also a significant difference (P < 0.001) in the reported food intake was revealed between the dietitians and nurses. Reporting severity of illness showed a significant difference (P < 0.001) pre but not post intervention. Conclusions The knowledge of the nurses regarding malnutrition screening improved right after the educational intervention. Despite a significant difference between the dietitians’ screening and that of the nurses’ in some parts of the NRS-2002, the latter didn't change post educational intervention except for the “severity of illness” assessment. Funding Sources None.

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The Effects of a Nutrition Education Intervention on Sports Nutrition Knowledge during a Competitive Season in Highly Trained Adolescent Swimmers

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13082713 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 2713

Author(s):

Weelun Foo ◽

Mark A. Faghy ◽

Andy Sparks ◽

Josh W. Newbury ◽

Lewis A. Gough

Keyword(s):

Nutrition Education ◽

Knowledge Score ◽

Nutrition Knowledge ◽

Sports Nutrition ◽

Education Intervention ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Competitive Swimming ◽

Individual Basis ◽

Competitive Season ◽

The Mean

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a seven-week nutrition education intervention on the sports nutrition knowledge (SNK) of highly trained UK adolescent swimmers. Fifteen national and international adolescent swimmers (males = 5; females = 10, 15.5 ± 1.1 years, 170.2 ± 7.5 cm, 60.3 ± 5.7 kg) participated in the study during seven consecutive weeks of the competitive swimming season. The participants received 30 min of nutrition education once per week in a classroom-based setting after they had completed their regular swim training. An undergraduate sports nutrition student delivered all nutrition education sessions and SNK questionnaires were administered to the participants pre- and post-intervention. The mean total SNK score improved by 8.3% (SD = 8.4%, 95% CI = 4.1–12.6; p = 0.006; ES = 1.0) following the nutrition education sessions. On an individual basis, ten swimmers significantly improved their total SNK score, whereas four swimmers did not improve, and one swimmer performed significantly worse after the intervention. Moreover, the swimmers’ knowledge of hydration improved by 22.2% (SD = 20.6%, 95% CI = 11.8–32.6, p = 0.004, ES = 1.1) over the seven-week timeframe, which was the only nutrition topic to have a significantly increased knowledge score. The current study therefore suggests that a nutrition education intervention can positively influence the SNK of highly trained adolescent swimmers.

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Efficacy of tele-rehabilitation compared with office-based physical therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized clinical trial

Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare ◽

10.1177/1357633x17723368 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (8) ◽

pp. 560-565 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Kamran Azma ◽

Zahra RezaSoltani ◽

Farid Rezaeimoghaddam ◽

Afsaneh Dadarkhah ◽

Sarasadat Mohsenolhosseini

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Physical Therapy ◽

Knee Osteoarthritis ◽

Randomized Clinical Trial ◽

Age Groups ◽

Repeated Measure ◽

Osteoarthritis Of The Knee ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

Introduction Knee osteoarthritis is a major cause of disability among the middle to senior age groups. Despite being effective, office-based physical therapy (OBPT) needs professional human resources and is both costly and time-consuming. We aimed to compare the efficacy of tele-rehabilitation (tele-rehab) compared with OBPT in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methods In this randomized clinical trial, patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee were assigned to participate in either a 6-week home-based tele-rehab or an OBPT program between 2015 and 2016. Our primary outcome was the mean change from the baseline until 1 and 6 month's post-intervention in scores of the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). We used analysis of variance for the repeated measure statistical test. Results A total of 54 patients entered the final analysis, with 27 in each group. The mean age of the patients was 58.2 ± 7.41 years and 60.2% were female. In the tele-rehab and OBPT group, KOOS scores increased from baseline to 6 months post-intervention (50.6 to 83.1 and 49.8 to 81.8) respectively. There was no significant difference between tele-rehab and OBPT groups in any of the studied scales. Discussion The tele-rehab program is as effective as OBPT in improving the function of patients with knee osteoarthritis. Considering the much lower time and cost consumed by tele-rehab, it is the recommended program for the older population living in remote sites.

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Abstract P108: Cardiovascular Health Awareness and the Effect of an Educational Intervention on School-aged Children in Calcutta, India

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.141.suppl_1.p108 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Madhab Ray ◽

Santanu Guha ◽

Bipasha Ray ◽

Sayan Basu ◽

Meghna Ray ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Educational Intervention ◽

Test Score ◽

School Health ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Multiple Choice Questions ◽

Health Awareness ◽

School Aged Children ◽

School Based ◽

The Mean

Background: India is going through a major economic and epidemiological transition. With the adoption of a Western lifestyle, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as the leading cause of death. India is currently the second most populous country with a population of 1.3 billion and two-thirds of this population are less than 35 years of age. As a result, India is facing major challenges in dealing with CVD. Purpose: This study was conducted to assess the level of health awareness of CVD in school-aged children (10 to 16 years) and to evaluate the effect of a brief educational intervention in enhancing the level of awareness with a goal of developing a school-based health education program. Methods: A school-based survey was conducted in Calcutta, India in August, 2018. This involved a pre-evaluation of CVD health awareness, a short presentation on CVD, and a post-evaluation of CVD health awareness. Results: The survey involved 2,564 students from 18 schools (11 girls’, 5 boys’, 2 coeducation). The mean age of participating students was 14.6 years, 72% were girls, 55% of the students were in the 9th grade, 38% were from 10 th grade, and the rest were from a combination of 8 th ,11 th, and 12 th grades. After assessing students’ awareness in six domains with 20 multiple-choice questions, the mean pre-test score was 46.5 (SD ± 13.3) with a maximum score of 100, and the mean post-test score was 53.6 (SD ± 20.6) ( p < 0.001). Conclusions: Awareness of CVD and its risk factors was inadequate among school-aged children in Calcutta. A school-based educational program may promote awareness of CVD and adoption of healthy lifestyle practices. The results of this study may help formulate a nationwide school health program to ameliorate the morbidity and mortality of CVD in India where it has emerged as a modern epidemic.

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