scholarly journals Analysis of oral microbial dysbiosis associated with early childhood caries

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zheng ◽  
Tengfei Xie ◽  
Shaokai Li ◽  
Xiaotong Qiao ◽  
Youguang Lu ◽  
...  

Abstract Background "Core microbes" play a key role in the development of caries and lead to microbial disorders. Our goal was to detect the core microbes associated with the microbiota imbalance in early childhood caries (ECC). Methods Fifteen caries-free children and fifteen high-caries (DMFT ≥ 10) children aged 4–6 years old were recruited according to the diagnostic criteria of caries suggested by the WHO. The 16S rRNA genes from samples of plaque in saliva were amplified by PCR, and the PCR products were sequenced by the Illumina Miseq platform. The sequencing results were analyzed by professional software to determine the composition and structure of the saliva microorganisms. Results There were statistically significant differences between the groups regarding the relative abundance of Streptococcus mutans (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the groups regarding other species or functional genes. Conclusion S. mutans, together with other pathogens, may play a prominent role and act as "core microbes" in the occurrence and development of early childhood caries.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zheng ◽  
Teng-Fei Xie ◽  
Shao-Kai Li ◽  
Xiao-Tong Qiao ◽  
Yan Feng ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: "Core microbes" play a key role in the development of caries and lead to microflora disorders. Our goal was to detect the core microbes associated with the microbial flora imbalance in early childhood caries (ECC). Methods: Fifteen caries-free children and fifteen high-caries (DMFT≥10) children aged 4-6 years old were recruited according to the diagnostic criteria of caries suggested by the WHO. The 16S rRNA genes from plaque samples loaded in saliva were amplified by PCR, and the PCR products were sequenced by the Illumina Miseq platform. The sequencing results were analyzed by professional software to determine the composition and structure of the saliva microorganisms.Results: There were statistically significant differences between the groups regarding the relative abundance of S. mutans (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, P<0.05). No significant difference was found between the groups regarding other species or functional genes. Conclusion: Neither unique microbes leading to early caries in deciduous teeth nor characteristics of a microbial community with a disordered structure were found. Some microorganisms related to dental caries in young children were found, but whether these microbes were truly related or were false positives requires further verification.


2021 ◽  
Vol 162 (22) ◽  
pp. 861-869
Author(s):  
Andrea Radácsi ◽  
Tímea Dergez ◽  
Laura Csabai ◽  
Nóra Stáczer ◽  
Krisztián Katona ◽  
...  

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés és célkitűzés: A 3 év alatti korcsoportban a súlyos kisgyermekkori fogszuvasodás (S-ECC) gyakoriságának vizsgálata és a kisgyermekes szülők szájegészséggel kapcsolatos ismereteinek felmérése. Módszer: Háromszázhatvankét, 36 hónapos vagy annál fiatalabb gyermek (átlagéletkor: 28,49 ± 5,25 hónap) fogászati szűrővizsgálatát végeztük el, és szüleik számára önkéntesen kitölthető kérdőívet állítottunk össze. A 306 kitöltött kérdőív eredményét a gyermekek fogászati statusával egyénenként összevetve statisztikai analízist végeztünk. Eredmények: A gyermekek fogászati szűrésekor 15,46% volt a cariesprevalencia: df-t-index = 0,685 ± 2,20; az általunk javasolt, az előtört fogak számával módosított df-t-index = 0,758 ± 2,42, SiC-index = 2,06 ± 3,33. A vizsgált populációban nem találtunk tömött vagy fogszuvasodás miatt eltávolított fogat. A korábban szájhigiénés tájékoztatásban részesült/nem részesült szülők gyermekeinél nem volt szignifikáns különbség a szuvas fogak számának (p = 0,196), a fogyasztott folyadék cukortartalmának (81,5%/71,5%) és a bevitel módjának (p = 0,453) tekintetében. A gyermeküket 6 hónapos korukig kizárólagosan anyatejjel tápláló édesanyák nagyobb eséllyel választották a vízzel történő itatást (75%/52%) pohárból (68,1%/28,8%) a későbbiekben. Az édesanya legmagasabb iskolai végzettsége kulcsszerepet játszik mind az anyatejes táplálás melletti elhivatottságban (felsőfok: 53,4%, középfok: 34,2%, alapfok: 37,5%), mind a cariesfrekvencia csökkentésében (p = 0,015). Következtetés: A szülői szájhigiénés prevenciós tájékoztatás jelenleg nem hatékony. Eredményeink alapján a fogászati szűrést 1 éves kor előtt meg kell kezdeni, amely a hatékony, rendszeres fogászati prevenciós tanácsadás lehetőségét is megteremtené. Szükségesnek látjuk a védőnők és a gyermekháziorvosok folyamatos továbbképzésében a kisgyermekkori fogszuvasodás alapismereteinek integrációját. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(22): 861–869. Summary. Introduction and objective: To investigate the frequency of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) under 3 years of age and to assess the oral health related knowledge of parents/guardians with preschool children. Method: 362 children younger than 36 months (mean age: 28.49 ± 5.25 months) were screened and a voluntary questionnaire for their parents was compiled. Statistical analysis was carried out comparing the results of the 306 completed questionnaires with the dental status of the screened children. Results: Caries prevalence in the examined population was 15.46%, df-t index = 0.685 ± 2.20, our suggested modified df-t index based on the number of erupted teeth = 0.758 ± 2.42, SiC-index = 2.06 ± 3.33. No filled or extracted tooth due to caries was found in the study group. There was no significant difference in the number of carious teeth (p = 0.196), consumption of sugar-containing drinks (81.5%/71.5%) and administration of drinks (p = 0.453) in the case of children whose parents had previously received/not received oral hygiene information. Mothers who exclusively breastfed until the age of 6 months were more likely to choose to offer water (75%/52%) from cup (68.1%/28.8%) later. The mother’s highest level of education plays a key role in both the commitment to breastfeeding (tertiary: 53.4%, secondary: 34.2%, primary: 37.5%) and in reducing the incidence of caries (p = 0.015). Conclusion: Parental oral hygiene preventive instruction is currently ineffective. Based on our results, dental screening should be started before the age of 1 year, that would also provide an opportunity of effective, regular dental prevention counseling. There is a need for the integration of the basics of early childhood caries in the continuous professional training of district nurses and pediatricians. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(22): 861–869.


Author(s):  
Dhanalakshmi Ravikumar ◽  
Pratibha Ramani ◽  
R. Gayathri

Background and Objectives: Early childhood caries is a major public health problem especially in young children. ECC affects the quality of life of young children by affecting the chewing ability of children due to the development of pain and swelling, and this may indirectly affect the nutritional status of a child. The present study was done to assess the level of salivary malondialdehyde in children with and without Early childhood caries. The main objective of the study is to determine the salivary malondialdehyde levels and to compare it with the three groups of children with different caries experiences. Materials and Methods: It is cross-sectional observational research carried out at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. Children between 3-6 years were examined and 20 caries-free, 20 children with ECC as well as 20 children with S-ECC were recruited for the study. The caries status was assessed using dmfs and the severity of caries was assessed using pufa index. Salivary samples were collected and analysed for salivary malondialdehyde levels. Statistical Analysis: The data was entered and analysed using SPSS software version 20.0. One-way ANOVA was done to determine the difference in malondialdehyde levels between the groups. “Post-hoc Tukey” test was done to measure the intergroup significance. A “P value of < 0.05” was measured as statistically “significant” and P < 0.001 was deemed as statistically “highly significant”. Pearson’s correlation was done to correlate pufa values with malondialdehyde levels. Results: The results demonstrated that there was a statistically significant difference in salivary malondialdehyde levels among caries-free, ECC as well as S-ECC children. There was a positive correlation between the pufa score and salivary malondialdehyde levels. Conclusion: 1. There is a significant difference in the salivary malondialdehyde levels among caries-free, ECC as well as S-ECC children. There was a positive correlation of salivary malondialdehyde levels and pufa score in ECC and S-ECC children.


2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 549-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Singleton ◽  
G. Day ◽  
T. Thomas ◽  
R. Schroth ◽  
J. Klejka ◽  
...  

Alaska Native (AN) children experience one of the highest reported rates of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). Serum vitamin D concentrations in AN childbearing women in the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta (YKD) region have decreased since the 1960s to currently low levels, related to a decrease in traditional marine diet. Recent studies suggest an association between prenatal vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in mothers and S-ECC in their infants. We used independent t tests to analyze the influence of prenatal 25(OH)D levels in YKD AN mothers on S-ECC in their children using data collected in the Maternal Organics Monitoring Study (MOMS). Maternal 25(OH)D levels were assessed at prenatal visits and in cord blood. We queried electronic dental records to assess early childhood caries (ECC) status using highest decayed, missing, filled, primary teeth (dmft) scores at 12 to 59 mo of age. We examined prenatal and cord blood for 76 and 57 mother/infant pairs, respectively. Children 12 to 35 mo of age with “deficient” cord blood (25(OH)D <30 nmol/L) had a mean dmft score twice as high as children who were “nondeficient” at birth (9.3 vs. 4.7; P = 0.002). There was no significant difference in mean dmft scores for children aged 36 to 59 mo with deficient versus nondeficient cord blood 25(OH)D (10.9 vs. 8.7 P = 0.14). There was no significant difference in mean dmft scores for children aged 12 to 35 mo whose mothers had “sufficient” versus “insufficient” 25(OH)D during prenatal visits (9.0 vs. 7.4; P = 0.48). In this small sample, children with deficient vitamin D levels in cord blood had a dmft score at 12 to 35 mo 2-fold higher than children with nondeficient cord blood. Maternal 25(OH)D may influence the primary dentition, and improving vitamin D status in pregnant women might affect ECC rates in their infants.


Author(s):  
You-Hyun Park ◽  
Sung-Hwa Kim ◽  
Yoon-Young Choi

In this study, we developed machine learning-based prediction models for early childhood caries and compared their performances with the traditional regression model. We analyzed the data of 4195 children aged 1–5 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2007–2018). Moreover, we developed prediction models using the XGBoost (version 1.3.1), random forest, and LightGBM (version 3.1.1) algorithms in addition to logistic regression. Two different methods were applied for variable selection, including a regression-based backward elimination and a random forest-based permutation importance classifier. We compared the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) values and misclassification rates of the different models and observed that all four prediction models had AUROC values ranging between 0.774 and 0.785. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed between the AUROC values of the four models. Based on the results, we can confirm that both traditional logistic regression and ML-based models can show favorable performance and can be used to predict early childhood caries, identify ECC high-risk groups, and implement active preventive treatments. However, further research is essential to improving the performance of the prediction model using recent methods, such as deep learning.


Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1151
Author(s):  
Ha Van Hung ◽  
Vo Truong Nhu Ngoc ◽  
Dinh-Toi Chu

Objective: We conducted this work to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment for early childhood caries (ECC) using MI Varnish Fluor in obese children aged from 36 to 71 months. Methods: This study was conducted on 300 carious teeth of obese children and normal-weight children in Hanoi, Vietnam, over the period 2019–2020. Diagnodent KaVo 2190 laser equipment was used to diagnose ECC. The children in each group were selected on the basis of similarities in age, gender, and study location, and the teeth in the two groups were selected on the basis of similarities in damage level and jaw position. ECC treatment was performed once a week for four consecutive weeks with MI Varnish Fluor. The child, the child’s family, and the child’s teacher were consulted on diet and oral hygiene during the treatment. Children were examined and monitored throughout the treatment period. Children were re-examined after 3 and 6 months from the start time of treatment. The Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used, with statistical significance indicated at p < 0.05. Results: After six months of treatment with MI Varnish Fluor, the number of cases of code 0 damage recovery (D0) increased in both groups. The result showed that MI Varnish fluor was effective in ECC treatment. D0 damage recovery rates of 79.3% in obese children and 62.7% in normal-weight children were observed after six months of treatment, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups according to age, tooth position, or tooth surface position in D0 damage recovery. Conclusions: MI Varnish Fluor was effective in ECC treatment, with D0 damage recovery rates of 79.3% in obese children and 62.7% in normal-weight children after six months of treatment.


2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela S. Bezerra ◽  
Rafael N. Stipp ◽  
Beatriz G. Neves ◽  
Sarah F.F. Guedes ◽  
Marcelle M. Nascimento ◽  
...  

Streptococcus mutans is an oral bacterium considered to play a major role in the development of dental caries. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of S. mutans in active and arrested dentine carious lesions of children with early childhood caries and to examine the expression profile of selected S. mutans genes associated with survival and virulence, within the same carious lesions. Dentine samples were collected from 29 active and 16 arrested carious lesions that were diagnosed in preschool children aged 2-5 years. Total RNA was extracted from the dentine samples, and reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR analyses were performed for the quantification of S. mutans and for analyses of the expression of S. mutans genes associated with bacterial survival (atpD, nox, pdhA) and virulence (fabM and aguD). There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of S. mutans between active and arrested carious lesions. Expression of the tested genes was detected in both types of carious dentine. The pdhA (p = 0.04) and aguD (p = 0.05) genes were expressed at higher levels in arrested as compared to active lesions. Our findings revealed that S. mutans is part of the viable microbial community in active and arrested dentine carious lesions. The increase in expression of the pdhA and aguD genes in arrested lesions is likely due to the unfavourable environmental conditions for microbial growth, inherent to this type of lesions.


Author(s):  
Gülçin Bulut ◽  
Yelda Sorguc

INTRODUCTION: Cariogenic microorganisms play an important role in the development of caries. Although there are many researches on Streptococcus mutans as being a primary causative factor in caries, there is a lack in evaluation of relation between oral candidiasis and severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of candida carriage, characterize different Candida species, and investigate their relationship with caries in 5-year-old children with S-ECC and with no caries. METHODS: This study was conducted on a total of 42 children aged 5-years with (Group S-ECC, n=21) and without caries (control group, n=21). Plaque samples were taken from the buccal, lingual and cervical surfaces of the teeth using a sterile cotton swab and cultured on Sabouraud Agar, Patota Agar and Chrome Agar for fungal growth. Number of candida colonies were recorded, their species were identified and germ tube test was used for virulance marker. RESULTS: The candidal carriage in the S-ECC and control groups was 52.4% and 9.5%, respectively. The intergroup difference was statistically significant (p=0.003). The incidence of C.albicans among all candida species was determined as 92%. The only isolated non-albicans Candida was C.Dupliniensis, the incidence in all candida species was 8 percent. The frequency of C.albicans was significantly higher in the S-ECC group (p=0.006). The virulence factor showed a significant difference between the groups (p=0.006). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study shows a strong relation between the presence of candida and S-ECC. C.albicans was the most common among detected candida species.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Poureslami ◽  
Maryam Sharifi ◽  
Mahla Vahedi ◽  
Salehe Sabouri ◽  
Parnian Poureslami ◽  
...  

Abstract Aim: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between occurrence of Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) and breast milk lactose, in infants aged 12 to 24 months.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study performed on 30 children aged 12 to 24 months with or without S-ECC who were solely breastfed, and mothers answered questions about their breastfeeding. After the child's dental visit, the mother was asked to express 10 to 20 ml of her milk as a sample and give it to the researchers. The samples were immediately kept at -4 ° C and then they were tested to lactose measurement. Finally, the test results were analyzed by SPSS 21 software. Results: the average amount of lactose in the breast milk sof cases with S-ECC infant was 5.74g/100 ml and the average amount of lactose in the breast milk of cases without S-ECC infant was 4.64g/100 ml. There was no significant difference in lactose concentration between the two groups (p=0/64). The average number of breastfeeding times in cases with S-ECC infants was 7.87 per day while in the healthy cases this was 7.33 per day. There was no significant difference between the numbers of breastfeeding times per day in two groups.Conclusion: According to this study, the average level of lactose in the breast milk samples was lower than the average level of lactose in breast milk in other countries and the amount of lactose in breast milk of children with S-ECC was slightly higher than the amount of lactose in breast milk in children with healthy teeth.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Dharli Syafriza ◽  
Heriandi Sutadi ◽  
Ameta Primasari ◽  
Yahwardiyah Siregar

To analyze the level of sIgA and Histatin-5 expression in Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and caries-free children. Saliva was collected from 31 subjects of ECC and 29 caries-free (ages 9-32 months). The level expression of sIgA and Histatin 5 was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The distribution and frequency of subjects consist of boys 47% and girls 53% with the average of ages 1-12 month 21% and 13-24 month 79%.sIgA and Histatin 5 expressions differ from the month periods tested (1, 3, and 9 months) but do not show any significant difference from each examination period (1 with three months; p0.05: 0.116), (1 with nine months; p 0.05: 0.766), and (3 to 9 months; p0.05: 0.398). The expression of sIgA and Histatin 5 of boys and girls were not significant (p0.05:0.550) and weak correlation (r = 0.079).The level expression of sIgA in the Caries-free higher than ECC (p0.05). Whereas the expression of Histatin 5 in ECC higher than Caries-free (p0.05). The sIgA correlating in ECC and caries-free is significant (p0.05) and no correlation (r =- 0,29). Whereas Histatin 5 in the ECC and caries-free were strong correlation = 0,84. Both the result of ECC and caries-free suggested that the antibodies have been involved in the caries pathogenesis. In the ECC cases that occurred to decrease sIgA levels and increased of Histatin 5 levels, both antibodies have expressed in Caries-free Children. Both sIgA and Histatin 5 involved in the pathogenesis caries infection in children.KEYWORDS: Antibodies; Early Childhood Caries; saliva; secretory immunoglobulin A; Histatin-5


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